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Multicultural is often used to describe the unity of various ethnic groups in a country. This journal explains what gender equality looks like from a multicultural perspective. This research is a literature review. When discussing equality, the focus is on the fair treatment of all people. Differences are part of true equality, and groups must have special rights to compensate for existing differences. When analyzing the basic assumptions of the principle of equality and recognition of differences, several problems were discovered. First, there is tension between one group and another, where multiculturalism ironically emphasizes differences between cultural groups and ignores similarities. Second, conflicts may arise between minority groups who demand equal rights. If we want to further advance our multicultural agenda, we need to address these issues.

This study investigates the influence of social media and citizen science initiatives on astronomical literacy and its application in maritime navigation among transportation cadets. Through qualitative research methods, including interviews and observational studies, the perceptions and practices of 40 cadets at a transportation institute in Jakarta were explored. The findings reveal that social media platforms play a significant role in enhancing navigational knowledge and skills among cadets, providing access to diverse educational resources and fostering engagement with astronomical content. Similarly, participation in citizen science projects positively impacts astronomical literacy, offering hands-on learning experiences that reinforce theoretical knowledge. Moreover, the research highlights the importance of promoting cultural competence in maritime education to prepare cadets for navigating in multicultural environments. By aligning educational curricula with international standards and embracing emerging technologies, educational institutions can better equip transportation cadets with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in the globalised maritime industry.

This study explores the influence of cultural traditions on the formation and adaptation of legal norms in multicultural societies. By analyzing cases from countries with diverse ethnic groups, the article evaluates how traditional practices sometimes conflict with formal legal standards, particularly in family and property law. Findings indicate the importance of incorporating cultural considerations into legal frameworks to enhance social cohesion while ensuring justice and equality.

Islamic education holds a strategic position in shaping students’ moral character and social attitudes within multicultural societies. However, Islamic educational curricula are frequently perceived as prioritizing normative-textual transmission and doctrinal compliance, leaving limited room for interfaith dialogue and the cultivation of inclusive dispositions. This study critically assesses Islamic educational curriculum orientations and examines how sharia-based moral pedagogy can foster interfaith tolerance among students. The study also responds to the limited empirical linkage between sharia moral education and measurable developments in tolerance, inclusivity, and dialogic competence in Islamic schooling contexts. Using a qualitative design with descriptive-critical analysis, the research draws on curriculum document analysis and classroom observations across several Islamic educational institutions. Data are analyzed thematically to identify how three key curricular dimensions-akhlak (ethical conduct), maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah (higher moral objectives), and Islamic civilization history-are embedded and enacted in teaching practices, as well as how these elements shape students’ attitudes toward religious difference. The results indicate that akhlak-centered learning supports empathy, mutual respect, and non-discriminatory behavior by framing morality as lived practice rather than abstract instruction. Integrating maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah strengthens students’ inclusive orientation by emphasizing public good, justice, and human dignity as guiding principles for social relations. Additionally, teaching Islamic civilization history-especially narratives of coexistence-enhances students’ awareness of interfaith engagement and positions dialogue as compatible with Islamic identity. A comparative analysis suggests that sharia-based moral pedagogy is more effective than normative-textual curricula in building tolerant and inclusive student dispositions, mainly because it enables reflective learning, contextual moral reasoning, and dialogic interaction.

This study investigates teachers' perceptions, experiences, and challenges in implementing authentic assessment in multicultural secondary school classrooms. Authentic assessment, focusing on real-world applications and holistic evaluation, is considered valuable for engaging students and fostering critical thinking. However, teachers in multicultural settings face specific challenges, including cultural sensitivity, time constraints, limited assessment literacy, and institutional policies favoring traditional assessments. Through qualitative, phenomenological research with in-depth interviews of language and literacy teachers, the study examines the benefits and barriers of authentic assessment. The findings indicate that while teachers recognize its pedagogical value, they encounter difficulties such as time limitations, insufficient professional development, and a lack of institutional support. Additionally, adapting assessments to be culturally relevant while ensuring fairness and inclusivity proves challenging. This research contributes to understanding the practical obstacles teachers face when applying authentic assessment in diverse classrooms. It also suggests that enhancing assessment literacy, providing targeted professional development, and revising policies to support flexible assessment approaches could help address these issues. The study emphasizes the need for a more culturally responsive approach to assessment, aiming to better equip students for real-world success while addressing the complexities of multicultural education.

