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Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women is a nutritional problem that has serious impacts on the health of both the mother and the fetus, such as increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and labor complications. In Jambi City, CED cases have continued to rise year by year. This study aims to identify the determinants of CED among pregnant women in the working area of Putri Ayu Public Health Center, Jambi City. This study employed a quantitative approach with an analytical observational design using a cross-sectional method. The sample consisted of 82 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements using MUAC. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test to examine the relationship between independent variables and the incidence of CED. The study found that the prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) among pregnant women was 28%. Statistical analysis revealed that infectious diseases (p=0.000), personal hygiene (p=0.009), environmental sanitation (p=0.037), education (p=0.004), occupation (p=0.000), and income (p=0.040) were significantly associated with CED in pregnant women. There is a significant relationship between infectious diseases, personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, education, occupation, and income with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women at Putri Ayu Public Health Center, Jambi City. It is expected that efforts to address chronic energy deficiency (CED) among pregnant women at Putri Ayu Public Health Center can be carried out through an integrated approach, including improvements in personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, prevention of infectious diseases, as well as enhancement of education, employment, and family income.

Background: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur cyclically before menstruation and are commonly experienced by adolescent girls. Common symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, headaches, anxiety, and mood disturbances, which can affect sleep quality, concentration, and academic productivity. This article provides an in-depth examination of the definition, types, prevalence, causes, impacts, and management of PMS in adolescent girls. Based on epidemiological data, the prevalence of PMS is quite high, both globally and nationally, with incidence rates in Indonesia reaching 70–90% among women of reproductive age, and most cases beginning during adolescence. There are four main types of PMS: Type A (anxiety), Type H (hyperhidrosis), Type C (food cravings), and Type D (depression), each with specific characteristics and etiologies. Causes of PMS include hormonal imbalances of estrogen and progesterone, reduced serotonin levels, poor sleep quality, psychological stress, genetic factors, and unhealthy lifestyles. The impact of PMS on adolescents is complex, including decreased academic performance, social relationship disturbances, and reduced psychological well-being. Therefore, PMS management should be approached holistically through pharmacological (such as NSAIDs, antidepressants, and diuretics) and non-pharmacological (physical exercise, relaxation, lifestyle changes, and nutritional education) interventions. Environmental support and reproductive health education are crucial to help adolescents effectively manage PMS symptoms and improve their quality of life. This study is expected to serve as a foundation for promotive and preventive interventions in adolescent health care.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, surpassing HIV/AIDS. In 2016, TB-related deaths among HIV-negative individuals reached 1.3 million, while deaths among those with HIV-TB co-infection totaled 374,000. Indonesia ranks among the top five countries with the highest TB burden, accounting for approximately 5.8% of global TB cases. The TB prevalence rate in Indonesia in 2016 was 391 per 100,000 population, with nearly half of the cases occurring among women of reproductive age. It is estimated that 1–3% of pregnant women have TB, and some are also co-infected with HIV. The national target for TB elimination by 2030 is to reduce incidence to 65 per 10,000 population and mortality to 6 per 100,000 population. However, in Mimika District, the TB incidence remains high at 707 per 10,000 population, with a mortality rate of 27 per 100,000 population.This community service program aimed to improve knowledge regarding the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission from adults to toddlers living in the same household, in order to break the chain of transmission. The activity was conducted from July to September 2024 in Kamoro Jaya Subdistrict, under the jurisdiction of Wania Health Center, with 90 participants consisting of mothers with toddlers and community health volunteers (Posyandu cadres).Methods used included lectures, group discussions, and demonstrations. The educational material focused on the prevention of TB transmission in children. Participants completed a questionnaire before the activity. The results showed an increase in knowledge regarding the prevention of pulmonary TB in children.

