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This paper analyzes the legal disharmony between the Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification (KBLI) Code 92000, which classifies gambling as a business activity, and Article 303 of the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP), which criminalizes gambling. Using a normative legal research method supported by theoretical foundations from legal certainty, legal harmonization, and sociological jurisprudence, the paper explores the philosophical, sociological, and juridical ratio legis behind this classification. The research concludes that the classification under KBLI is administrative and does not legitimize gambling activities. The paper suggests harmonization mechanisms to resolve legal contradictions and ensure regulatory coherence.  Address the normative conflict and avoid further interpretive ambiguities, this paper proposes a series of harmonization mechanisms. First, there should be a revision or annotation of KBLI Code 92000 to clarify that its inclusion of gambling is not a recognition of its legality under Indonesian law. Second, greater inter-agency coordination is necessary, especially between the institutions responsible for economic classifications and those enforcing criminal law. Third, legislative synchronization efforts must be enhanced through the establishment of an integrated legal drafting mechanism to ensure that new or revised regulations do not conflict with existing criminal statutes.

Learning strategies play a vital role in determining the success of the educational process, particularly in achieving learning objectives effectively and efficiently. This article aims to comprehensively examine fundamental concepts of learning strategies by addressing five main research questions: (1) what is the definition of learning strategies? (2) how are models, approaches, strategies, methods, and techniques of learning interrelated? (3) what are the classifications of learning strategies? (4) what are the essential components of a learning strategy? and (5) what considerations are important in selecting an appropriate learning strategy? Using a descriptive-qualitative approach, this article draws upon various educational literature, both classical and contemporary, to formulate a comprehensive understanding of learning strategies. The discussion on the definition highlights that a strategy is not merely a technical step but also a pedagogical framework that reflects a systematic way of thinking. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the importance of understanding the interconnectedness of learning models (conceptual frameworks), approaches (philosophical orientations), strategies (overall plans), methods (procedural steps), and techniques (practical actions) in order for educators to design cohesive and holistic learning processes. The classification of learning strategies is discussed based on the learning approach used, such as expository, inquiry-based, cooperative, contextual, and problem-based strategies—each with its own advantages and challenges. The article also identifies key components of learning strategies, including learning objectives, student characteristics, materials, media, methods, and evaluation. In choosing the appropriate strategy, the author highlights the need to consider factors such as learning goals, learner characteristics, available resources, and the socio-cultural context of the learning environment, particularly within the framework of Islamic education. The findings of this study are expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to the development of more contextual, adaptive, and relevant learning designs, especially for educators and prospective teachers within Islamic State Universities.    

The expository learning strategy in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) remains relevant as a classical Islamic scholarly heritage but requires creative transformation to address digital-age challenges. This article examines the implementation of expository strategies through literature study, analyzing philosophical foundations, effectiveness, contemporary challenges, and innovation models. The research reveals that expository strategies are effective for normative PAI materials but face complex challenges including shifting cognitive patterns of digital natives, decentralization of knowledge authority, and technological disparities. Various innovative models (interactive, contextual, multimedia, reflective) offer solutions by integrating traditional expository strengths with modern approaches. The study concludes that successful implementation requires paradigmatic reconstruction through "pedagogical ijtihad" balancing Islamic scholarly authenticity with 21st-century learning needs. PAI teachers must master three core competencies: depth of religious knowledge, pedagogical sophistication, and technological literacy. 

This research examines the role of Pancasila as a philosophical pillar in strengthening Indonesian democracy and shaping just legal policies amidst the dynamics of legal changes. The research background highlights the challenges in actualizing Pancasila's values within the legal system, reflected in the incongruence of legal policies with the principle of justice, limited public participation, and obstacles in the era of globalization. This qualitative study, employing a literature review method, aims to analyze the application of Pancasila's values in addressing legal challenges and to identify the constraints in its implementation as a foundation for democracy. The findings indicate a mismatch between legal policies and Pancasila's values due to political factors, a lack of understanding, complex bureaucracy, and systemic injustice. Limited public participation in policy formulation also poses a constraint. The implications of this research underscore the need to enhance the understanding and internalization of Pancasila's values in the legal policy-making process, as well as to increase public participation to achieve a more just and democratic legal system in accordance with the ideals of Pancasila.  