This study examines the impact of structured online collaborative learning (OCL) on foreign language skills in multinational higher education settings. As digital platforms become integral to global education systems, OCL has proven effective in enhancing language proficiency, especially in speaking, writing, and interaction. Using a quasi-experimental design, the study employed pre-test and post-test assessments to measure language improvements before and after engaging in OCL activities. The results demonstrated significant progress in all areas of language proficiency, particularly in speaking and interactional skills, owing to continuous peer interaction, structured feedback, and collaborative tasks mimicking real-world communication scenarios. The study emphasizes the importance of synchronous collaboration in fostering fluency and confidence, particularly through real-time communication and peer feedback. However, challenges such as technological disparities and cultural differences were observed, occasionally limiting full participation. Despite these obstacles, the findings suggest that OCL is an effective method for improving foreign language skills. The study advocates for the integration of collaborative online learning tools in language education curricula, particularly in diverse, multicultural environments. Future research should explore the long-term effects of OCL on language acquisition, address technological barriers, and investigate the effectiveness of various collaborative models in enhancing specific language skills.

This study focuses on developing a global curriculum model that integrates intercultural and multilingual competencies to enhance students’ academic and communicative skills. The proposed framework emphasizes flexibility, inclusivity, and adaptability, combining theoretical knowledge with practical applications to help students thrive in multicultural, multilingual, and digitally mediated global contexts. Using a qualitative curriculum design approach, the study examines the integration of intercultural competence and multilingual education into existing curricula, offering a model adaptable to diverse educational settings. It further explores the impact of this curriculum on students' ability to communicate across cultural and linguistic boundaries, highlighting the importance of digital literacy and global communication skills. The findings indicate that the intercultural model enhances students' academic performance and global citizenship, preparing them for international collaborations and addressing global challenges. Additionally, the curriculum's adaptability ensures its alignment with digital education demands, making it relevant in today’s evolving educational landscape. The research underscores the importance of curricula that embrace cultural diversity and linguistic multiplicity, promoting inclusivity and preparing students for the complexities of an interconnected world. The study concludes with practical recommendations for educators, policymakers, and curriculum developers to implement intercultural and multilingual frameworks globally, ensuring students are equipped with the necessary skills for success in the digital and globalized world.

This research examines the benefits of incorporating multicultural education into primary and secondary school curricula. Through a mixedmethods approach, we explore how students' attitudes towards diversity and global citizenship are influenced by exposure to multicultural content. Findings indicate that students who engage with multicultural education are more likely to develop empathy, cultural awareness, and a sense of global responsibility. The study suggests that multicultural education is crucial for preparing students to thrive in a diverse, interconnected world.

This study delves into implementing multicultural education within Madrasah Ibtidaiyah in Indonesia, employing a library research approach and descriptive analysis methods. The study investigates the influence of multicultural education on curriculum development, challenges, opportunities, and its impact on fostering tolerance and understanding among students. Through an extensive academic literature review, the study unveils multifaceted opportunities, including enhanced cultural understanding, promotion of tolerance, enriched educational experiences, and preparation for global citizenship. However, it also uncovers challenges such as resistance to change, resource constraints, and the need for continuous adaptation. The findings underscore the importance of embracing diversity and fostering inclusive learning environments within religious-based schooling. Overall, this study highlights the potential benefits of multicultural education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, emphasizing its role in nurturing culturally competent and globally-aware individuals.

