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Trade wars and protectionism have again become major issues in global economic dynamics, especially since trade tensions between the United States and China began in 2018. This research aims to analyze tariff policy as part of a protectionist strategy in the context of the political economy of bilateral trade relations. Using a qualitative approach with case studies and document analysis, data were obtained from policy reports, scientific journals, and trade statistics. The results show that tariff policies are often not purely based on economic considerations, but are also influenced by domestic political interests, industry group pressure, and global negotiation strategies. On the other hand, these policies have a significant impact on the structure of bilateral trade relations, trade volume, and global supply chains. Indonesia as a partner country is also affected, both directly through changes in export-import values, and indirectly through supply and investment disruptions. Policy implications show the importance of developing countries' preparedness in anticipating changes in global trade policies and encouraging the formulation of adaptive and competitive national strategies. This study provides recommendations for policymakers to balance national interests with global dynamics.

This research aims to find out the Governance of the Government in Overcoming Flood Disaster Conditions in the Pahandut Seberang Settlement Kawasam. The research method used in this research is descriptive method. Data was collected through field observations. This research was conducted in Pahandut Seberang Village, Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan Province. Based on existing data as a research site in flood-affected areas in Pahandut Seberang Village at the location of residents in RT 02, 03, 04 and 05. The research time was carried out from the date of issuance of the research permit within a period of 3 (three) months, 1 (one) month of data collection and 2 (two) months of data analysis. Materials and tools used in research include stationery, cameras, and observation guides. The process of analysing qualitative research data is an integral part of data analysis activities such as: data reduction, data presentation & conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this study indicate that to be able to get solutions to overcome these various obstacles, namely: Flooding in Kelurahan Pahandut Seberang has a significant impact on the social and economic conditions of the community. Social impacts include damage to homes, disruption of daily activities, and health problems. Economic impacts include losses from the agriculture sector, small businesses, and loss of transport access.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has not only caused a humanitarian crisis but also triggered severe environmental consequences, particularly along the Ukrainian-Russian border. This study explores how military actions, occupation of sensitive ecological zones, and the targeting of industrial and critical infrastructure have led to widespread environmental degradation. Using a qualitative approach grounded in document analysis and legal frameworks, the research highlights how security actors have influenced the scale and nature of environmental damage. The findings reveal serious threats to soil quality, water safety, air purity, and biodiversity, as well as disruptions to waste management and energy systems. The paper also discusses the role of ecocide as a potential legal category for holding actors accountable for deliberate environmental harm. By situating the war within the broader context of environmental security and conflict ecology, the study argues for stronger international mechanisms to address ecological risks in armed conflict and post-war recovery.

Reciprocal tariff changes imposed by the United States on its trading partner countries including Indonesia, create changes in export and import tariffs in Indonesia which result in a significant impact on the Indonesian economy, which has an impact on export and import sectors such as oil and gas, then non-oil and gas which includes processing industries, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining as well as consumer goods, raw / auxiliary materials, and capital goods. This research aims to analyze the impact of exports and imports in the country of Indonesia due to the reciprocal tax rate policy implemented by the United States. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of content analysis, which involves collecting data from news articles, research reports, and relevant academic publications. The results showed that the imposition of reciprocal tariffs imposed by the United States against Indonesia caused an increase in imports from 2017 to 2020 by 1.38% in the consumer goods sector. On the other hand, the export side decreased in the oil and gas sector from 2017 to 2020 by 2.37% which resulted in disruption of economic stability in the global supply chain that created inflation, and increased imports in Indonesia resulted in competing local product prices with imported products so that many Indonesian manufacturing companies reduced production and terminated employment. From this research, it is expected that Indonesia will be able to maximize the opportunities that exist from the changes and challenges of global trade.