Anemia remains one of the leading public health issues among adolescent girls in Indonesia, including in Pidie District. Insufficient iron intake and low awareness and knowledge of anemia are major contributors to its high prevalence. Health education is recognized as an effective strategy to improve adolescents’ understanding of anemia.Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of health education on increasing knowledge about anemia among adolescent girls at MTsN VI Pidie, Pidie District.Methods: A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design (one-group pretest-posttest) was employed. A total of 30 first-grade female students from MTsN VI Pidie were selected through purposive sampling. The intervention involved the delivery of health education on anemia via an educational video. Knowledge levels were measured before and after the intervention using pretest and posttest questionnaires. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test.Results: The analysis showed a statistically significant improvement in the participants’ knowledge following the intervention. The average posttest scores were notably higher than the pretest scores, indicating a positive effect of the health education intervention (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Digital media-based health education is effective in enhancing knowledge about anemia among adolescent girls. This approach is recommended for broader implementation in adolescent health promotion programs, particularly in the prevention of anemia

The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia has increased, in 2013 the prevalence of hypertension was 25.8% while in 2018 the prevalence of hypertension increased by 34.1%. In addition to pharmacological techniques, hypertension management can use non-pharmacological techniques, one of which is deep breathing relaxation techniques. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of deep breathing relaxation techniques on blood pressure in hypertension patients at the Industrial Health Center. This study used the Pre-Experiment one group pretest and posttest method. The sampling technique was random sampling with a sample size of 46 people who met the inclusion criteria. The instruments used were digital tension, SOP for deep breathing relaxation techniques, and observation sheets. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon statistical test. Blood pressure before the relaxation technique averaged systolic 157.83. Blood pressure after the relaxation technique averaged systolic 137.65. The results of the Wilcoxon blood pressure test in hypertension patients before and after deep breathing relaxation techniques (p = 0.000). There is an effect of deep breathing relaxation techniques on blood pressure in hypertension patients at the Industrial Health Center.  

Background: Smoking among adolescents in Pidie, Aceh, is a growing public health concern, marked by increasing prevalence and significant household expenditure despite known health risks. This behavior persists due to cultural and social influences and a lack of motivation to quit, with adolescents' perceptions of risk, though crucial, not fully understood. Method : This analytical cross-sectional survey of 303 male high school students in Pidie used Partial Least Squares (PLS) to examine the relationship between Health Belief Model (HBM) factors and smoking cessation efforts. Result : The findings revealed that perceived barriers (t-statistic = 4.284 > t-table = 1.96), perceived susceptibility (t-statistic = 2.050 > t-table = 1.96), and perceived benefits (t-statistic = 4.082 > t-table = 1.96) had a direct significant relationship with cessation attempts, while perceived severity did not. Conclution: This study concluded that perceived barriers actually motivate quitting, with negative experiences like health problems for themselves or family acting as triggers. Therefore, understanding both the benefits and barriers is key to increasing smoking cessation motivation among adolescent males.

Non-formulary drug utilization in Harapan Kita Children’s and Mother’s Hospital presents a substantial challenge in healthcare cost management, especially for patients enrolled in the BPJS health insurance program. Given its status as a national referral hospital, Harapan Kita Children’s and Mother’s Hospital encounters a high prevalence of complex maternal and child health cases requiring the use of medications beyond the scope of the national formulary. This research endeavor seeks to examine the patterns and consequences of non-formulary drug use within this context. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methods, to evaluate the impact of an sosialisation intervention and audit clinic on physician compliance with formulary drug use. A pre-test and post-test design was employed to measure changes in non-formulary drug utilization. Findings indicated a statistically significant decrease in non-formulary drug use from 18% to 13% post-intervention. The integration of a clinical pathway and tailored physician training was instrumental in achieving improved formulary adherence. Given these results, it is recommended to broaden training and surveillance programs, strengthen technological support through the implementation of formulary information systems, and undertake longitudinal research to assess the long-term sustainability of the intervention's effects..