This study delves into implementing multicultural education within Madrasah Ibtidaiyah in Indonesia, employing a library research approach and descriptive analysis methods. The study investigates the influence of multicultural education on curriculum development, challenges, opportunities, and its impact on fostering tolerance and understanding among students. Through an extensive academic literature review, the study unveils multifaceted opportunities, including enhanced cultural understanding, promotion of tolerance, enriched educational experiences, and preparation for global citizenship. However, it also uncovers challenges such as resistance to change, resource constraints, and the need for continuous adaptation. The findings underscore the importance of embracing diversity and fostering inclusive learning environments within religious-based schooling. Overall, this study highlights the potential benefits of multicultural education in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, emphasizing its role in nurturing culturally competent and globally-aware individuals.

This study presents a comprehensive review to explore technology's multifaceted role in fostering cultural competence within multicultural education. The primary objective of this study is to address three fundamental research questions: 1) How does the integration of technology enhance cultural competence in multicultural education settings? 2) What challenges and opportunities are associated with utilizing technology to promote cultural competence in diverse educational settings? 3) How can innovative technological approaches be tailored to address specific cultural competencies in education? Adopting a library research approach, an extensive exploration of academic databases and scholarly sources was conducted to gather literature pertinent to the research questions. The descriptive analysis method was employed to synthesize and analyze the collected information, identifying key themes, differences, similarities, and weaknesses among the diverse sources. The findings from this comprehensive review revealed several significant insights. Technology integration was observed to offer opportunities such as personalized learning experiences through AI-driven tools, immersive cultural experiences via Virtual Reality (VR), and global connectivity fostering cross-cultural collaboration. However, challenges like the digital divide, biases in technological tools, language barriers, ethical concerns regarding data privacy, and pedagogical integration shortcomings were highlighted. Moreover, the study underscores the potential of adaptive technologies, multimodal resources, culturally tailored digital content, and aligning technological interventions with culturally responsive pedagogy to address specific cultural competencies. The recommendations emphasize the need for teacher training, inclusive design, curation of diverse and authentic digital content, interdisciplinary collaborations, and ongoing assessment for optimizing technology's role in promoting cultural competence within multicultural education.

Thisi researchi aimsi toi analyzei multiculturali educationi fromi thei perspectivei ofi Islamici educationali philosophy.i Thisi researchi usesi ai qualitativei researchi methodi basedi oni libraryi research.i Thei maini sourcei fori thisi researchi isi Islamici educationali literaturei basedi oni philosophy.i Thei naturei ofi thisi researchi itselfi isi descriptive-i analysis.i Thei datai collectioni techniquei ini thisi researchi usesi thei libraryi researchi method,i namelyi libraryi study.i Thei resulti ofi thisi writingi isi thati educationi isi ai processi ofi humanizingi humansi soi thati humansi arei expectedi toi bei ablei toi understandi themselves,i otheri people,i naturei andi theiri culturali environment.i Educationi andi multiculturalismi arei solutionsi toi diversei culturali realitiesi asi ai processi ofi developingi alli potentiali thati respectsi pluralityi andi heterogeneity.i Thei essencei ofi multiculturalismi isi culturei andi recognitioni ofi culturali diversityi asi welli asi ai responsei toi acceptingi diversei culturali realities.i Islami isi ai religioni thati isi noti basedi oni culture,i buti hasi ai concepti ofi howi itsi peoplei arei culturedi andi havei goodi morals.i Islamici culturei isi ai procedurei thati refersi toi Islamici principles.i Islamici culturei itselfi isi purelyi basedi oni thei Korani andi Hadith.

