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This article explores the contributions of Muslim scholars to the development of number theory and their impact on global mathematics. Through a qualitative research method with a library research approach, the study examines the works of notable figures such as Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Kindi, Omar Khayyam, and Al-Karaji, highlighting their roles in refining and advancing mathematical concepts. It also discusses the philosophical and theological influences that shaped their approaches to numbers and mathematics. The article further analyzes the transmission of these ideas to the Western world and their subsequent influence on Western mathematical traditions. The findings suggest that Muslim scholars played a pivotal role in the evolution of number theory by integrating knowledge from various civilizations and introducing innovative mathematical frameworks. Despite certain limitations regarding source accessibility and reliance on historical interpretations, the research underscores the enduring impact of these contributions on the development of modern mathematics.

Incest is a sexual relationship carried out by two people who are still related by blood or marriage. Incest is described as an incident of sexual intercourse; between individuals who are related by blood, but the term was eventually used more broadly, namely to describe the sexual relationship between father and child, between siblings. Incest is a forbidden act in almost every cultural environment. The main problems in this thesis are: (1) What is the resolution process in providing customary sanctions for acts of la'a sala (incest) in Ulu Belu Village, Golewa District, Ngada Regency? (2) What are the obstacles faced in providing customary sanctions for acts of la'a sala (incest) in Ulu Belu Village, Golewa District, Ngada Regency? This research is empirical normative research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data and tertiary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews, secondary data was obtained from libraries, journals and the internet, and tertiary data was obtained from dictionaries, Wikipedia and encyclopedias. Data were analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. The results of this research show that (1) The process of resolving cases of granting customary sanctions for acts of la'a sala (incest) was carried out in a non-litigation manner which was accommodated and chaired directly by Mosa and the traditional leader in Ulu Belu village in accordance with the customary rules. applies. (2) the obstacles faced in providing customary sanctions for acts of la'a sala (incest) are external obstacles and internal obstacles.

The "Baritan" tradition in Laban Village is a form of local wisdom passed down from generation to generation by the Javanese people. This tradition is carried out as an expression of gratitude for the harvest and as an effort to prevent bad things through collective prayer. This research uses a qualitative approach with the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, which involves participatory observation, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD). The research results show that Baritan has strong cultural values, togetherness, mutual cooperation, religion and tolerance. This tradition also strengthens the social and spiritual bonds of society. Despite challenges from outsiders who consider it mystical, Baritan remains an important tradition that plays a role in maintaining local cultural solidarity and identity. In conclusion, Baritan is a significant cultural heritage in forming a harmonious relationship between society, nature and the spiritual life of Laban Village residents.

The "Baritan" tradition in Laban Village is a form of local wisdom passed down from generation to generation by the Javanese people. This tradition is carried out as an expression of gratitude for the harvest and as an effort to prevent bad things through collective prayer. This research uses a qualitative approach with the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, which involves participatory observation, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD). The research results show that Baritan has strong cultural values, togetherness, mutual cooperation, religion and tolerance. This tradition also strengthens the social and spiritual bonds of society. Despite challenges from outsiders who consider it mystical, Baritan remains an important tradition that plays a role in maintaining local cultural solidarity and identity. In conclusion, Baritan is a significant cultural heritage in forming a harmonious relationship between society, nature and the spiritual life of Laban Village residents.

Progress over time often becomes a problem for the existence of traditions and culture in various regions in Indonesia. Ngelemang is one of the local traditions in the Lampung area, which still exists despite the erosion of its existence due to the inevitable modern trend. This research aims to examine the elements and values of Piil Pesenggiri which researchers limit to the value of sakai sambayan in the ngelemang tradition in the Way Mengaku community, West Lampung. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a field research approach, through observation, interviews, and documentation and by supplementing with references from related journal articles. The results of the research show that although the ngelemang tradition is still carried out, there is a decline in community participation, especially the younger generation, due to changes in lifestyles that are more individualistic. However, the value of sakai sambayan is still strongly held because this tradition prioritizes togetherness and mutual respect in its implementation. The recommendation from this research is that more efforts are needed to strengthen the inheritance of traditions to the younger generation and increase community involvement in preserving this culture.

