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Public service reform in Indonesia increasingly emphasizes inter-agency collaboration as a mechanism to enhance administrative efficiency, service integration, and responsiveness to citizens’ needs; however, in many regions, including West Kotawaringin Regency, collaborative practices remain fragmented due to uneven human resource (HR) capacities, inconsistencies in standard operating procedures (SOPs), and limited technological integration across institutions. This study aims to examine the current state of HR collaboration, identify key barriers and enabling factors, and propose an integrated and adaptive HR collaboration model to strengthen public service delivery. Using a qualitative multi-case study approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with leaders and operational staff from multiple regional government agencies and analyzed using NVivo 15 to generate thematic coding and visual tools such as word clouds, hierarchy charts, and project maps. The findings indicate that current collaboration is largely transactional and administrative, exemplified by the physical co-location of agencies at the Public Service Mall (MPP) without effective systemic interoperability. Three critical themes emerged: gaps in HR distribution, competencies, and role clarity; structural and behavioral constraints including sectoral ego, SOP discrepancies, and limited digital integration; and opportunities to enhance collaboration through shared digital dashboards, inter-agency forums, and cross-functional HR mobility. Based on these results, the study proposes a three-pillar Integrated and Adaptive HR Collaboration Model comprising comprehensive digital integration, flexible HR competency sharing, and inclusive service co-creation involving community stakeholders, offering both theoretical contributions to collaborative governance and practical guidance for regional governments seeking to improve public service effectiveness.

The development of electronic commerce through marketplace platforms presents new challenges in civil law enforcement, particularly concerning the platform's liability for the circulation of counterfeit goods. This study aims to analyze Shopee's legal responsibility as a provider of electronic transaction services regarding the sale of counterfeit goods, based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code concerning Unlawful Acts and its relation to consumer protection principles as regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach and literature study, including provisions in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions. The research findings indicate that although Shopee does not act as a direct seller, the platform still has a legal obligation to provide a reliable, secure, and responsible electronic system. Negligence in verifying sellers and monitoring products has the potential to fulfill the elements of unlawful acts, particularly the elements of fault and causal relationship with consumer losses. This study emphasizes that Shopee qualifies as a business actor in the context of consumer protection, thereby bearing both preventive and repressive responsibilities to ensure transaction security and prevent the circulation of counterfeit goods on its platform.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP Nasional 2023) has brought significant changes to the national penal system, particularly in the regulation of sanctions imposed on children who commit criminal offenses. Children as offenders constitute a special legal subject who require a sentencing approach oriented toward protection, guidance, and rehabilitation. This study aims to analyze the regulation and concept of sentencing for children under the perspective of the KUHP Nasional 2023 and to assess its conformity with the principles of child protection and the objectives of the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. This research employs a juridical descriptive method using statutory and conceptual approaches through a literature review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that the KUHP Nasional 2023 normatively accommodates a more humane sentencing approach by emphasizing the objectives of punishment and providing non-custodial sanctions and rehabilitative measures. However, these provisions remain general and have not been explicitly integrated with restorative justice principles as stipulated in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Act. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and consistent implementation are necessary to ensure that sentencing for children truly reflects the best interests of the child and the rehabilitative goals of the juvenile justice system.

This study aims to examine the analysis of unilateral contract termination. The method used in this study is normative juridical. The approaches used in this study are the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that the provisions for contract termination as stipulated in Article 1338 paragraph (2) of the Civil Code should not override the provisions of Article 1266 of the Civil Code, which governs the conditions for annulment in reciprocal agreements. Termination clauses in contracts are generally unilateral, disregarding the provisions of Article 1266 of the Civil Code. The Civil Code does not explicitly regulate the distinction between damages resulting from breach of contract and damages resulting from unlawful acts. Therefore, what is needed is a clear understanding of the concept of contract termination, so that in the future there will be regulations that provide legal certainty to the parties involved.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the settlement of criminal cases on the liability of parents for negligence that results in minors becoming perpetrators of traffic accidents. This type of research is normative legal research with a statutory approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. The analysis used in this study is a descriptive analysis. has not explicitly regulated the criminal liability of parents for accidents committed by children, although Civil Code Article 1367 has provided a basis for civil liability, and the new Criminal Code through Article 37 opens up opportunities for the application of the principle of vicarious liability. This study recommends the need to reconstruct the Indonesian criminal law regulation which explicitly establishes a model of parental criminal responsibility based on the principle of vicarious liability and the principle of Radbruch legal certainty, without overriding the principle of child protection in the SPPA Law.