Illegal trafficking of protected wildlife is an activity that is a threat to the survival of wildlife, Illegal trafficking categorized as a crime against wildlife includes: intentionally capturing, storing, possessing, maintaining, transporting and trading protected animals in a living condition. The problem in this thesis is what is the basis for the judge's legal considerations in passing a verdict against the perpetrator of the crime of trafficking in protected wildlife of the Siamang species in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla? is the judge's decision in imposing the sentence in accordance with substantive justice?, The research method used is normative and empirical juridical, The data used is primary and secondary data, data collection with literature studies and interviews. While data processing through the stages of data examination, data selection, data classification, and data systematization. The data that has been presented in the form of a description, discussed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively, to then draw conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the consideration of the Judge in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla in deciding the criminal case of trade in protected wildlife species of siamang, the Judge in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla related to the criminal act of trade in siamang species of wildlife considered the legal, sociological, and philosophical aspects according to Ahmad Rifai's theory. The legal aspect includes the sufficiency of evidence and the fulfillment of the elements of Article 40 Paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 21 Paragraph 2 of Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. Sociologically, the judge sees the impact of the defendant's actions on society and the environment. From a philosophical perspective, punishment is seen not as revenge, but an effort to educate the defendant not to repeat his actions. Finally, the judge sentenced him to 1 year and 4 months in prison and a fine of Rp25,000,000, subsidiary to 1 month in prison if the fine is not paid. The suggestion is that the government, law enforcement and stakeholders are expected to increase education to the community, especially around national parks/protected forests, not to trade in protected animals. This is important to prevent similar crimes and maintain the existence of protected animals in their habitat.    

The Indonesian language has absorbed numerous loanwords from various foreign languages, including German. Although the influence of German is not as significant as that of Dutch, Arabic, or Sanskrit, it plays a crucial role, particularly in scientific, technological, medical, and philosophical terminology. This study aims to examine the historical background, development, and adaptation of German loanwords in Indonesian. Using a qualitative approach, data collection was conducted through literature review and linguistic analysis. The findings indicate that many German words entered Indonesian through scientific and academic fields, with some undergoing phonetic and morphological adaptation. The influence of German in Indonesia continues, particularly in academic and industrial sectors, suggesting potential future linguistic integration.     

Dayak culture offers a wealth of noble values that can positively shape the character of elementary school students. This paper aims to: (1) identify the values of Dayak culture contained in the poem "Philosophy of Huma Betang". (2) Explain the method of introducing these cultural values to elementary school students. (3) Describe the effectiveness of using poetry as a medium of cultural introduction. One of the effective methods to introduce Dayak culture to students is through poetry. This article discusses the poem "Philosophy of Huma Betang" by Misnawati as a medium that conveys cultural values in an interesting and easy-to-understand manner for elementary school students. The importance of this research is based on the need to understand and preserve Dayak cultural values. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, by identifying the cultural values contained in the poem. The method of introducing cultural values to elementary school students involves reading with expression, discussion, creative activities, and educational visits. The results of the study show that the use of the poem "Philosophy of Huma Betang" is successful in increasing students' understanding and appreciation of Dayak culture. Students show high interest, they can remember well the values learned, and show improvement in language skills and creativity. Educators also give positive feedback on the effectiveness of this method in learning in elementary school classrooms.

