Publication Search

This research aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of good faith in endorsement agreements between online shops and influencers. This principle requires each party to act honestly, transparently, and fulfill their obligations in accordance with the agreement. However, in practice, endorsement agreements often face obstacles, especially in meeting the agreed promotion schedule. This research uses an empirical legal method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained from interviews with online shop owners, literature studies, and document analysis of endorsement agreements. The results showed that the implementation of the principle of good faith was not optimal, especially at the post-contract stage. Influencers postponed uploads several times without clear certainty, causing uncertainty for online shops in their marketing strategies. The absence of a penalty mechanism in the agreement left online shops without legal protection against such delays. This research emphasizes the importance of drafting more detailed agreements and ensuring transparent communication between the parties to ensure that the endorsement agreement runs in accordance with the principle of good faith. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide insights for online shops and influencers in designing endorsement agreements that are clearer and beneficial for both parties.

This study aims to describe and analyze: How is the appropriate technical management of regional assets based on applicable laws and efforts made by the East Java Provincial Government in managing regional assets to optimize Regional Fiscal Potential. This study uses a qualitative method of the Case Study approach. The data collection techniques used in this study are through observation, interviews and documentation.  The data was analyzed using an interactive model analysis developed by Miles and Huberman with three procedures, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results of the study show that the technical management of regional assets carried out by the East Java Provincial Government in managing regional assets in order to optimize Regional Fiscal Potential includes Technical Utilization of Regional Assets in the form of Leases running in accordance with the rules that have been set, this can be seen from the policies used, namely the Governor of East Java Regulation Number 108 of 2018 concerning the Implementation Regulations of the East Java Province Regional Regulation Number 10 of 2017 concerning Management of Regional Property.Technical Utilization of Regional Assets in the Form of Borrowing and Using Property Based on Article 157 of Permendagri Number 19 of 2016, the Implementation of Borrowing and Use is outlined in the agreement and signed by: a.Borrowers and Governors/Regents/Mayors, for regional property that are in the Goods Manageriii; and b. Borrowers and Goods Managers, for regional property that is in the Goods Users.  The technical utilization of regional assets in the form of Build to Hand Over / Build to Hand Over is carried out through a Build to Hand Over Agreement / BOT (Bulit Operate Transfer) covering aspects of Civil Law, Land Law (Agrarian), and Administrative Law.  The Utilization of Regional Fixed Assets in the Form of Inventory Infrastructure Provision is carried out through SOPs consisting of four, namely; Issuance of Regional Head Decree on Infrastructure Provision Cooperation (KSPI), Selection and Determination of KSPI Partners, Implementation of KSPI and Termination of KSPI. Efforts made by the East Java Provincial Government in managing regional assets to optimize regional fiscal potential, including identification and inventory of the value and potential of regional assets, assessment of regional assets. Supervision and control of asset utilization, Regional asset management information system.

Contractual fairness is a fundamental principle in international trade, ensuring balanced and equitable agreements between parties of different jurisdictions. However, disparities in bargaining power, varying legal standards, and cultural differences often lead to imbalances that challenge the notion of fairness. This study examines the concept of contractual fairness within the framework of international trade and analyzes the business law standards that govern cross-border agreements. The research explores how contractual fairness is interpreted and enforced under different legal systems, emphasizing its significance in promoting transparency and fostering trust in international business relationships. Through a comparative analysis of legal frameworks in major trading jurisdictions, the study identifies key factors that influence fairness, including standardized contractual terms, dispute resolution mechanisms, and the role of international organizations like the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This study also highlights the challenges of achieving fairness in complex trade agreements, such as those involving developing economies, where unequal access to legal resources and expertise can create significant disadvantages. By addressing these challenges, the research aims to propose practical solutions for harmonizing business law standards and enhancing contractual fairness in international trade.The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on global trade reform, offering insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and businesses. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that ensures fairness while maintaining the flexibility necessary for dynamic international trade practices.