This study examines the critical role of expert opinions from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) during the investigation phase in uncovering gold mining without permit (PETI) crimes under Article 120 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) in West Kalimantan. The research employs a normative-empirical approach, analyzing legal provisions, government reports, and judicial practices to assess how ESDM experts contribute to establishing the material truth of PETI cases. Findings reveal that expert opinions are indispensable for verifying the absence of permits, assessing environmental damage, and quantifying state losses, thereby strengthening evidentiary frameworks for prosecutors and judges. However, challenges persist, including coordination gaps between law enforcement and ESDM, insufficient technical capacity among investigators, and potential threats to expert independence. The study concludes that optimizing the use of ESDM expertise is not merely procedural but strategic for effective, accountable, and just enforcement against PETI, which remains a significant threat to national resource sovereignty and environmental sustainability.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code brought fundamental changes to the regulation of the crime of adultery in Indonesia. The expansion of the scope of criminalization, including regulations regarding extramarital relationships, has given rise to debate regarding its compliance with the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and its impact on criminal law enforcement. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the adultery article in the new Criminal Code from the perspective of the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and assess its implications for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Legal materials were obtained through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The results show that the regulation of the crime of adultery in the new Criminal Code has a clear normative purpose, but still leaves issues regarding the clarity of formulation, legal certainty, and potential human rights violations. Furthermore, the application of the adultery article has the potential to create obstacles in law enforcement practices, particularly related to evidence, caseload, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Therefore, further evaluation is needed to ensure that these regulations align with the principles of sound legislative development and ensure legal justice.

Digital payment systems have become one of the main innovations in financial transformation. Over the past few years, these systems have gained significant traction and are now at the forefront of reshaping financial landscapes globally. Currently, digital payment systems have changed global transactions by slowly replacing the transaction patterns of societies that were previously dominated by conventional transactions, offering more efficiency, security, and accessibility. This transformation is closely related to the development of fintech, which has given rise to instruments in the form of electronic money and blockchain technology. These advancements have not only changed the way payments are made but also enabled the inclusion of previously underserved populations in the financial ecosystem. This study uses a bibliometric approach to analyze scientific publications, with the main sources coming from Scopus using the keywords “digital payment systems,” “electronic money,” and “fintech.” By utilizing Biblioshiny in the VOSviewer application, this study aims to examine publication trends, contributions from various countries, institutions involved, and thematic connections between topics. In conclusion, this study contributes to expanding the understanding of the development of digital payment systems, while also presenting a global research map that can be used as a reference for academics, researchers, and policymakers involved in financial innovation.

Medical emergency services demand swift and precise action; however, medical personnel are often hindered by the risk of criminalization resulting from unintended outcomes. Although Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health mandates the provision of assistance, the regulation has not yet provided explicit criminal protection for good-faith rescuers, thereby triggering the practice of defensive medicine. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Good Samaritan Law (GSL) concept as an alternative legal protection for health workers. The research methods employed are juridical-normative and juridical-empirical, utilizing statutory, comparative, and case approaches. The findings indicate that current regulations, including Article 531 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Law No. 17/2023, have limitations as they emphasize the obligation to assist rather than the protection of the rescuer. In comparison, the international GSL concept offers a standard of "limited immunity," which explicitly protects rescuers from civil and criminal liability, provided the actions are performed without gross negligence. The impact of implementing GSL in Indonesia is projected to provide stronger legal certainty than existing regulations, reduce the psychological burden on medical personnel in emergency situations, and encourage social solidarity without the fear of unnecessary lawsuits. The study concludes that the adoption of GSL is an urgent legal reconstruction to ensure the professional protection of health workers in Indonesia.

This research aims to design and implement a village MSME website as a centralized digital promotional medium to overcome the limitations of conventional marketing and expand the market reach of local products more effectively and sustainably. The system was developed using the waterfall method, encompassing requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. The system was developed using the PHP programming language and the CodeIgniter framework based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture to ensure a structured, efficient, and maintainable development process. The implementation resulted in a responsive and user-friendly website equipped with key features such as an informative product catalog, village MSME profiles, and a content management system via an admin dashboard that allows MSMEs to update data independently and flexibly. Functional testing demonstrated that all features functioned well and reliably according to user needs. Therefore, this village MSME website can be concluded as an effective digital solution for increasing the visibility of local products, strengthening MSME competitiveness, and supporting village economic growth through sustainable and integrated online promotion.

Indonesia’s civil dispute resolution system remains dominated by an adversarial litigation model that prioritizes legal certainty but often neglects the relational and emotional dimensions underlying conflicts. Yet, in many cases such as family, inheritance, or neighborhood disputes the restoration of social relationships is as crucial as formal legal resolution. This study explores the potential integration of restorative justice principles into Indonesia’s civil procedural law as an alternative approach centered on dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation. Employing a normative-juridical approach and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal sources, the research finds that restorative justice values align not only with Indonesia’s living law traditions such as musyawarah (deliberative consensus) and customary dispute resolution but also with existing provisions in civil procedure codes. Accordingly, the study proposes the Structured Restorative Mediation (SRM) Model, a procedural framework that embeds restorative principles into both court-annexed and community-based mediation. This model prioritizes relational healing while upholding legal certainty and procedural fairness. Its successful implementation requires regulatory support, enhanced mediator training, and institutional strengthening of community-based dispute resolution bodies. Thus, integrating restorative justice is not merely an innovation but a structural necessity for a more humane, inclusive, and holistically just legal system.