The aim of this research is to explore in more depth the aspects of Islamic education in the Dinasti Umayyah era. This research uses the library research method, namely using library materials as the main data source in exploring information from the concepts of previous experts. The results of the research show that among the achievements of civilization is the educational aspect which has grown to develop well. Education grew and developed along with the development of Islam, showing its connection to its history. The Dinasti Umayyah, as the first dinasti in the century of expansion, was involved in conquest, consolidation, and forming a multinasional and multicultural empire. They consciously pay attention to educational issues which result in the growth of various scientific treasuresThe impact was felt especially in the European world, where the Dinasti Umayyah succeeded in reclaiming and developing this heritage, which we in Indonesia can also feel.

PGRI Kanjuruhan University Malang's ethnically diverse student body often has challenges or barriers while attempting to communicate with individuals from other cultural backgrounds, according to the researcher's observations. Finding out what intercultural communication is, painting a picture of it, and making an attempt to foster more intercultural communication among PGRI Kanjuruhan University students in Malang are the objectives of this study. A qualitative descriptive type and technique are used in this study. information gathered via documentation, observation, and interviews. Intercultural communication is defined as a communication activity that takes place between communication participants that have distinct cultural origins, based on the study findings from the initial issue formulation. However, it is possible to infer from the second phrasing of the issue that the students at PGRI Kanjuruhan University, Malang, exhibit a picture of intercultural communication. Thus far, intercultural communication has gone well since everyone on our multicultural campus can interact and talk with people from various cultural backgrounds. from Papua, Maluku, NTT, Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan. To improve intercultural communication among students at PGRI Kanjuruhan University Malang, specifically through cultural parade activities in addition to cultural seminar activities, sports activities, and student activity units, can be concluded based on the research results from the third problem formulation. Students and aspiring researchers may submit suggestions to PGRI Kanjuruhan University Malang.

This article provides a good understanding of the background, system, curriculum and problems in Islamic education in Malaysia. There are several important points in this article, namely about the background of Islamic education in Malaysia: The history of the arrival of Islam to Malaysia in the 14th century and its main role in society after the arrival of the Malays explains the roots of Islamic education in Malaysia. The presence of Islamic scholars and scholars in Islamic preaching in Malaysia reflects the importance of religious education in the culture and history of the country; Development of Islamic Education in Malaysia: this article details the development of Islamic education in Malaysia in three periods: the early period, the period of British rule, and the period after independence. These include the introduction of Islamic education subjects in public schools after independence and the establishment of Islamic higher education institutions; Islamic Education System in Malaysia: explains the structure of the Islamic education system in Malaysia, including its stages such as pre-school, primary, secondary, and pre-university education. An explanation of exams and qualifications also provides a good understanding of how students move through the education system. ; Educational Curriculum in Malaysia: The educational curriculum in Malaysia is explained with a focus on subjects, tests, and language of instruction; outlines changes in curriculum over time and the emphasis on languages of instruction, including English, in education; Problems and Policies in the Education System: covers several problems facing the Malaysian education system, such as access gaps, ethnic issues, and language of instruction. The government has responded with policies such as scholarship programs, skills-based education, and improved teacher training; Policies in the Education System: A number of policies that have been implemented in Malaysia, such as the Basic National Education and skills-based education programs, are also described in this paper providing a good view of the evolution and challenges of Islamic education in Malaysia as well as the government's efforts to overcome existing problems. . This is important to understand how Islamic education plays a role in Malaysia's multicultural and multiethnic society.      

Strengthening the values of tolerance and diversity is essential in the life of the nation and state today. Horizontal conflicts based on Ethnicity, Race, Religion, and Class are increasingly influencing the situation. Therefore, it is important to promote genuine tolerance, as seen in Tarusan Danum Village, Katingan District. The purpose of community service there is to strengthen tolerance and diversity which is starting to decline. The method used in this service is PAR (Participation Action Research). The results show that in Tarusan Danum Village, in difficult situations, people help each other regardless of religion. Gotong-royong in cleaning public cemeteries is also carried out regardless of religious differences, because people see all religions as part of God's creation. This mutual help increases harmony between religious communities and promotes moderation and tolerance in religion. This service succeeded in strengthening religious moderation, strengthening tolerance, and building togetherness among people of various religions in Tarusan Danum Village

