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This article provides a comprehensive examination of the application of the lex loci celebrationis principle in the execution of notarial deeds involving foreign legal subjects within the Indonesian legal system. The principle affirms that any authentic deed executed in Indonesia must comply with national legal requirements, regardless of the parties’ nationality or the existence of transnational legal relations. Through normative legal research employing statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case-study approaches, this article elucidates how the lex loci celebrationis principle interacts with private international law, particularly in relation to the legal capacity of foreign nationals, the use of foreign documents, and the limits of jurisdiction. The analysis reviews the Law on Notarial Office, the Indonesian Civil Code, population administration regulations, as well as doctrinal developments and jurisprudence pertaining to international legal acts. The findings indicate that although the substantive aspects of an agreement may refer to foreign law through lex voluntatis, the formal validity of a notarial deed remains entirely governed by Indonesian law. These findings underscore the need to enhance the competence of notaries in understanding the dynamics of private international law and highlight the importance of harmonizing national regulations with the principles of private international law to ensure legal certainty in cross-border transactions.

Transformasi digital yang pesat dalam pendidikan tinggi menuntut pengalaman pengguna yang optimal pada sistem e-learning. Sistem Informasi Akademik (SIAKAD) Universitas STEKOM yang berlaku saat ini menghadapi masalah UX mendasar, terutama karena fitur pembelajaran bercampur dengan fungsi administratif yang kompleks. Hal ini menciptakan Extraneous Cognitive Load (ECL) tinggi dan alur pengguna (user flow) yang panjang saat mengakses kelas, yang pada akhirnya menurunkan kemudahan penggunaan dan motivasi mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan pengalaman pengguna sistem informasi perkuliahan Universitas STEKOM melalui perancangan dan pengembangan prototipe berbasis arsitektur Single Page Application (SPA) menggunakan framework React. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Arsitektur sistem memanfaatkan desain berbasis komponen React untuk memisahkan secara jelas modul pembelajaran dari tugas administratif. Optimasi performa dilakukan melalui implementasi lazy loading, code splitting, dan DOM virtual untuk memastikan responsivitas sistem yang optimal. Efektivitas sistem yang dikembangkan akan dievaluasi secara kuantitatif menggunakan User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) (mengukur enam dimensi, termasuk efficiency dan attractiveness) dan System Usability Scale (SUS). Target keberhasilan adalah pencapaian skor SUS minimal 75 (di atas rata-rata industri) dan minimal pengurangan 40% pada Time-on-Task untuk aktivitas pembelajaran inti. Penelitian ini berkontribusi sebagai model rujukan praktis untuk adopsi modern web technologies (SPA React) di institusi pendidikan tinggi lainnya dan meningkatkan efektivitas pembelajaran dengan meminimalkan beban kognitif yang tidak perlu (ECL).

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed civil legal interactions, making electronic documents such as instant messages, online transactions, and digital contracts primary forms of evidence in many civil disputes. However, their admissibility in judicial proceedings remains fraught with challenges concerning formal and material validity. This study aims to identify juridical and technical obstacles in digital evidence and to formulate an ideal model for civil procedural law that ensures reliable electronic proof. A normative-juridical approach with qualitative analysis was employed, combining doctrinal research through legislative review, jurisprudence, and scholarly literature with case studies of court decisions involving electronic evidence, particularly in divorce disputes. The findings reveal that inconsistent judicial treatment stems from the absence of specific procedural rules in Indonesia’s civil procedure framework still rooted in colonial-era HIR and RBg alongside limited digital infrastructure and low technological literacy among judicial actors. In response, the study proposes an integrated legal construction model featuring explicit provisions in the upcoming Civil Procedure Code, adoption of the functional equivalence principle, institutionalization of digital forensic experts in litigation, and procedural safeguards for vulnerable parties. The research concludes that only through holistic reform of the evidentiary paradigm can Indonesia’s civil justice system guarantee fairness, legal certainty, and relevance in the digital era.