Elderly is the end of the human life process which causes decreased activity. The stress that arises during the aging process can cause three types of changes, namely changes in self-perception, changes in relationships with other people, and philosophical changes regarding priorities, perseverance, and spirituality. Apart from that, spirituality can also help someone develop their awareness. Stress can be avoided if a person has a high level of spirituality, spirituality can be understood as a relationship between a person and God. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between spirituality and the stress level of elderly people in Social Service Homes. This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 105 respondents using purposive sampling. Spirituality data was collected using the SAS questionnaire and Stress Levels using the DASS questionnaire. This research shows a high level of spirituality of 52.4%, moderate spirituality of 40%, low spirituality of 7.6% and a level of severe stress of 24.8%, a level of moderate stress of 58.1%, a level of light stress of 17.1%.

This study examines justice in employment law from the perspective of legal philosophy, focusing on the relationship between employers and workers in Indonesia. Based on Article 27 paragraph (2) and Article 28D paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, justice in employment relations is considered as one of the manifestations of human rights that must be guaranteed by the state. However, in practice, the imbalance in the bargaining position between employers and workers often creates injustice, especially in wages, job protection, and the fulfillment of basic workers' rights. Through a legal philosophy approach, this study analyzes the application of the concepts of distributive, commutative, and retributive justice in employment relations. The results of the study show that although employment regulations, such as Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment, have attempted to create justice, their implementation still faces various obstacles, including weak supervision and bias towards economic interests. This study has theoretical benefits in deepening the study of legal philosophy related to justice in industrial relations, as well as practical benefits in providing recommendations for policy makers to improve employment regulations. Thus, this research is expected to be a foundation for creating fairer and more balanced working relationships in Indonesia.

This article proposes to review the handling of corruption cases in terms of juridical and morality in Indonesia. This study is a normative legal study with descriptive analysis. This study uses a philosophical approach and a conceptual approach to determine the efforts made by the government to overcome corruption in Indonesia from the juridical and moral aspects of the Indonesian people based on the Pancasila Ideology. Efforts to eradicate corruption have not been able to be overcome optimally because they are spread sporadically in Indonesia. Obstacles are occurring structurally, culturally, instrumentally and management. Prevention and eradication of corruption must be emphasized as the moral responsibility of the Indonesian people. Because it will be one of the biggest threats to the existence of the Indonesian nation. Prevention of corruption must be carried out systematically by strengthening regulations and conducting international cooperation on the issue of corruption as a crime against Human Rights throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. That aspect of law enforcement in eradicating criminal acts of corruption requires the role of all parties involved in achieving the target of eradicating corruption that is rampant in Indonesia, there are four factors causing corruption; political and legal factors, historical factors, social factors and cultural factors, and economic factors. Concrete solutions in eradicating corruption are needed by Indonesia to redesign public services, strengthen transparency, supervision and sanctions against government activities related to the economy and human resources, increase the empowerment of supporting instruments in preventing corruption and to ensure that law enforcement is free from corruption. The strategy to eradicate corruption must be built with the will of all parties who want to eradicate corruption itself, by not giving the slightest tolerance in the act of corruption itself. In realizing an effort to eradicate corruption itself, it requires determination in meeting the prerequisites in terms of existence driven by political ability and will and a strong commitment from all parties, transparent and accountable in its implementation, available and balanced resources and capacity.

The maritime industry, traditionally reliant on intuition and experience-based decision-making, is undergoing a transformation with the increasing adoption of digital marketing strategies. However, the epistemological foundations of this transition remain underexplored, particularly in the context of leadership and strategic decision-making. This research examines how maritime leaders, lecturers, and postgraduate students perceive and integrate data-driven marketing strategies into maritime business management. The study provides original value by addressing the gap in maritime leadership research regarding digital marketing epistemology. Unlike previous studies that primarily focus on technical adoption, this research critically analyzes the philosophical and cognitive frameworks influencing digital marketing decision-making. The primary objective is to explore the extent to which digital marketing decisions in maritime leadership are guided by empirical data rather than intuition. Using qualitative research and descriptive analysis, semi-structured interviews were conducted with maritime experts, lecturers, and postgraduate students. Data were analyzed thematically, categorizing responses into competency development, sustainability, and digital transformation barriers. Findings reveal that while data-driven strategies are acknowledged as valuable, traditional leadership models still dominate. Digital marketing adoption is constrained by limited expertise, regulatory challenges, and skepticism toward analytics. The study concludes that bridging this gap requires integrating epistemological inquiry into maritime education and fostering collaboration between industry and academia. Strengthening digital literacy among maritime leaders is essential for ensuring the sustainable and strategic use of digital marketing in the sector.