In the context of this research, we apply in-depth qualitative research methods to investigate and analyze the differences and similarities between Ambonese and Indonesian. This approach involves a series of in-depth interviews with native speakers of both languages, allowing us to reconcile complex linguistic aspects and explore the social and cultural contexts that shape language differences in two different environments. Content analysis is also used to explore cultural nuances and linguistic aspects that may not be immediately apparent. By focusing on the relationship between language, identity, and culture, this research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how linguistic differences reflect and influence people's identities. In addition, we seek to explain the practical impact of these language differences in various everyday communication contexts. The results of this research not only have the potential to provide new insights into the structure and use of Ambonese and Indonesian, but can also contribute to a broader understanding of language complexity in multicultural contexts. Therefore, this article not only contributes to the linguistic literature, but also simplifies the practical and cultural implications of language differences in societies that use these two languages ​​in daily interactions.

Indonesia as a multicultural and multiethnic country has ploblematics related to moral degradation in addition to Indonesian society has a non-comprehensive understanding of the relationship of religion and culture. The purpose of this study to analyze the paradigm of social education and then evaluate the theories of social education in the perspective of the Qur'an. Describes the process of infiltration of the values of the Qur'an in the model of social education and its relevance to efforts to minimize social conflict. This research is Library research literature research, explorative approach to the natural setting and interpret phenomena related to the meaning of social justice in the perspective of the Qur'an. the results showed that the Qur'an teaches social education. First, the implementation of social justice education through the concept of justice without discrimination. Second, the implementation of social justice education through inclusive education. Third, the implementation of social justice education through Gender equality education. Fourth, the implementation of social justice education through leadership. Fifth, the implementation of social justice education through the economy. The distribution of social justice education is very important. An educator must provide education regardless of the economic status of his students and their parents. Talking about distribution means we are talking about public policy revenues and expenditures.

This research explores the role of emotions in intercultural communication through an ethnographic study of a multicultural community. Findings show significant variations in patterns of emotional expression across different ethnic groups and cultures, where cultural norms play an important role. Emotions such as joy, anger and disappointment are expressed differently based on cultural background, with examples such as East Asian holistic approaches compared to North American individual focus. Emotion regulation strategies also vary, influenced by the situation, individual disposition and cultural adaptations. Cultural values, norms and beliefs impact emotional experiences, with the interaction of gender and culture shaping the perception and expression of emotions.  Emotions play a key role in the dynamics of intercultural interactions, influencing relationship formation and the potential for conflict. Practical implications emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive communication for effective diversity management in organizations, improving team efficiency, and supporting organizational change. The research contributes theoretically by offering insights into the complexity of emotional processes in culturally diverse environments, enriching intercultural communication theory and the psychology of emotion. These results confirm the importance of an in-depth understanding of cultural diversity in emotions to promote more harmonious and effective interactions in multicultural environments.

In a multicultural life, Indonesia has very unique differences, both in terms of culture, customs, ethnicity, religion and language. It can be illustrated that culture can be viewed as a basis for behavior in the world to live in diversity. The existence of cultural diversity in Indonesia is unique and at the same time there is a national opportunity, besides that it can also play a role as a factor of unrest in various regions in a democracy. So in writing this article the author will examine the multicultural view Tologically from the perspective of Christian Religious education regarding multiculturalism, to be used as one of the solutions to minimize conflicts that often occur both in terms of culture, customs, ethnicity and language, which is centered on teaching the Bible, especially for PAK teachers to apply to pupils or students. In this article the author also uses qualitative methods to get the right sources to develop hypotheses related to the topic or topic of research. A proper qualitative approach involves analysis and description of all sources, information, and data in the literature. Qualitative research is information based on sources from various sources, both literature and other sources. Relevant data, number theory, scientific journals and other relevant literature.