This study aims to describe the forms and social functions of code-switching and code-mixing in the film Hujan Bulan Juni and to explain how language choice represents identity and social differences among the characters. The film was chosen because it portrays interactions between characters from different cultural backgrounds Javanese and Manadonese which allows for complex patterns of language contact. The study employed a descriptive qualitative method using observation and note-taking techniques on dialogues containing Indonesian, Javanese, and Manadonese linguistic elements. The data were analyzed using the sociolinguistic frameworks of Gumperz (1982) and Wardhaugh (2015) to uncover the social functions and identity meanings reflected in the speakers’ language choices.The findings reveal that code-switching from Indonesian to Manadonese serves to reinforce ethnic solidarity, emotional closeness, and cultural pride, while switching from Indonesian to Javanese reflects politeness, intimacy, and social hierarchy. Meanwhile, code-mixing between Indonesian and Manadonese marks distinctive speech styles and expresses regional identity, whereas code-mixing between Indonesian and Javanese functions to soften utterances and portray the speakers’ courteous demeanor. Overall, language choice in Hujan Bulan Juni is not merely a communicative tool but also a representation of identity and social differentiation within Indonesia’s multilingual society.

Posyandu (Integrated Health Post) is a public health facility that plays a vital role in providing health services for toddlers and pregnant women. However, data management and reporting often face challenges, such as limited access to information and errors in data recording. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Web-Based Posyandu Payolaumbu Service Information System using the CodeIgniter Framework to improve efficiency and accuracy in data management and reporting. In the development phase, a system requirements analysis and web-based application architecture design were conducted. The system implementation uses the CodeIgniter Framework as a framework to produce a faster, more efficient, and more reliable application. Proposed features include recording health data for toddlers and pregnant women, immunization schedules, weighing, and health reports. The results show that the Web-Based Posyandu Payolaumbu Service Information System can improve efficiency in recording and reporting health data. Users, including posyandu officers, midwives, and administrators, can easily access and manipulate data in real-time. Furthermore, this system helps improve service quality by providing more accurate and complete information on toddler health. In conclusion, the implementation of the Web-Based Posyandu Payolaumbu Service Information System using the CodeIgniter Framework provides significant benefits for data management and health services at Posyandu Payolaumbu. Suggestions for further development include maximizing system utilization, developing additional features, routine maintenance, and ongoing evaluation based on user feedback. With these steps, it is hoped that this system can contribute more effectively to improving the quality of health services at Posyandu and supporting comprehensive public health efforts.

This study examines the renewal of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Baru as an effort to synchronize with the Criminal Code (KUHP) 2023, as well as analyzing crucial articles that potentially cause legal uncertainty in the criminal justice process in Indonesia. Using a juridical-normative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that KUHAP Baru successfully addresses some of the mismatches with KUHP 2023 through regulations on alternative punishments, corporate accountability, and protection for vulnerable groups, but still faces conceptual and technical challenges such as legislative disharmony and minimal public participation. On the other hand, crucial articles such as Articles 5, 16, 74, 90, 93, 105, 112A, 124, 132A, and 137A pose risks of legal uncertainty due to the expansion of law enforcement authority without adequate oversight, which can violate the due process principle and human rights. The study's conclusion emphasizes the need for further revisions to strengthen legal certainty and harmonize the criminal justice system.

This community service activity aims to increase the understanding of students at State Senior High School 2 Mataram regarding information security by introducing the concepts of coding and cryptography in digital messages. The rapid use of messaging applications among teenagers makes students increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, necessitating education on how data protection works in online communication. This program is implemented using a descriptive method consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The material covered includes basic cryptography concepts, end-to-end encryption mechanisms, and the practical process of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange thru the interactive simulation "Alice and Bob." Learning is designed contextually and participatively so that students can connect theory with the digital applications they use every day. The evaluation results showed an improvement in students' understanding, reflected in their active participation, ability to answer questions, and adequate post-test scores. This activity not only strengthens digital security literacy but also raises students' awareness of the importance of protecting personal data in online communication. This program is expected to be the beginning of more sustainable digital security learning development in the school environment.