The goal of this community service program (PkM) at SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda is to increase students' enthusiasm for reading by providing them with e-books that are based on QR codes. Students' lack of enthusiasm for reading and resources for reading led to the program's inception. E-books with QR codes embedded were presented as a workable approach to digital literacy that caters to the needs of students who were born into the digital age. Several steps were involved in the process, such as determining requirements, creating an e-book, creating QR codes, installing them at key school locations, and finally, monitoring and evaluating the results. Observations and questionnaires were given to 200 students as part of the assessment. Students' interest in and ability to access literature were both enhanced by the usage of QR Codes, according to the findings. In a survey, 82% of people said QR Codes were simple to use, and 85% said they were more motivated to read after using them. In terms of reading frequency, 76% of students saw an improvement, and 72% said they could understand what they read better.With an overall mean score of 4.35 (categorized as excellent), the digital literacy program proved to be effective and positively received. Overall, the implementation of QR Code–based e-books successfully strengthened digital literacy practices and created a more engaging, flexible, and sustainable reading experience, offering a model for digital literacy initiatives in other schools.

Introduction: Stunting remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, including in Blang Teue Village, North Aceh, where the prevalence of children at risk of stunting reaches 28% (Public Health Center, 2023). The main contributing factors are mothers’ limited knowledge of locally sourced complementary feeding (MP-ASI) and restricted access to nutrition education media. This community service program aimed to empower the community by developing QR Code-based interactive educational posters as an accessible and user-friendly nutrition learning tool. Methods : The method employed was Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) with a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, involving 30 respondents (mothers of toddlers), health cadres, village officials, lecturers, and students. Results : The results indicated a significant improvement in mothers’ knowledge regarding local MP-ASI, where the percentage of respondents with high knowledge increased from 20% to 67% after the intervention. Utilization of QR Code media was also high, with 60% of respondents accessing it intensively, and a positive relationship was found between the intensity of media utilization and knowledge level (83% of high-intensity users achieved high knowledge). Conclusion : This program not only enhanced community knowledge and skills but also fostered the emergence of local leaders from health cadres and PKK members, as well as promoted social transformation through strengthened digital literacy and the use of local food in stunting prevention.

Based on Article 19 of the UUPA in conjunction with Article 37 paragraph (1) of PP 24/1997, the transfer of land rights through sale and purchase can only be registered if proven by a PPAT deed. However, because the process of fulfilling the requirements is quite complicated, people often buy and sell land verbally without following formal procedures. Regarding this practice, Decision Number 5592 K/Pdt/2024 is interesting because the Supreme Court has confirmed the validity of verbal land sales. This case study aims to understand the legal considerations in the decision in terms of contract law and the provisions of the Land Registration Regulation, as well as how the decision is implemented. The method used is a legal-normative approach through a review of legislation and court decisions, with a qualitative legal analysis of land sales and the implementation of the decision. The results of the study show that verbal land sales are valid according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, but cannot be registered as a transfer of rights because Article 37 of Government Regulation No. 24/1997 requires a PPAT deed. Court decisions that have permanent legal force but are not voluntarily implemented can be enforced through the District Court with a 14-day aanmaning process, and if they are still ignored, execution will be carried out. If the forced execution does not go according to plan, the parties concerned can file a request for cancellation of the legal product based on Articles 38-40 of Agrarian Ministerial Regulation No. 21/2020.

This study aims to analyze the effect of using the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) on improving financial inclusion among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in North Toraja Regency. The research is motivated by the rapid development of digital payment systems, which have not been optimally adopted by MSMEs in tourism areas. QRIS, as a non-cash payment innovation, is expected to expand access tofinancial services, enhance transaction efficiency, and encourage MSMEs’ participation in the formal financial system. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving 35 handicraft MSMEs in the Ke’te Kesu’ tourism area, selected through a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 25 through validity and reliability tests, descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, and simple linear regression. The results indicate that QRIS usage has a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.758 and a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.575. The t-test shows a significance value of < 0.05. These findings support the Financial Deepening theory and the financial inclusion concept, which emphasize access, affordability, and usage of financial services. Thus, QRIS serves as an important instrument in promoting digital transformation and enhancing financial inclusion among MSMEs in North Toraja Regency.