Stunting is a type of long-term childhood malnutrition that is closely linked to socioeconomic conditions and poverty. The purpose of this study is to look at strategies to reduce stunting in Indonesia using a political economy approach. To achieve this goal, a literature review method was used. The results show that there are many factors that influence stunting, including health issues and inequalities in power distribution, resource allocation and social structure. Through specific interventions (such as the First 1000 Days of Life program) and sensitive interventions (such as the provision of clean water, sanitation, education, and social protection), poverty alleviation policies are essential to reduce the prevalence of stunting. However, decentralization, poor coordination between sectors, and lack of public awareness often hinder policy implementation. To tackle stunting sustainably, the political economy approach emphasizes the need for clear political alignment, strengthened institutional capacity, and cross-sectoral integration. Stunting is a type of long-term childhood malnutrition that is closely linked to socioeconomic conditions and poverty. The purpose of this study is to look at strategies to reduce stunting in Indonesia using a political economy approach.

This study analyzes Red Bull advertisements as a form of visual propaganda that effectively constructs a brand image associated with extreme sports, bravery, and extraordinary achievement. The background of this research lies in the phenomenon of the increasing prevalence of visual content in modern marketing strategies, which not only sell products but also embed ideologies and social identities. Red Bull was selected as the object of study due to its consistent use of visual elements rich in symbolic and connotative meaning. This research employs a qualitative approach using Roland Barthes' semiotic analysis method, along with theories of visual propaganda and social identity. The findings reveal that Red Bull communicates its message not merely through images and slogans, but also through the construction of deep connotative meanings. The slogan “Red Bull Gives You Wings” instills a sense of hope in surpassing one's limits, while the use of extreme sports figures as testimonials reinforces the product's image as a symbol of high performance. These advertisements create a modern myth in which Red Bull is associated with courage and freedom, transforming it from a mere energy drink into a lifestyle identity. In the context of social identity, consumers are not only purchasing a product but also affirming themselves as members of an adventurous, active, and daring community. Thus, Red Bull successfully builds brand loyalty through a strong and symbolic visual narrative. This research emphasizes that today’s advertisements are inseparable from ideological functions and the social constructions they visually shape.  

Stunting remains one of the major nutritional problems in Indonesia. According to the 2024 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), the prevalence of stunting in Papua Province reached 16.8%. A child’s nutritional status is strongly influenced by dietary intake, particularly protein, which plays a crucial role in growth. One potential source of animal protein is Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), a type of fish commonly found in Papua. Indian mackerel is rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids but is highly perishable, limiting its shelf life. To address this issue, the fish is processed into flour. Additionally, green spinach is used as a source of fiber and minerals, although it is also prone to spoilage. The spinach is processed by extracting its juice, which is then incorporated into noodle products. Dried noodles were chosen as a medium for fortification because they are widely consumed across age groups and often used as a substitute for rice.This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Indian mackerel flour and green spinach extract on the chemical properties and sensory acceptance of dried noodles. The research methods included nutritional content analysis and organoleptic testing. The sensory evaluation was conducted by 25 semi-trained panelists who were nutrition science students

Central obesity in women of reproductive age can have a negative impact on their health and is associated with the occurrence of metabolic diseases. This study aims to determine the factors associated with central obesity in women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia in 2023 using 2023 SKI data with a cross-sectional study design. The study sample was 213,309 women of reproductive age obtained using the linear systematic sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out up to multivariate analysis using the Cox Regression test. The results showed that the prevalence of central obesity in women of reproductive age was 49.11%. Age [PR = 1.96 (95% CI: 1.93 - 2.00)], occupation [PR = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.19 - 1.22)], and place of residence [PR = 1.08 (95% CI: 1.07 - 1.10)] were found to be associated with an increased risk of central obesity. Meanwhile, education level [PR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95 – 0.98)], physical activity [PR = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.91 – 0.94)], and emotional mental disorders [PR = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70 – 0.80)] were found to be protective factors against central obesity. The most dominant factor with the occurrence of central obesity is age. Therefore, it is important for WUS to be aware of the risk of central obesity and implement appropriate preventive measures. Preventive efforts can be done by maintaining hormonal balance and body metabolism through a healthy lifestyle, as well as undergoing regular health checks.