The Indonesian nation consists of various religions, cultures, races, and tribes, or what can be called multicultural. In society, we are required to appreciate and respect the differences that exist in this country. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Kalang Obong culture that can coexist with the Muslim community. In essence, Kalang Obong is held in a death ceremony. The conclusion of this research is that living in a nation and state that consists of various cultures, must have the awareness to respect and maintain the Kalang Obong Tradition. A tolerant attitude in religious moderation is needed by every citizen and community leader for the realization of peace.

This thesis aims to: (1) To determine the marketing strategy of the tofu production business in increasing sales results according to an Islamic economic perspective at the Pinta Tofu Factory in Neighborhood VII, Sibuhuan Market, Barumun District. (2) To find out the advantages and disadvantages of marketing strategies used by Pinta Tofu Factory in Neighborhood VII, Sibuhuan Market, Barumun District.  This research is a type of field research (field research), where this research uses qualitative research methods. The subjects in this study were the owners and employees of the Pinta tofu factory. Data collection techniques in this study were through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in this research are data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: (1) The marketing strategy applied by Pinta Tofu Factory is a market segmentation strategy, market positioning, differentiation and targeting. Then in the application of market segmentation, it suggests three segments such as psychographic segmentation, geographic segmentation and demographic segmentation. This is done so that it has a good impact on the business run by Mrs. Uba Roisa Lubis. (2) The advantages of choosing a location that makes the selling power of the Pinta Tofu Factory, having a strategic production site and directly marketing the products owned directly to traditional markets are also an attraction because it is easier for people to buy the products offered. While the shortcomings of the Pinta Tofu Factory are in capital problems in developing the business, the scarcity of production raw materials, namely soy beans, is also an obstacle in meeting public demand and the many competitors that appear in the target market by offering the same product.

This article discusses the current views of pluralism and exclusivism among churches in Papua, focusing on how these concepts are understood and applied in the diverse social, cultural and religious context of Papua. Pluralism recognizes religious diversity and opens space for interfaith dialogue and cooperation, while exclusivism emphasizes that salvation can only be achieved through faith in Jesus Christ. In the context of Papua, which consists of various tribes, customary traditions, and religions, churches face challenges in determining attitudes towards pluralism and exclusivism, which have an impact on interfaith relations and social dynamics in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze how pluralism and exclusivism affect the role of churches in Papua in dealing with religious and cultural diversity. It also aims to reveal the different views among the more pluralist and exclusivist churches and how these views shape their strategies in building relationships with other communities in Papua.

This study investigates the effect of the Team Word-Webbing technique on reading comprehension among tenth-grade students at MAN Koto Baru, Dharmasraya. Reading comprehension is critical for language acquisition and academic success, as it encompasses the ability to extract and interpret meaning from text. Despite its importance, many students struggle with reading comprehension due to various factors including limited vocabulary and insufficient engagement. To address these issues, the study employed a quantitative experimental design, using a quasi-experimental approach with an experimental group and a control group. The research involved a pre-test and post-test assessment to measure reading comprehension levels before and after the implementation of the Team Word-Webbing technique. The experimental group was taught using this technique, which involves organizing ideas visually to enhance understanding, while the control group received traditional instruction. The sample consisted of two classes selected through purposive sampling, with data analyzed using t-tests to compare outcomes. Results indicated that the Team Word-Webbing technique significantly improved reading comprehension compared to conventional methods. The experimental group demonstrated higher post-test scores, with statistical analysis revealing a significant difference (p < 0.05). This suggests that Team Word-Webbing enhances students' ability to understand and retain reading material by facilitating better organization of ideas and active engagement. In conclusion, the study supports the effectiveness of Team Word-Webbing as an instructional strategy to improve reading comprehension. This technique not only aids in comprehension but also promotes active learning and student interaction, making it a valuable tool for educators aiming to enhance reading skills in the classroom.