Narcotics are substances that cause certain effects for those who use them and put them into their bodies. Along with the development of the times, the types of drugs are increasing and have various variations. One example of a new type of drug is gorilla tobacco. Criminal Law Policy Against New Types of Narcotics Abuse. This study uses a normative juridical research type with a Philosophical approach, Criminal Law Political Approach, legislation, case approach and examines the contents of various legal sources, both books, journals and other related legal sources to answer the aspects that are the focus of the research. The results of this study indicate that in 2022 31,420 incidents were caused by an increase in the abuse of new types of narcotics (New Psychoactive Substances) which in previous years were not registered in the appendix to Law Number 35 of 2009, this caused a Legal Vacuum regarding the New Type of Narcotics. In addition, the author also analyzes the law enforcement against new types of narcotics (gorilla tobacco) in a review of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and the form of criminal responsibility carried out by perpetrators of gorilla tobacco abuse in the decision of the District Court Number 32/Pid.sus/2021/PN Rtg.

The concept of the face of the other in Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy remains a relevant and enduring philosophical idea. The presence of the face interrupts the existence of the “I” and simultaneously calls it to ethical action. This moral summons constitutes an inherent ethical responsibility for every individual. In today’s digital era, the internet has formed a virtual space in which the face of the other emerges in new forms, including through digital content. This study examines how the concept of the face of the other is manifested in the content published by Katolikpedia.id across various digital platforms such as its website, Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok. The aim of this research is to explore the extent to which these contents awaken ethical awareness and encourage moral action among followers, readers, and the general public. This study employs a qualitative method, using a combination of literature review and content observation. The findings reveal that the content of Katolikpedia.id, both explicitly and implicitly, communicates an ethical call to society to adopt a moral stance and act responsibly. Thus, digital media becomes a new space for the presence of the face of the other and for ethical encounters in contemporary contexts.

The purpose of this study is to examine the scientific construction of Ilmu Balaghoh or Arabic rhetoric using the philosophy of science approach. Ilmu Balaghoh is a crucial discipline in Islamic scholarship that explores the beauty, meaning, and power of language, particularly concerning the articulation of the beauty and meaning of Qur'anic texts. The philosophy of Ilmu Balaghoh provides a new perspective on its ontological, epistemological, and axiological dimensions. This research employs a qualitative method through literature analysis, utilizing both primary and secondary sources, including references on Balaghoh and the philosophy of science. The findings reveal that Balaghoh is not merely about language but possesses philosophical absorption as an approach to constructing sentences that convey meaning and messages aesthetically. The ontology of Ilmu Balaghoh pertains to the essence of language as a medium of divine and human communication, while its epistemology lies in analogical and deductive methods to generate knowledge. The axiology of Balaghoh focuses on the development of communication ethics and rhetoric in Islamic studies. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Ilmu Balaghoh is a complex and integral discipline that enriches the study of language and values in Islam. This study is expected to serve as a foundational framework for the development of Ilmu Balaghoh in the context of contemporary and interdisciplinary studies.

Global pop culture has become a dominant force shaping the values and identities of Generation Z, a cohort raised in the digital age. This generation faces the challenge of integrating global cultural influences with local values. This study aims to analyze the impact of global pop culture on the social values and individual identities of Generation Z through philosophical, idealistic, and empirical lenses. Using a descriptive-narrative method based on secondary data, the article offers strategic solutions, including media literacy education, local culture reinforcement, and global-local collaboration. The findings reveal that global pop culture plays a dual role: enriching perspectives while posing a threat to local values. Multi-stakeholder collaboration is essential to managing these influences wisely.    