In recent years, there have been more and more cases of misuse of social media accounts, especially Instagram, through hacking carried out by individuals for illegal purposes. These hacks often involve using the victim's account for fraudulent actions, such as requesting money via the direct messaging feature to the account's followers. This problem raises a number of legal questions, including how the law regulates hacking and fraud on social media platforms such as Instagram, as well as the types of criminal sanctions that can be imposed on perpetrators. This research uses a normative legal approach to analyze existing regulations, especially the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (UU ITE). Based on the ITE Law, hacking is defined as an illegal activity to access, take or transfer electronic system data without permission, which can be subject to criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment and/or fines. In addition, if hacking is followed by fraud, the perpetrator can be charged with additional articles related to fraud as regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP). This research also highlights the important role of social media organizers in protecting users through developing security features such as data verification. It is hoped that the results of this research can contribute to strengthening legal protection for social media users in the digital era.

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

Let G=(V(G),E(G)) be a connected graph and c be a coloring of the graph G. Let ∏={S_1,S_2,...,S_k }, where S_i is the class of colors in G which is colored i with 1≤i≤k. The representation of v with respect to Π is called a color code, denoted c_Π (v) is a k-element ordered pair, that is, c_∏ (v)=(d(v,S_1 ),d(v,S_2 ),...,d(v,S_k )), where d(v,S_i )=min{d(v,x)∣x ϵ S_i } for 1≤i≤k. If each vertex in G has a different color code then c is called a location coloring. The minimum number of colors used in the location coloring of a graph G is called the Location chromatic number with

Advocates are law enforcers whose professionalism depends on a structured organization. Following Constitutional Court Decision No. 112/PUU-XI/2013, advocate organizations in Indonesia have experienced fragmentation (multi-bar). This situation has created disorganization, differing recruitment standards, education, and enforcement of codes of ethics, weakening national oversight of the profession. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and organizational form of the National Advocates Council (DAN) to address this disorganization, specifically in light of Law No. 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The study concludes that to maintain freedom of association and achieve professional unity, DAN should be established as a federation, not a single body (single bar). DAN's primary function is to establish uniform national professional standards, enforce codes of ethics, oversee legal aid, and strengthen the integrity of advocates as law enforcers. The establishment of DAN requires a revision of the Advocates Law to ensure strong legal standing.

The management of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) at PT Phapros Tbk still faces obstacles in the form of difficult document access, numerous files scattered across several folders, and MSDS presented in English that is difficult for workers to understand. This condition has the potential to hinder understanding of chemical safety information in the work environment. This activity aims to develop a digital innovation in the form of the QR-Safe system to facilitate access and improve workers' understanding of basic MSDS information. The implementation methods include identifying problems through observation and interviews, developing a simplified MSDS summary template consisting of five main sections, creating QR codes for each chemical, and socializing the use of this innovation to employees. The results of the activity show that QR-Safe and the MSDS summary are able to speed up document searches, present safety information more concisely, and make it easier for workers to understand hazard identification, handling procedures, and the use of personal protective equipment. This innovation also contributes to improving the effectiveness of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in companies. The digitization of MSDS through the QR-Safe digital innovation is highly effective in improving workers' accessibility to and understanding of chemical safety information.

This study aims to describe the use of the innovative Periscope Grid media based on hybrid learning in two-dimensional drawing lessons for elementary students. The media was designed to help students understand perspective and proportion concepts by combining a manual transparent grid frame with digital features accessed through QR codes linked to tutorial videos, artwork galleries, and reflective learning materials. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving fourth-grade elementary students. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews with teachers and students, and documentation of students’ artwork. The data were analyzed interactively using reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing stages. The findings reveal that the Periscope Grid effectively enhances students’ ability to observe, replicate, and draw proportional two-dimensional objects while promoting collaboration through digital gallery activities. Moreover, the media helps teachers explain perspective concepts more easily and fosters students’ active participation. It can be concluded that Periscope Grid serves as an effective, engaging, and integrative learning medium suitable for 21st-century visual art education in elementary schools.