This community service activity aims to increase the understanding of students at State Senior High School 2 Mataram regarding information security by introducing the concepts of coding and cryptography in digital messages. The rapid use of messaging applications among teenagers makes students increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, necessitating education on how data protection works in online communication. This program is implemented using a descriptive method consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The material covered includes basic cryptography concepts, end-to-end encryption mechanisms, and the practical process of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange thru the interactive simulation "Alice and Bob." Learning is designed contextually and participatively so that students can connect theory with the digital applications they use every day. The evaluation results showed an improvement in students' understanding, reflected in their active participation, ability to answer questions, and adequate post-test scores. This activity not only strengthens digital security literacy but also raises students' awareness of the importance of protecting personal data in online communication. This program is expected to be the beginning of more sustainable digital security learning development in the school environment.

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the application of the lex loci celebrationis principle in the execution of notarial deeds involving foreign legal subjects within the Indonesian legal system. The principle affirms that any authentic deed executed in Indonesia must comply with national legal requirements, regardless of the parties’ nationality or the existence of transnational legal relations. Through normative legal research employing statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case-study approaches, this article elucidates how the lex loci celebrationis principle interacts with private international law, particularly in relation to the legal capacity of foreign nationals, the use of foreign documents, and the limits of jurisdiction. The analysis reviews the Law on Notarial Office, the Indonesian Civil Code, population administration regulations, as well as doctrinal developments and jurisprudence pertaining to international legal acts. The findings indicate that although the substantive aspects of an agreement may refer to foreign law through lex voluntatis, the formal validity of a notarial deed remains entirely governed by Indonesian law. These findings underscore the need to enhance the competence of notaries in understanding the dynamics of private international law and highlight the importance of harmonizing national regulations with the principles of private international law to ensure legal certainty in cross-border transactions.

India faces a persistent civic deficit reflected in weak civic sense, low compliance with public norms, and a structural imbalance between rights and duties. Although ancient Indian traditions emphasized collective responsibility, colonial legacies, institutional weaknesses, and growing socioeconomic disparities have eroded civic culture. This study employs qualitative content analysis using historical texts, constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, comparative international case studies, and interdisciplinary scholarly literature. Thematic coding is used to analyze the socio-legal, political, and educational roots of India’s civic deficit. Findings reveal that India’s civic deficit stems from interconnected structural factors: weak enforcement of laws, lack of experiential civic education, limited trust in institutions, political interference, and socioeconomic inequality. Comparative insights from Japan, Nordic countries, Singapore, and Brazil demonstrate that civic sense improves when experiential education, strong institutional integrity, and participatory governance coexist. Addressing India’s civic deficit requires systemic reforms: reorienting civic education toward experiential learning, strengthening judicial independence, enforcing rules consistently, expanding participatory mechanisms, and promoting community-level ownership. Comparative models show that long-term cultural change requires both structural reforms and citizen-centered engagement.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally transformed civil legal interactions, making electronic documents such as instant messages, online transactions, and digital contracts primary forms of evidence in many civil disputes. However, their admissibility in judicial proceedings remains fraught with challenges concerning formal and material validity. This study aims to identify juridical and technical obstacles in digital evidence and to formulate an ideal model for civil procedural law that ensures reliable electronic proof. A normative-juridical approach with qualitative analysis was employed, combining doctrinal research through legislative review, jurisprudence, and scholarly literature with case studies of court decisions involving electronic evidence, particularly in divorce disputes. The findings reveal that inconsistent judicial treatment stems from the absence of specific procedural rules in Indonesia’s civil procedure framework still rooted in colonial-era HIR and RBg alongside limited digital infrastructure and low technological literacy among judicial actors. In response, the study proposes an integrated legal construction model featuring explicit provisions in the upcoming Civil Procedure Code, adoption of the functional equivalence principle, institutionalization of digital forensic experts in litigation, and procedural safeguards for vulnerable parties. The research concludes that only through holistic reform of the evidentiary paradigm can Indonesia’s civil justice system guarantee fairness, legal certainty, and relevance in the digital era.

Introduction: Stunting remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, including in Blang Teue Village, North Aceh, where the prevalence of children at risk of stunting reaches 28% (Public Health Center, 2023). The main contributing factors are mothers’ limited knowledge of locally sourced complementary feeding (MP-ASI) and restricted access to nutrition education media. This community service program aimed to empower the community by developing QR Code-based interactive educational posters as an accessible and user-friendly nutrition learning tool. Methods : The method employed was Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) with a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, involving 30 respondents (mothers of toddlers), health cadres, village officials, lecturers, and students. Results : The results indicated a significant improvement in mothers’ knowledge regarding local MP-ASI, where the percentage of respondents with high knowledge increased from 20% to 67% after the intervention. Utilization of QR Code media was also high, with 60% of respondents accessing it intensively, and a positive relationship was found between the intensity of media utilization and knowledge level (83% of high-intensity users achieved high knowledge). Conclusion : This program not only enhanced community knowledge and skills but also fostered the emergence of local leaders from health cadres and PKK members, as well as promoted social transformation through strengthened digital literacy and the use of local food in stunting prevention.