The pattern of asah, asih, asuh is still a priority problem to be resolved in Indonesia. Prevalence data on infants and toddlers with a lack of basic needs such as malnutrition, lack of interest in coming to the integrated health post, and the absence of monitoring of infant and toddler development in Babakan Village, Ciseeng District, Bogor Regency, there are around 20 infants and toddlers who still do not get the correct asah, asih, asuh pattern. This education aims to increase public understanding, especially mothers who have toddlers, regarding the concept of Asah, Asih, Asuh as a holistic approach in supporting child growth and development. This education uses a lecture method with booklet media. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires, the results of the education obtained a p value of 0.000 (p <p = 0.05) which means that there is an influence on increasing knowledge of basic living needs for infants and toddlers asah, asih, asuh as an intervention to prevent unbalanced nutrition and a lack of basic needs for infants and toddlers. And the t value is 6.205. The conclusion of this study is that educational interventions on Asah, Asih, Asuh can increase mothers' awareness and knowledge in caring for and fulfilling the basic needs of infants and toddlers, which ultimately contributes to more optimal child growth and development. It is hoped that the infant and toddler development monitoring program can be implemented at the integrated health post and mothers can better understand the contents of the KIA book.

Breast cancer is a highly prevalent disease and the leading cause of death in women worldwide. The determinants of breast cancer are multifactorial, including genetic, hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Breast cancer remains one of the significant global health challenges, with a growing burden of disease in both developed and developing countries. Based on recent data, it accounts for about 25% of all cancer cases in women worldwide (Sung et al., 2021). In Indonesia, breast cancer ranks first in cancer prevalence with an incidence rate of 42.1 per 100,000 population (MOH RI, 2022). This phenomenon requires a comprehensive understanding of the various determinant factors that play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the determinant factors of breast cancer through Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 8 national google schollar journals and 7 international pubmed journals.

Bullying is an act of physical or psychological violence that can have long-term effects on its victims. In the context of legal protection, Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection serves as the legal foundation for protecting children from all forms of violence, including bullying. This legal protection includes both preventive and repressive measures against perpetrators, as well as the provision of facilities for the recovery of victims.Moreover, social factors such as cultural norms, family environment, and peer interactions often exacerbate the impact of bullying. Stigma and discrimination against victims, which frequently arise due to a lack of public awareness, can worsen their psychological condition and hinder the recovery process.This study aims to analyze the social and legal impacts of bullying on victims and highlight the importance of more effective legal protection in reducing the prevalence of bullying in society.

 Chronic pain is pain that persistent and will continue beyond the proper healing time, there are two time points used in daily practice, namely 3 months and 6 months after the first injury. Sensitivity of peripheral nociceptive neurons and central underlying the process of transition from acute pain to chronic pain. There are several factors that influence the increasing incidence of postoperative chronic pain including preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative factors. Untreated acute postoperative pain also increases the risk of increasing chronic postoperative pain. In Asia, the prevalence of chronic pain varies widely, between 7% in Malaysia to 60% in Cambodia. The prevalence of postoperative chronic pain in adults is reported to be around 20% in developed countries. The incidence includes all ages with a higher incidence in women and the elderly. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of postoperative chronic pain in outpatients in the surgical polyclinic and obstetrics and gynecology polyclinic at RSU Medan. The type of research used in this study was Observational with a Cross Sectional method approach. Based on the research that has been done, it was found that ages 26-35 years experienced the most chronic pain, namely as much as 29.8% and women experienced more chronic pain compared to men. Based on this study it was found that the majority of respondents experienced moderate pain intensity as many as 36 respondents (63.2%). There were descriptions of characteristics that were mostly 26-35 years old.