This study aims to analyze Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) Number 1 of 2023, which regulates the criminal act of eloping with a young woman. The provision is considered to be in tension with the social and cultural realities of Indonesian society, particularly the people of Lombok who practice the merariq tradition. Merariq is an ancestral customary practice within marriage rituals involving the consensual elopement of the prospective bride as an integral part of the marriage process. This research uses Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, which examines three main components of law: (1) the substance of law—normative provisions contained in legislation; (2) the structure of law institutions and law enforcement agencies; and (3) the legal culture values, attitudes, and behavior of society toward law. This study is a normative legal research that treats law as norms, principles, doctrines, and rules. The primary legal material is Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code. The findings indicate that, from the perspective of legal substance, the article remains ambiguous. Its formulation potentially conflicts with Indonesia’s legal culture, which in practice prioritizes familial and traditional mechanisms for resolving private conflicts. Based on these findings, this study recommends a reformulation of the legal substance to make it more responsive to the socio-cultural context. The reformulation should be grounded in the principles of ultimum remedium and restorative justice, providing space for customary law and local culture as legitimate mechanisms to resolve private disputes. This approach is expected to reduce the disproportionate use of imprisonment and position criminal sanctions as a last resort in law enforcement.

Sexual violence within the family is a serious criminal act that not only violates the law but also causes profound physical and psychological suffering for victims. The complexity of such cases increases as the perpetrators are often close family members, resulting in trauma and obstacles in law enforcement. Decision Number 2068/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Medan serves as the basis for analyzing the extent to which legal protection can be provided to victims. The research problems addressed are: (1) what forms of legal protection are available for victims of sexual violence within the family under Indonesian positive law, and (2) how such protection is implemented in Decision Number 2068/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Medan. The research method applied is normative juridical with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. Data sources include legislation, legal literature, and court decision analysis. The findings reveal that legal protection for victims is regulated under the Child Protection Law, the Criminal Code, and other legal instruments emphasizing preventive, repressive, and rehabilitative measures. The Medan District Court imposed a severe sentence on the perpetrator in accordance with the law; however, protection for victims remains limited to formal aspects without comprehensive psychological recovery programs. In conclusion, the protection of victims of sexual violence within the family has been clearly regulated on a normative basis, but its implementation remains weak. Greater collaboration between law enforcement authorities, child protection institutions, and professionals is necessary to ensure the holistic recovery of victims.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, State Islamic University of North Sumatra, in Aek Kota Batu Village, North Labuhanbatu Regency, was carried out as a form of community service focusing on digital-based economic empowerment. This program originated from the low level of digital literacy and the limited ability of micro-entrepreneurs to utilize technology as a means of promotion and financial transactions. The main objective of this activity is to enhance the community’s ability to use digital maps and the QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) payment system as a strategy to expand market reach and create transaction efficiency. The method used is the Participatory Rural Appraisal approach, with stages including observation, socialization, training, mentoring, and evaluation. The results of the activity show that the community experienced an increased understanding of digital technology and was able to apply digital mapping to ten local business units. In addition, several business actors have implemented QRIS in daily transactions, which has proven to improve convenience and security in financial dealings. From the perspective of Islamic economics, this activity represents the values of maslahah (public benefit), itqan (excellence), and tawazun (balance) in the community’s economic life. Thus, this program successfully created a socio-economic transformation based on Islamic values and can serve as a model for digital economy-based community service programs at the village level.