Grammar correction has long been recognized as one of the most essential yet challenging aspects of second language (L2) learning. Teachers are expected to provide detailed and contextual feedback, but this process is often time-consuming and less effective in large classrooms. This study investigates the potential of AI-based chatbots as innovative tools for delivering personalized and real-time grammar feedback to support English language learning. The research employed an experimental design involving two groups: an experimental group using AI chatbots for grammar practice and a control group applying traditional teacher-based correction. Data were collected through grammar pre-tests and post-tests, writing tasks, engagement and motivation questionnaires, classroom observations, and student reflection notes. The findings demonstrate that students in the experimental group achieved significantly higher improvements in grammar accuracy compared to the control group, particularly in subject–verb agreement, tense usage, and complex sentence structures. In addition, chatbot use fostered greater engagement, motivation, and active participation, with students reporting reduced language anxiety and increased confidence in practicing English. Writing performance also improved, as students in the experimental group produced more structured, coherent, and grammatically varied texts. These results highlight the potential of AI chatbots not only to enhance linguistic accuracy but also to promote autonomous and personalized learning. In conclusion, AI chatbots represent an effective and scalable pedagogical tool that can complement traditional teaching methods while addressing teachers’ time constraints and improving students’ overall language learning outcomes.

This study aims to analyze the marriage agreement as an instrument of legal protection for both parties in a marriage, especially in terms of property ownership and financial responsibility. This study uses a sociological juridical method, with primary data obtained through interviews with a notary and secondary data from various legal literature, including Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, the Civil Code, and the Constitutional Court Decision Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015. The results of the study indicate that the marriage agreement plays a role in preventing potential legal conflicts in marriage, both in monogamous and polygamous systems, and provides legal certainty for third parties, such as creditors or heirs. This agreement not only protects the rights and obligations of the husband and wife, but also ensures legal clarity in the division of assets and financial responsibility during and after the marriage.

This research have intenions to show and understand the legal principles of engagement in agreements when entering into agreements. know about the implementation of the principles of engagement, especially the principle of consensualism in realizing an engagement. The writing of this article applied through the normative legal research method where the author employs a legislative approach and a system of legal concept. The study results indicate that when making an agreement, several principles serve as the foundation of legal proceedings, guiding decisions and actions within the judicial system, as a legal basis this principle can provide an overview of the contract. Numerous guiding principles are available for reference and implementation in various contexts and situations. The principles of association include the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of good faith, the principle of pacta sunt servada, and the principle of consensualism. In implementing consensualism in a contract such as an online buying and selling agreement. Buying and selling online from the point of view of contract law in Indonesia uses Paragraph (1) of Article 18 of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. There is also a lease agreement where the parties make an agreement. The legal basis for renting a house is explained in Government Regulation no. 44 of 1994, which guarantees legal protection for home owners or tenants. The regulation also explains that a rental agreement can be said to be valid if there is approval or permission from the owner of the dwelling. In accordance with the basic law of renting a house, there are 3 (three) clauses in the house rental agreement

In the Temanggung District Court there are several lawsuits by Separatist Creditors against Debtors who are in default of the agreed credit agreement. For example in cases 13/Pdt.G/2023PNTmg and 17/Pdt.G/2022/PNTmg. In these cases, Separatist Creditors filed a lawsuit against the Debtor who is in default. In this article, the author discusses the lawsuit for default by Separatist Creditors against their Debtors who are in default and the reasons why Separatist Creditors filed a lawsuit against the Debtor who is in default at the Temanggung District Court using Qualitative research methods and with a Literature Study approach sourced from Case Decisions, Legislation, Journal Articles, and Books. Separatist Creditors have the right to sue Separatist Creditors who feel disadvantaged due to the Debtor's non-compliance in fulfilling payment obligations. However, despite having the right to sue and having suffered losses, the panel of judges emphasized that the Separatist Creditor should not have filed a lawsuit in court, but could have directly sold the existing collateral. This shows that the execution rights attached to the collateral are prioritized over the right to sue in court.