Ilmu Shorof, as an essential part of Arabic language studies, has a profound connection with the philosophy of science. This relationship encompasses aspects of study objects, methods, and goals that complement each other in understanding language. From the perspective of the philosophy of science, Ilmu Shorof is viewed as a structured knowledge system, a cultural product reflecting social values, and a tool for acquiring knowledge about the Arabic language, including religious and literary texts. Furthermore, Ilmu Shorof contributes philosophically to global language studies through its systematic approach. This research examines the relevance and philosophical implications of Ilmu Shorof in academic and practical contexts, offering a new perspective on the significance of this discipline in modern scholarship.

Maharah kalam (Speech proficiency) is one type of proficiency in Arabic. Maharah kalam is the skill of conveying messages orally using Arabic as a medium, without ignoring the rules of language use so that what is conveyed is easily understood by the person you are speaking to or the recipient of the message. The philosophy of science makes an important contribution to this scholarship. In the philosophy of science there are three main pillars in defining the object of study, namely ontology, epistemology and axiology. This article discusses maharah kalam in Arabic which is studied from the perspective of the philosophy of science. This research uses a literature review method, namely what is presented in this article comes from all types of references, such as books, articles, journals, and others. Everything is presented in depth according to the specified theme. Finally, in this research it can be concluded that maharah kalam in Arabic from the perspective of the philosophy of science shows that mastery of Arabic is not just a technical skill, but also reflects a deep understanding of the reality of the language, its epistemological processes, and the values ​​contained therein. This integration of philosophical dimensions provides a solid foundation for Arabic speaking proficiency, making it not only practically useful but also academically and spiritually meaningful..

This abstract will discuss the three main currents in modernism that emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, namely Rationalism, Empiricism, and Materialism. These three schools have had a major influence on the development of philosophical and scientific thought in the modern era. Rationalism pioneered by René Descartes emphasized that reason (ratio) is the main source of valid knowledge. Rationalist philosophers argue that truth can be achieved through deductive reasoning and innate ideas that exist in the human mind. They believe that mathematics and logic are ideal models for achieving definite knowledge. Empiricism developed by John Locke and David Hume holds that sensory experience is the main foundation of knowledge. Empiricists reject the concept of innate ideas and assert that the human mind is initially a "tabula rasa" (blank slate) which is then filled in by experience. They developed an inductive method of gaining knowledge through observation and experimentation. Materialism promoted by philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes views that reality is basically material or physical. This school rejects mind-body dualism and assumes that mental phenomena can be explained through material processes. Modern materialism developed in line with advances in science and provided the basis for a mechanistic understanding of nature and humans. These three schools have shaped the modern perspective on knowledge, scientific methods, and the nature of reality. Although each has limitations, their contributions remain relevant in philosophical discussions and contemporary scientific developments.

Islamic education is a system aimed at shaping individuals with strong faith, mastery of knowledge, and noble character. This article examines three main aspects: its philosophical foundation, objectives, and relevance in the modern era. The philosophical foundation of Islamic education is rooted in the concept of tawhid, which places Allah as the ultimate source of all knowledge. The objectives of Islamic education include strengthening faith, developing moral character, mastering both worldly and spiritual knowledge, and fostering individual independence. In the modern era, Islamic education faces challenges such as globalization, technological advancements, and cultural plurality. However, it also has significant opportunities to thrive through the integration of technology and inclusive approaches. This study provides strategic insights on how Islamic education can remain relevant and contribute to addressing the moral and social challenges of today’s world.

This study examines the implementation of community service as an alternative short-term punishment in the context of the reform of Indonesian criminal law through Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code (KUHP). Criminal law reform is necessary to address issues such as the overcapacity of correctional facilities and the need for adaptive legal frameworks. Using a prescriptive normative approach, this research identifies the philosophical, legal, and sociological foundations underlying the implementation of community service. The findings indicate that the application of community service aligns with the principles of restorative justice, legal effectiveness, and the social reintegration of offenders. These findings support the idea that community service can be a humane, efficient, and beneficial alternative for society.