This study examines the implementation of QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) in supporting MSMEs in Singa Village, with a focus on the efficiency of non-cash transactions and strengthening the digital financial ecosystem. The method used is literature research with a qualitative approach. The results show that the implementation of QRIS in MSMEs in Singa Village has a positive impact in increasing transaction efficiency through payment speed, transparency of transaction recording, and ease of access to digital finance. QRIS facilitates MSMEs to access faster and more secure payment systems, while expanding market reach by facilitating transactions between consumers and merchants. In addition, the implementation of QRIS contributes to strengthening financial inclusion in the village community, providing opportunities for residents to be more involved in the digital economy. Thus, it can be concluded that QRIS not only increases the competitiveness of MSMEs but also plays a significant role in strengthening community finances in Singa Village, making it more inclusive and sustainable in the digital era. The implementation of this technology is expected to continue to encourage more equitable local economic growth.

This study conceptually analyzes how blockchain technology reshapes the mechanisms of transparency and trust in global Islamic trade from the perspective of Islamic economics. The digitization of financial systems encourages a shift from trust based on social integrity and human relations, which traditionally form the foundation of muamalah practices, to an algorithmic trust model governed by code. In this context, this study examines how core values such as amanah and 'adl can be supported and even strengthened when economic interactions are increasingly mediated by technology. The research approach employs a qualitative-descriptive method, based on a literature review, with Miles and Huberman's analysis used to interpret the data and combine it with the normative principles of Islamic economics, thereby supporting the substance of Sharia. The main findings of this article show that blockchain has significant potential to enhance transparency, efficiency, and accountability through distributed ledgers and smart contracts, aligning with the objectives of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. However, despite its ability to reduce informational gharar, this technology also gives rise to new uncertainties that are technical, epistemic, and social in nature. Cases such as the DAO hack and the Terra–Luna failure confirm that technical transparency does not automatically lead to substantive justice. As a contribution, this study offers a Digital-Trust Maqāṣidiyyah framework, which positions blockchain as a means to strengthen Sharia ethics through adaptive contracts, Sharia oracles, decentralized arbitration, digital literacy, and Sharia regulatory sandboxes.

This study aims to identify the forms of code-mixing present in the speech videos of Vice President Gibran Rakabuming, with the KOMPASTV YouTube channel serving as the data source. This phenomenon is interesting to examine because the use of code-mixing by state officials can influence public perceptions of the use of Indonesian in formal contexts, particularly in official speeches. The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, using the observation and note method as the data collection technique. Data analysis was conducted through several stages, namely observing, noting, and then presenting as well as describing the forms of code-switching in Vice President Gibran Rakabuming’s speech videos. The results show that the type of code-mixing that occurs is outer code-mixing, characterized by the insertion of English vocabulary. The first video contained 9 instances of code-mixing, the second video 5 instances, the third video 4 instances, the fourth video 15 instances, and the fifth video 9 instances. These findings indicate that code-mixing is a phenomenon within the field of sociolinguistics and is commonly found among bilingual and multilingual communities.

This study examines the phenomenon of code-mixing among Generation Z in Banjarmasin, particularly in The comments section of TikTok content, which has become a primary digital expression space for young People. The aim of this study was to identify the forms, patterns, and social and cultural factors underlying This linguistic practice. Using descriptive qualitative methods with listening and note-taking techniques, Information was collected from comments on two TikTok posts on the accounts @BudRab and @Fazarbungaz. The findings indicate that the code-mixing that occurred was dominated by the insertion Of Banjarese elements into Indonesian (Banjar-Indonesian code-mixing), as well as a mixture of Banjarese, Indonesian, and English (Outer Code-mixing and Mixed Code-mixing). The forms of code-mixing found Included the insertion of Banjarese words, phrases, and lexical items such as kd (kada), makai, and mun. An analysis of the functions of code-mixing shows that this practice has a dual role: referential (for specific Local contexts), directive (to guide conversations), emotive/expressive (to indicate emotional closeness, for Example, longitude), and most importantly, as a marker of digital identity and cultural solidarity among Banjar speakers in the digital realm. This phenomenon confirms that social media serves as a new, flexible and essential space for the Banjar language to survive and negotiate with global and national languages. This study contributes to sociolinguistics by mapping the dynamics of language evolution among Gen Z in A digital context, highlighting the creative and social aspects of code-mixing.