The suboptimal crew change plan results in inappropriate crew changes, the crew's work contract does not comply with the Sea Work Agreement (PKL). From this, the author is interested in researching: 1) Delays in the crew change plan 2) The crew's work contract period exceeds the Sea Work Agreement (PKL) 3) Insufficient standby crew at PT MCS Internasional. This study aims to determine the influence of the crew change plan on the incompatibility of the work contract at PT MCS Internasional. The study was conducted for 3 months from February 2023 to May 2023 at PT MCS Internasional. The author uses a quantitative research method with calculation analysis in the form of simple linear regression analysis, t-test and coefficient of determination test. The data collection techniques used are by means of observation, questionnaires, and documentation studies. The respondents who were the subjects of the study were the crew of the Humpus Transportasi Kimia (HTK) tanker totaling 50 respondents. The collected data was processed using the Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The results of this study are: 1) Crew change plan is a process to determine the replacement/transfer of ship crews who have passed the work contract time limit. 2) The ship's crew at PT MCS Internasional experienced a mismatch in the work contract time because the contract time exceeded the Sea Work Agreement (PKL). 3) Based on a simple linear regression test, there is an influence of variable (X) on variable (Y) with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05 and the regression equation Y = 5.518 + 1.138 (X) is obtained, based on the t test, the results of t count = 8.117> t table = 2.0484 and a determination coefficient of 57% is obtained. It can be concluded that

This research aims to analyze the use of figurative language in song lyrics. The research method employed is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through a literature review of relevant books and journal articles. Content analysis technique was used to identify, classify, and describe the use of figurative language such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, repetition, antithesis, rhetorical question, litotes, and sarcasm in song lyrics. The findings indicate that these figurative language devices are used to enrich the text with emotional and aesthetic nuances. Metaphors and similes provide vivid and detailed imagery, while personification animates non-human objects. Hyperbole and repetition create dramatic effects and emphasis, whereas antithesis highlights contrasts and conflicts within the song's theme. Rhetorical questions engage listeners in reflection, while litotes convey meaning subtly yet effectively. Sarcasm is employed for sharp criticism and satire expressing dissatisfaction or disagreement. In conclusion, figurative language is a crucial element in song lyrics that enhances not only the text but also the appeal, expression, and meaning in the experience of listening to songs.  

This research discusses legal protection for banks as providers of Home Ownership Credit (KPR) facilities at Bank Tabungan Negara (BTN) Cibubur Branch Office. The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of legal protection for banks in the event of default by the debtor, especially when the Deed of Granting Mortgage Rights has not been attached to the collateral object due to administrative obstacles. One of the main obstacles is the validity period of the Power of Attorney to Encumber Mortgage Rights which has expired before the process of installing Mortgage Rights is completed. The main problems in this research include: (1) the procedure for granting mortgages at the BTN Cibubur Branch, (2) legal protection for banks if they fail to install Mortgage Rights, and (3) factors that cause delays in installing Mortgage Rights. This research uses an empirical juridical approach with qualitative methods, based on applicable laws and regulations. Data collection techniques include literature study, observation, and interviews. The research results show that BTN Cibubur Branch has carried out procedures according to operational standards and strengthened its legal protection through credit agreements and notarial deeds. However, the relevance of the Power of Attorney to Encumber Mortgage Rights needs to be reviewed, considering the length of the administration process at the National Land Agency.

Law Number 37 of 2004 Concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, PKPU is an effort to reach an Agreement or Mutual Agreement between the debtor and creditor which is carried out with the intention of submitting a peace plan in the form of an offer to pay either part or all of the debt that has matured to the Creditor regarding the settlement of debts. Then in the decision NUMBER 188 K/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2013 the Debtor has violated the provisions of the Law, Article 222 paragraph (2) explains that for debtors who have more than one creditor and the debtor does not pay at least one debt that has matured and can be collected, he is declared bankrupt by court decision, either at the request of the debtor himself or at the request of one or more of his creditors, Legal Implications in Decision No. 08/PKPU/2012/PN.Niaga.Mks Debtor PT.Kopi Jaya Comrpora as the debtor, seeing from the trial facts, the author agrees with the decision of the panel of judges.