This study investigates the impact of cashless payment technologies, specifically e-toll and Garda Total Objek (GTO), on customer satisfaction and travel efficiency on the Tangerang-Merak Toll Road. The research demonstrates that the implementation of these technologies significantly enhances travel time efficiency and overall user satisfaction, providing a more seamless and convenient toll payment experience. Despite these positive outcomes, the study identifies several technical challenges that hinder optimal performance. Notably, there is an 18% transaction failure rate, primarily caused by malfunctions in card reader devices and server disruptions, which negatively affect the customer experience. In addition to technological reliability, the quality of service delivered by field staff and the degree of customer loyalty emerge as critical factors influencing sustained use of the digital payment system and overall satisfaction levels.The study underscores the importance of time efficiency and customer loyalty as key drivers for improving service quality and encouraging the widespread adoption of cashless systems. To address these challenges, the study recommends enhancing the reliability of payment devices and network infrastructure through regular maintenance and upgrades. Furthermore, the adoption of Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) technology is suggested to allow toll transactions without stopping, thereby reducing traffic congestion and waiting times at toll plazas. Continuous staff training is essential to improve service response and technical troubleshooting. Additionally, customer loyalty programs offering incentives like discounts and rewards could increase user engagement. The study also emphasizes the need for increased public education on cashless payment systems and their features to minimize resistance and misunderstandings. Finally, ongoing monitoring and evaluation based on user feedback are critical for promptly addressing issues and sustainably improving customer satisfaction.

This study aims to examine how hadith-based education management at MAN Prafi is able to respond to the challenges of technological disruption and ethical crises in the digital era. The study uses a qualitative approach with a case study type. This study was conducted at MAN Prafi, Manokwari, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, participant observation, documentation, and audio analysis. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity checks were carried out through triangulation of sources, methods, and observers. The results of the study conducted at MAN Prafi, Manokwari, West Papua Province, Indonesia show that the integration of hadith values ​​such as amanah, syura, and sidq has become the basis for managerial policies in schools. Religious teachers play a central role as agents of change in the process of value transformation and the formation of an ethical culture. In addition, adaptive strategies based on religious-humanistic have proven to be able to align the use of technology with Islamic moral values. This study contributes to the development of an Islamic education management model that is responsive to changes in the times while being based on solid religious values.

The abstract examines the impact of the US-China Trade War on the motivation for expansion within Sichuan's electronic manufacturing sector. The trade conflict has introduced significant challenges, including increased tariffs and supply chain disruptions, compelling local firms to reassess their strategies. In response, companies have intensified their focus on innovation and technological advancement to enhance competitiveness and reduce reliance on foreign technologies. This drive for self-sufficiency has led to increased investment in research and development, fostering new capabilities and market opportunities. Moreover, the trade war has shifted attention toward domestic markets, prompting firms to diversify their supply chains and explore alternative business avenues. Government support has further facilitated this expansion, providing resources and incentives that bolster growth. The findings suggest that the motivations for expansion are closely intertwined with the broader geopolitical landscape, shaping the future of Sichuan's electronic manufacturing industry, based on insights gathered from a sample of 380 Sichuan electronic manufacturer operators in the study.  

This study aims to examine the role of Self-Determination in improving students' learning persistence in the digital era. Self-Determination Theory explains that long-lasting learning motivation arises from within the individual, which is influenced by the fulfillment of three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Amidst the challenges of the digital era, such as social media distractions, students are required to have internal motivation to remain diligent in learning. Through a qualitative approach, the researcher interviewed five students in depth. The results showed that students were able to maintain learning persistence because of personal goals, parental support, and previous academic success experiences. The three aspects of Self-Determination have been shown to play an important role in shaping students' learning persistence despite facing digital disruptions. This study shows the importance of strengthening internal motivation to support learning success in the digital era.