MSME governance is one way to ensure that their business performance is sustainable and sustainable. Various methods are used to handle these governance problems. The aim of this Community Service (PKM) activity in the MSME sector is to implement MSME Governance within the Cikerai Village environment. The method used is conducting surveys and interviews with four stages starting from analysis to reporting. The results of PKM activities were carried out on the owner of the MSME business Mrs. Nay with the Nayy brand, who has a cassava chips snack business with financial and marketing constraints. After carrying out this activity, there was an understanding of MSME players, especially recording financial reports and developing traditional marketing into digital marketing

In this research there are four focus issues, namely how the process of implementing mandi berdimbar in Langkat Malay traditional weddings, what is the community's view of changes in the mandi berdimbar tradition in Stabat, Langkat Regency, what are the meanings of the mandi berdimbar tradition and how is the development of mandi berdimbar at the moment . The type of method used in this research is a historical research method that goes through four stages, namely heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography. In collecting data, this research used two methods, namely interviews and documentation. The results obtained from this research are that the mandi berdimbar tradition is a Malay wedding custom from the past. Mandi berdimbar is also called a decorated mandi which is a series of bridal ceremonies which contain a lot of wisdom and teaching. want to get married. Berdimbar bathing is done after the party, the development of the berdimbar tradition is now rarely used, including by Malays, due to the times and the large costs involved in this berdimbar bathing tradition, as well as the lack of time to carry out the berdimbar bathing tradition. In essence, the aim of carrying out the berdimbar bathing event is to teach or remind the bride and groom to carry out the Big Bath (junub) after the wedding night and to convey the joy and gratitude of all the family. In essence, the existence of this tradition must be increased. If it exists among low society, over time this tradition will fade and disappear.    

This article explores the integration of Islamic educational principles from K.H. Ahmad Dahlan and K.H. Hasyim Asy’ari into the context of the 4.0 Era, characterized by rapid technological advancements and digital transformation. It examines how these traditional educational concepts can be adapted to address the challenges and opportunities of modern education. By focusing on the principles advocated by these influential figures—such as the fusion of religious and general knowledge, character development, and the preservation of Islamic scholarly traditions—the study highlights their relevance and application in contemporary settings. The findings suggest that combining these principles with modern educational demands can provide a balanced framework that supports both technological proficiency and ethical grounding. This approach not only prepares students for the digital age but also ensures they remain connected to their cultural and spiritual heritage.

The advancement of digital technology has revolutionized marketing from traditional methods to online approaches. Digital marketing, leveraging digital media and the internet, including e-commerce and social media, has become a crucial element in promoting products and services. According to Kotler and Keller (2023), digital marketing not only boosts sales but also strengthens brand identity and fosters customer relationships. In Indonesia, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which significantly contribute to the local economy, can utilize digital marketing to expand their market reach and improve efficiency. This study was conducted in Ngampel Kulon Village, Kendal Regency, Central Java, focusing on MSME operators and aspiring entrepreneurs who have not fully utilized digital platforms such as WhatsApp Business. The research method involved observation, economic potential identification, and training using a Participatory Rural Approach. The training covered four main components: an introduction to digital marketing basics, copywriting techniques, digital marketing strategies, and hands-on practice with guidance. Results showed that 34 local residents and 15 KKN students exhibited high enthusiasm and successfully applied promotional strategies through social media. The evaluation indicated an improvement in knowledge and skills in using WhatsApp Business for product marketing. The conclusion is that the training successfully enhanced MSMEs' understanding and skills in digital marketing, including digital content creation and social media utilization. The program also emphasizes the need for policy makers' involvement in planning and managing local product marketing to compete globally and adapt to ongoing technological trends.

This study aims to analyze and evaluate the Minangkabau traditional music learning model/strategy applied in grade X of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Tarab. The research to be used is qualitative research using analytical descriptive methods. This research instrument is the researcher himself and is assisted by supporting instruments such as stationery and cameras. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The steps to analyze data are to collect data, describe the data and collect the data. The results showed that learning Minangkabau traditional music in Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Tarab was carried out with theory and practice. The implementation of theory in learning traditional music culture art was carried out for 2 weeks, starting from the first meeting, then for practical learning the teacher exemplified directly with several songs playing traditional Minangkabau musical instruments. Students are less interested in learning Minangkabau traditional music culture. Because teachers have not found the right learning model in learning, and also in practical learning face obstacles in the available musical instruments. Because it is not guarded / maintained to make some traditional Minangkabau musical instruments can no longer be used. Student interest in learning Minangkabau traditional music seems to be decreasing, because the learning model or strategy for teachers is not right, teachers have not implemented important stage assessments that must exist in learning that applies the curriculum and also the factors of inadequate tools used that make the learning process of Minangkabau traditional music art culture not run optimally.