The World Trade Organization, hereinafter referred to as the WTO, is an international organization part of the Economic and Social Council as an important component in international trade. In carrying out international trade activities, a legal instrument is needed to ensure the sustainability of trade and facilitate the resolution of disputes that will be experienced by the international community. The trade dispute between Indonesia and Brazil was caused by Indonesia's policy of stopping chicken meat imports from Brazil since 2009, causing Brazil to suffer huge losses because it could not export chicken meat to Indonesia. From the chicken meat import policy in Indonesia, Brazil demanded that Indonesia had carried out trade protection which violated various WTO rules. Indonesia's defeat in the DSB-WTO Panel was due to the many Indonesian policies that violated the WTO agreement and the inability of Indonesian representative diplomacy to resolve the dispute.

Pawn is one of the property rights obtained by a person who receives the goods—who provides credit—on a movable and tangible item that is handed over to him by a person who is in debt or by another person on his behalf. Pawning is a common phenomenon in many countries, especially in Indonesia. The regulations related to pawn are determined in the Civil Code, especially in Article 1150 of the Civil Code, and are further regulated in various additional articles in the Civil Code. Pawn requires the existence of two or more parties who are related to each other and agree to make a binding agreement with a certain period of time to receive and provide guarantees to an entity in return for a certain amount of money or other goods, which must then be returned in accordance with the agreement that has been made along with the surplus value that may arise as a result of added value or interest. This is an obligation that must be fulfilled by the party who owes, but the party who provides the credit also has a handful of obligations that must be fulfilled as a form of accountability for the pawned goods that are received and maintained for a certain period of time, for example, maintaining the pawned goods from potential damage or carrying out maintenance so that the pawned goods function properly. However, the party who provides the credit has the right to receive compensation or a refund of the maintenance costs incurred to maintain the pawned goods; this is regulated in Article 1157, Paragraph 2, of the Civil Code, which is a guarantee for every entity that provides credit to obtain its rights or compensation from efforts to "rescue" the pawned goods.

The negative impacts of the climate change phenomenon have a very broad impact, including on the agricultural sector, thus threatening food resilience in Indonesia. This research aims to find out how the regulation of climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector achieves food resilience in Indonesia, and to find out how its implementation occurs specifically in the regency of Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan Province, and Bandung City, West Java Province. Using a normative legal and analytical-descriptive approach, the main data are primary legal data and legal literature. The results showed that there are several climate change adaptation provisions in the agricultural sector in Indonesia, but food diversification as an adaptation measure is not contained in them. This makes the implementation of the agreements in Kubu Raya constituency try to adapt only to a commodity. Nevertheless, the implementation of climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector, especially in Kubu Raya constituency and Bandung city, has been pursued despite the respective problems outside the threat of climate change.

This study examines the stance of Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil towards the Christian kingdoms in Al-Andalus during his rule. Following the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate in the Levant, Abd al-Rahman I successfully established an independent emirate in Al-Andalus, navigating both internal and external challenges. A significant aspect of his governance was his strategic response to the Christian kingdoms in northern Spain, which continuously sought to reclaim lost territories and challenge Muslim rule. The study explores his military campaigns, diplomatic efforts, and policies aimed at securing the stability of the Umayyad state. Despite initial successes in repelling Christian advances and imposing tributary agreements, internal strife within Al-Andalus weakened its ability to maintain long-term control over contested regions. The research underscores the pivotal role of political unity in sustaining territorial dominance and highlights how Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil’s leadership shaped the early Islamic state in Iberia.