The implementation of a 32% reciprocal import tariff by the United States in April 2025, targeting Indonesian palm oil, reflects an intensifying global trend of trade protectionism. As one of Indonesia’s top export commodities, palm oil was severely affected by the policy, revealing the structural fragility of the country’s export-dependent economy. The tariff led to immediate disruptions in trade flows, price competitiveness, and employment across the palm oil supply chain. This study aims to analyze the economic impact of the U.S. tariff policy on Indonesia’s palm oil industry and to examine the government’s policy responses in mitigating these effects. The research also seeks to identify strategic lessons for improving trade resilience in the face of unilateral trade measures. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, integrating macroeconomic analysis and international trade theory. It uses secondary data from trade statistics, government reports, and international institutions, combined with conceptual frameworks including global value chain theory, comparative advantage, and trade policy response models. The findings indicate that the tariff caused a 22.5% decline in export value and a 24.9% drop in volume within the first quarter after implementation. Approximately 17,000 workers were affected, and investor confidence weakened due to disruptions in downstream value chains. In response, the Indonesian government launched a five-pillar strategy covering trade diplomacy, market diversification, regulatory reform, fiscal support, and digital service trade bargaining. These findings highlight the urgent need for structural transformation, value-added industrial development, and adaptive trade governance to strengthen Indonesia’s long-term economic resilience.

The digital era has brought significant changes in the scope of global business. Demanding companies to adapt quickly and innovatively in managing strategies. This article discusses key factors that determine the success of strategy management amidst digital disruption, including adaptation to technology, data-based decision-making, digital leadership, and the organization's ability to innovate continuously. With a qualitative approach through literature studies and case analysis, this article highlights the importance of digital transformation as the core of modern business strategy. The results of the discussion show that companies that are successful in the digital era are companies that are able to integrate technology into core business processes, build an agile organizational culture, and make data a strategic asset. This article is expected to provide practical insights for business leaders and strategy managers in designing adaptive and competitive policy directions in the midst of the ever-evolving digital era.

Assault is a criminal act intentionally committed to cause pain, physical injury, or damage to another person. As a state governed by law, efforts to address assault crimes are necessary as part of law enforcement. However, existing regulations focus mainly on the perpetrators, and there is a need for regulations that also focus on the victims, examined through the perspective of victimology. The purpose of this study is to give greater consideration to the victim's side in a criminal act, how victims are more heavily impacted, and the legal protection that remains insufficiently fulfilled. This research uses a theoretical study with the approach of victimology theory and restorative justice theory. It employs a normative empirical method with secondary data, based on legislation. The results of this study show that victims of assault crimes suffer impacts in every aspect, including physical injuries, psychological disturbances, economic effects, and social life disruption. Victims of assault should receive protection from the victimology perspective, such as restitution or compensation, counseling assistance, medical aid, and legal support. However, these protections have not been adequately fulfilled. This is illustrated by case number 695/Pid.B/2024/PN SRG, where the defendant was sentenced under Article 351 paragraph (2) for assault causing serious injury to the victims, with a prison sentence of 1 year and 10 months plus a court fee of Rp. 2,000 (two thousand rupiah). Considering the victims experienced terror before the incident and multiple stabbing actions resulting in physical and psychological harm, the victims are entitled to restitution, counseling, and adequate legal assistance. Yet, in reality, such protections remain unmet.

The development of the digital ecosystem has disrupted the transportation sector. Traditional transportation businesses have shifted to online transportation. This study aims to analyze Blue Bird's strategy in facing the ride-hailing disruption in Indonesia. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach. The data was sourced from digital searches and observations. The results show that the digital transformation implemented by PT Blue Bird Tbk has improved operational efficiency and competitiveness in the highly competitive transportation market. The My Blue Bird application, with real-time tracking and cashless payment features, has streamlined the booking process and strengthened customer loyalty. The data indicates an increase in app usage and a reduction in operational costs, supporting the effectiveness of the company's digital strategy. Strategic collaboration with ride-hailing platforms has also significantly contributed to market expansion and increased fleet occupancy. The success of this strategy is reflected in the rise in booking volume and overall customer satisfaction. As a further step that has not been fully implemented, it is recommended that Blue Bird explore the application of AI-based predictive models to optimize fleet scheduling and route dynamics. The use of this technology can provide more accurate demand forecasts and support strategic decision-making in resource allocation. Additionally, the development of a customer feedback system integrated with digital analytics will allow the company to respond to consumer trends and preferences more effectively. These measures, supported by enhanced digital infrastructure and cross-sector collaboration, are expected to further boost Blue Bird's efficiency and growth in the digital disruption era.