Voice is one of the signs in a brand. Voice comes in in non-traditional brands. Sound marks are listed in Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Marks and Geographical Indications. In the arrangements, there is still confusion regarding this matter, so that very few votes are registered in its implementation. A small number of vote registrations really creates problems of confusion in registration. This research uses normative research through a statutory and regulatory approach and a comparative approach. The results obtained from the research are that there are obstacles in registering sound as a brand so that sound brands are refused registration. This problem concerns the bad faith carried out by the registrant. Comparison of the regulation of sound as a brand in Australia and Indonesia has similarities and differences in registration. Australia has regulated sounds that cannot be registered and regulates the duration of sounds that will be branded. while Indonesia has not yet regulated this.

The art of Karungut and traditional Dayak music, rich in values of togetherness, tolerance, and cultural wealth, has the potential to be an effective tool for instilling the spirit of religious moderation in the younger generation. This project focuses on integrating Karungut art as a medium for education and character building that is moderate, tolerant, and respectful of diversity. The main goal of this initiative is to increase the awareness and understanding of the youth in Tewang Darayu Village about the importance of religious moderation through Karungut art. Additionally, the program aims to preserve traditional Dayak art so it can continue to be passed down to future generations. The method used in this project is Participatory Action Research (PAR), which emphasizes the active participation of all community members. The first step involves socialization and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with village officials, religious leaders, traditional leaders (Pisur), and the general public to identify their needs and expectations for this program. This project has achieved several positive outcomes. First, there has been a significant increase in the understanding and awareness of the younger generation regarding the importance of religious moderation. Second, Karungut art and traditional Dayak music have regained a place in the hearts of the community, especially among the younger generation. Third, this program has also strengthened social bonds in Tewang Darayu Village, as it involved the active participation of various community members, from village officials and religious leaders to traditional leaders and the general public. Thus, this program has not only succeeded in preserving Karungut art but also in building a more moderate and tolerant community.

This study examines the impact of traditional financial performance measures and Value-Based Management on Market Value Added (MVA) in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling, resulting in the selection of 19 companies based on predetermined criteria. Secondary data was obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website, and panel data regression analysis was used for data analysis. The results indicate that ROA and EVA positively and significantly influence MVA. In contrast, ROE, DPS, EBITDA, and CFROI do not significantly affect MVA. Notably, EPS demonstrates a negative impact on MVA, suggesting that higher earnings per share may not correlate with increased market value.

This study intended findout the existence of common law in national legal politics and to figure out more efforts that were done by the government and non-government so that common law and national l egal politics run in balance. This study made use of normative legal research with legislation and a comparative approach method. The results of the study indicated that common law does have different characters from national law, where national law has written characters in laws and regulations systematically and rigidly. Common law existence is recognized in national legal politics at the macro legal political level. In macro legal politics, recognition of common law community units and their traditional rights have been enshrined in the constitution, through Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUDNRI 1945. As is well known, common law communities are the bearers of common law.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of UIN Walisongo in Sendang Dawung Village, Kendal Regency, aims to develop the local economy by strengthening Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Intensive discussions with the village community identified various local potentials, such as agricultural products, handicrafts, and traditional processed foods. However, challenges faced include limited capital, restricted market access, and a lack of managerial skills. To address these issues, a series of workshops and mentoring programs were designed, covering business management training, product quality improvement, business digitalization, and ongoing support. Additionally, collaboration with various local stakeholders, such as the Cooperative and MSME Office and financial institutions, was established to enhance support for village MSMEs. The results of this program are expected to increase the competitiveness of MSME products, open up broader market access, and ultimately improve the welfare of the Sendang Dawung Village community

Cassava is a traditional food that has high cultural value in Indonesia. This research was conducted to increase the use of cassava as an ingredient in traditional food products with environmentally friendly packaging. This cassava processing makes a unique and typical traditional food in Satriyan Village, namely lanting or lengko kriyik. The focus of this research is the study of the process of processing cassava into a lanting snack. In this modern era, lanting made from cassava is facing challenges from changes in consumption patterns and competition from the snack industry. However, this traditional food continues to survive and conservation efforts by local communities continue to promote the uniqueness and authenticity of cassava lanting. With these efforts, the cassava plant is not only maintained as a traditional food but also needs to be promoted as one of Indonesia's culinary treasures that should be preserved.