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has continued to increase over the years, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to designate it as a global health threat. Pycnogenol, a proprietary name for proanthocyanidins—a specific class of bioflavonoids—is known for its potent antioxidant properties. It neutralizes unstable oxygen molecules, or free radicals, that damage body cells. One of the notable benefits of Pycnogenol is its positive effect on cardiovascular health. This study aims to evaluate the effects and potential benefits of Pycnogenol consumption in relation to cardiovascular disease. This article uses a literature review method by collecting scientific articles published within the last ten years (2014–2024) from reputable online sources such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. The results of the study show that Pycnogenol, as a phytochemical compound, plays a beneficial role in maintaining cardiovascular function and preventing heart disease, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular conditions. All reviewed articles consistently describe the connection between Pycnogenol intake and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, Pycnogenol demonstrates strong antioxidant activity that may contribute significantly to the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.  

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality among women, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, where prevalence is high and early detection is often delayed. This study aims to identify and synthesize the major risk factors for cervical cancer through a systematic review of both national and international literature. The core problem addressed is the lack of a comprehensive and context-relevant risk framework for Indonesian women, resulting in suboptimal preventive interventions. The proposed method is a qualitative descriptive literature review, analyzing 15 selected scientific articles based on defined inclusion criteria. Key findings indicate that age ≥35 years, high parity, early sexual activity, smoking habits, prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives, low educational attainment, and physically demanding occupations are significant determinants of increased cervical cancer risk. The synthesis of ideas shows that biological, behavioral, social, and environmental factors interact in complex ways to influence vulnerability to cervical cancer. This study concludes that cervical cancer prevention requires a multidimensional approach that integrates education, routine screening, and increased public awareness of modifiable risk factors. The findings are expected to inform more effective and context-sensitive health policy development in Indonesia.

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication that often occurs in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a major cause of blindness in older adults and the elderly. This study aims to describe the characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a literature review of 10 journals published between 2022 and 2025. The results of the analysis show that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy globally reaches 35%, with the main risk factors including long duration of diabetes (>5 years), high HbA1c levels (>7%), and poor glycemic control. The majority of cases of diabetic retinopathy are found in the non-proliferative stage (65%), which is characterized by microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages, while the proliferative stage is less common but has a high risk of causing blindness. The study also revealed that patients with comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia tend to experience more severe diabetic retinopathy. Further stages of diabetic retinopathy if not managed properly can cause vision-threatening conditions. However, low patient compliance in metabolic control and eye examination is a major challenge. Management of diabetic retinopathy requires a holistic approach that includes patient education, regular screening, and comprehensive risk factor control to prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy and maintain the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Mycobacterium Bovis is a serious infection that affects cattle and has ramifications for human health, especially in areas where close contact between humans and animals is widespread and pasteurization of dairy products is not widely used. The purpose of this work is to identify risk factors connected with M. bovis infection, estimate the prevalence of the disease in east Darfur State, and underline the main aspects of the disease. The study included a total sample size of 100 cows milk collected from different localities of East Darfur State in Sudan ( Abu Matarq 21.1%, Yaseen 15.3%,El-Daein 22.1%, Abu Karinka 6.8% and Assalaya 5.1% ) this study estimated that 25% of the collected raw milk specimen was positive for mycobacterium. The incidence of Mycobacterium Bovis in Sudan is the result of a complex interaction of cattle management techniques, environmental conditions, and public health initiatives. While there is increased knowledge of the disease and efforts to control it, obstacles such as limited resources, cultural customs, and environmental stressors continue to impact its tendencies.  

Stunting is a failure to achieve physical development measured by weight for age. The limitation of stunting is height according to age based on Z-score equal to or less than -2SD (Standard Deviation) below the standard average. In 2005 - 2011 Indonesia ranked fifth with the highest prevalence of stunting. The purpose this study was to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of stunting in children aged 24-59 months. This study used a literature review method conducted by searching for relevant journals trough Google Scholar, Garuda, PubMed and DOAJ database. Inclusion criteria for reviewing the content of references in English and Indonesia publish in the last ten years. Research result from various literatures show that research finding from various sources indicate that the factor influencing stunting toddler aged 24-59 months include maternal knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding, and disease history.