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing and multifaceted threats to national security across the globe, including in Indonesia. The consequences of climate change extend far beyond environmental degradation, posing significant risks to critical sectors such as food security, water resources, social cohesion, and the overall stability of national defense systems. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events-such as floods, droughts, and storms-have direct and indirect impacts that undermine the resilience of communities and the functionality of state institutions. In Indonesia, a country characterized by its vast archipelago and diverse ecosystems, the climate crisis presents unique challenges. The vulnerability of coastal regions to sea-level rise threatens the livelihoods of millions, while disruptions in agricultural productivity jeopardize food availability and economic stability. Moreover, these environmental stresses exacerbate social inequalities and can trigger internal displacement, heightening the risk of social unrest and conflict. Such dynamics underscore the critical intersection between environmental changes and national security concerns.

Lake Toba, designated as a National Tourism Strategic Area, faces ecological disruption due to the invasive Red Devil fish (Amphilophus labiatus), which threatens the sustainability of native aquatic species. This study aims to enhance the knowledge of the Tapian Nauli farmer group in Hariara Pohan Village, Samosir Regency, in utilizing the Red Devil fish as Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and processed food. Methods employed include agricultural extension activities, practical demonstrations, pre-tests and post-tests, and evaluation through questionnaires. Results showed a significant improvement in farmers' knowledge after the extension, with 70% moving from the "poor" to "good" category. The Red Devil fish was successfully processed into LOF through fermentation using molasses, starbio, and pineapple, and into shredded fish (abon) as a food product. Farmers responded positively to the idea of Red Devil abon as a potential household business opportunity, given the fish's abundance and low cost. Evaluation of the extension activities revealed a high level of suitability with an average score of 96.33%, covering material content, delivery methods, and instructional media. This study demonstrates that locally based extension approaches can effectively empower farmers to convert invasive pests into value-added products, while fostering economic opportunities rooted in local resources.

The sea fence in Tangerang Regency, Banten, has become a complex issue involving violations of spatial law, environmental impacts, and the rights of coastal communities. This research analyzes the social and environmental impacts of the case and examines the protection and restoration of victims' rights based on a greenvictimology perspective. Using an empirical juridical approach, data collection was conducted through interviews with fishermen and legal aid organizations, as well as secondary data from legal literature. The results showed that sea fences disrupt fishermen's activities, damage marine ecosystems, and violate regional spatial regulations. Ecological impacts include changes in ocean currents, decreased water quality, disruption of fish migration, damage to coral reefs, and coastal abrasion. Protection and restoration of victims' rights in the Pagar Laut case to date have not been fully fulfilled and realized by the responsible parties. This can be seen from the absence of concrete policies and concrete actions in the form of providing compensation or compensation to fishermen who are directly affected by the installation of the Sea Fence which hampers their access and space for fishing activities. In addition, efforts to restore the marine environment have also not been carried out optimally, especially in terms of dismantling sea fences that have not been carried out thoroughly and assistance programs from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries have not been implemented.

East Africa has great potential in the tourism sector, but is vulnerable to the threat of terrorism that can hinder economic growth and regional stability. This research aims to analyze the impact of terrorism on tourism development, especially in Kenya as a case study. The research uses a Library Research method with a descriptive qualitative approach based on narrative and contextual. The theory used is the tactical definition of terrorism by C.A.J Coady which emphasizes violence against civilians for political interests and Esmailzadeh's perspective which states the adaptive and global nature of terrorism. The results of the analysis show that terror attacks, such as those that occurred in several countries in the East African region, do not only cause physical casualties but also psychological and symbolic impacts in the form of declining tourist numbers, disruption of security perceptions and a negative image of the destination in the eyes of the international community. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach: hard security, inclusive economic development, and soft power-based promotion. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of theoretical-philosophical approaches and empirical data to assess the linkages between security and tourism in conflict-prone areas, which have rarely been studied in depth in the East African context.