The goal of this research is to determine how the legal position of Singapore returning Flight Information Region (FIR) over the Riau Islands is founded on international law, which is the basis for delegating authority to Singapore to manage FIR over the Riau Islands. International legal recognition of sovereignty in airspace is contained in Article 1 of the 1919 Paris Convention, which states that "The contracting States recognize that every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory". Indonesia has the authority to manage the airspace, which is divided into two Flight Information Regions (FIR), which are managed by two air traffic service centers, the Jakarta Air Traffic Service Center for the Jakarta FIR, which covers an area of 2,593,150 km2, and the Makassar Air Traffic Service Center for the Ujung Pandang FIR, which covers an area of 4,946,543 km2. Yet, the management of FIR in these areas has never been within the control of the domestic government since Indonesia's independence. Based on international law, a judicial examination was conducted to examine Indonesia's agreement with Singapore over the takeover of the airspace service or flight information region (FIR) over the Riau Archipelago area. According to the research findings, certain articles in the FIR Agreement are quite burdensome to Indonesia. And this agreement must be thoroughly examined to determine whether it favors Indonesia or vice versa.

This study examines the legal aspects of land lease agreements for Madura grocery stalls based on Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code. A normative juridical method is employed, focusing on statutory regulations and literature review. The primary focus is to identify essential elements in the lease agreement, such as the leased object, mutual consent, and payment obligations. The research also highlights breach of contract issues and emphasizes the importance of legal guarantees in lease relationships. Case studies and recent regulations support the findings, ultimately contributing to legal certainty in land lease practices within the MSME sector.

The standard agreement for the delivery of goods whose contents or clauses are made by business actors to avoid losses on another day and consumers only have the choice to accept or reject, thus making the position of business actors stronger while consumers are weakened. The UUPK itself does not prohibit the existence of an exoneration clause as long as it does not violate article 18 of the UUPK. The type of research is field research or Empirical Juridical research is carried out by starting from primary data obtained from the research site, the data collection technique is through literature studies and analyzed in a qualitative way, which is a discussion that is carried out by combining literature research and field research. The results of the research obtained in the study show that consumers have been protected by Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, If a dispute occurs and a family settlement has been carried out but there is no result or no peace occurs, then consumers can take legal action as stipulated in articles 24 and 25 of the UUPK regarding how the responsibility of business actors, in the resolution of consumer disputes is protected by article 45 of the UUPK concerning dispute resolution. Dispute resolution can be done through the court and out of court, out-of-court dispute resolution can be done by filing a claim for compensation or through the consumer dispute resolution agency (BPSK). As a legal consequence that occurs if there is a clause in the standard agreement that is null and void, even though the standard agreement containing an exoneration clause has been agreed before, the agreement cannot be considered valid because it contradicts one of the contents of article 1320, which is a halal cause, due to the transfer of responsibility.  

The Nurul Iman taklim council congregation has a desire to fill other activities besides daily routines with useful activities if possible to increase family income. Seeing the impact of MSG which has become a reasonable partner, there are other alternatives as flavoring, the abundance of oyster mushrooms on the market and a stable price are raised in this service activity. The goal is none other than to provide new science and skills about the natural flavoring of oyster mushrooms. The service method is carried out by FGD, socialization, demonstration and evaluation. Based on the results of the mentoring activity, a survey poll was obtained with 6 questions for the assisted partners, after the completion of this activity, 18 assisted partners expressed their agreement with the satisfaction of this service activity, the remaining 3 people answered yes

The Nurul Iman taklim council congregation has a desire to fill other activities besides daily routines with useful activities if possible to increase family income. Seeing the impact of MSG which has become a reasonable partner, there are other alternatives as flavoring, the abundance of oyster mushrooms on the market and a stable price are raised in this service activity. The goal is none other than to provide new science and skills about the natural flavoring of oyster mushrooms. The service method is carried out by FGD, socialization, demonstration and evaluation. Based on the results of the mentoring activity, a survey poll was obtained with 6 questions for the assisted partners, after the completion of this activity, 18 assisted partners expressed their agreement with the satisfaction of this service activity, the remaining 3 people answered yes