The era of disruption marked by the rapid development of technology and information brings serious challenges to the world of education, especially in shaping the faith and morals of students. Islamic Religious Education (PAI) has a strategic role in protecting students from the negative influences of this era, through strengthening faith in Allah SWT as the main foundation for character formation. This study aims to analyze the urgency of faith in shaping the faith and morals of students in the midst of the flow of disruption. The approach used is qualitative with a literature study method, reviewing various scientific literature, journals, and relevant documents. The results of the study show that strong faith is the main driver in the commendable behavior of students and a shield against moral relativism and social deviation. Religious education must be integrated comprehensively into the curriculum, teacher training, and learning environments that support the internalization of divine values. In conclusion, strengthening faith in Allah is very urgent as a basis for forming strong faith and morals in facing the challenges of the era of disruption.

This study examines various proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and approaches to create a conducive learning environment. Effective classroom management is crucial for minimizing disruptions, enhancing student engagement, and supporting their academic and socio-emotional development. The literature review covers preventive measures such as establishing clear expectations and routines, building positive teacher-student relationships, and creating physically and emotionally safe learning spaces. Additionally, reactive strategies for addressing disruptive behaviors—including verbal and non-verbal interventions, conflict resolution, and de-escalation techniques—are discussed. The study emphasizes the importance of consistent, fair, and culturally responsive approaches tailored to student diversity and needs. The analysis reveals that the effectiveness of approaches such as authoritative, democratic, and behavioral modification varies depending on the context, with recommendations to flexibly combine multiple methods. Challenges like student heterogeneity, limited facilities, and teacher preparedness are identified, along with innovative solutions such as differentiated instruction and technology integration.

This study examines various proactive and reactive classroom management strategies and approaches to create a conducive learning environment. Effective classroom management is crucial for minimizing disruptions, enhancing student engagement, and supporting their academic and socio-emotional development. The literature review covers preventive measures such as establishing clear expectations and routines, building positive teacher-student relationships, and creating physically and emotionally safe learning spaces. Additionally, reactive strategies for addressing disruptive behaviors—including verbal and non-verbal interventions, conflict resolution, and de-escalation techniques—are discussed. The study emphasizes the importance of consistent, fair, and culturally responsive approaches tailored to student diversity and needs. The analysis reveals that the effectiveness of approaches such as authoritative, democratic, and behavioral modification varies depending on the context, with recommendations to flexibly combine multiple methods. Challenges like student heterogeneity, limited facilities, and teacher preparedness are identified, along with innovative solutions such as differentiated instruction and technology integration.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed fundamental vulnerabilities in global supply chain systems, such as over-reliance on single suppliers and a lack of operational visibility. This has highlighted the urgent need for a new approach to risk management—one that leverages smart technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising solution, thanks to its capabilities in predictive analytics and adaptive, data-driven decision-making in real time. This study aims to develop an AI-based predictive system framework to enhance the resilience of global supply chains in the face of post-pandemic disruptions. Using the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology, the research designs and evaluates a system that integrates algorithms such as LSTM, Random Forest, Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Reinforcement Learning. It also applies a federated learning approach to ensure data privacy among supply chain partners. The study analyzes over 12,000 data entries from diverse sources, including IoT devices, weather data, demand trends, and social media. The system's effectiveness is evaluated through a combination of quantitative methods (PLS-SEM analysis on 103 respondents) and qualitative methods (interviews with 12 industry executives). The findings show that AI-driven predictive analytics significantly improve supply chain resilience (β = 0.67; p < 0.001), with demand forecasting accuracy increasing by up to 40% and delivery times reduced by 30%. Conceptually, the study contributes by designing a resilient model that integrates real-time visibility, adaptability, and cross-organizational collaborative learning. Unlike traditional approaches focused solely on automation, this framework offers a more holistic solution, addressing key gaps in the literature. The implication is clear: AI is becoming a strategic asset in building sustainable, resilient supply chains amid ongoing global uncertainty.