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Trace elements such as copper, zinc, selenium, and chromium play essential roles in various enzymatic reactions, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and overall metabolic regulation, making them crucial for maternal and fetal health. During pregnancy, the demand for these micronutrients increases significantly due to physiological changes and the needs of the developing fetus. Inadequate or excessive levels of these trace elements can lead to altered fetal development and may impact neonatal outcomes immediately after birth. Given the sensitive developmental window of gestation, the intrauterine environment—including micronutrient status—has been hypothesized to influence neonatal physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and Apgar scores, which are commonly used to assess neonatal wellbeing in the early minutes of life. This study attempts to explore the impact of maternal trace element status—specifically copper, zinc, selenium, and chromium—along with selected maternal parameters (BMI, parity, gravida) on indicators of neonatal wellbeing, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and 5-minute Apgar score. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Delivery Room of the Obstetric Hospital in Al-Diwaniya City, Iraq, involving 50 mother-infant pairs. Data collection occurred from December 1, 2024, to February 10, 2025. Maternal blood samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine serum concentrations of copper, zinc, selenium, and chromium. Neonatal outcomes were assessed via standard clinical evaluations: heart rate and respiratory rate were measured immediately postpartum, and Apgar scores were recorded at five minutes. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression to assess associations between maternal factors and neonatal outcomes. Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated limited but noteworthy associations. Maternal serum chromium levels were significantly associated with increased neonatal respiratory rate (p = 0.026), suggesting a possible stimulatory or stress-related effect.

During storage and before consumption, grains often experience a decline in quality, nutritional content, and cleanliness due to pest attacks. Botanical insecticides are considered an alternative method to reduce dependence on harmful chemical pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus against Cadra cautella (Walk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their potential as biological control agents. The selection of C. cautella as the test organism was based on the limited number of studies examining this pest. The AgNPs used were synthesized through an eco-friendly method, and their optical and physical properties were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized from C. citratus extract showed high effectiveness in controlling the eggs and second instar larvae of C. cautella. Egg mortality reached 80.3% at a concentration of 40 μg/ml after 24 hours of exposure, followed by 72.9% at 30 μg/ml, and 65.8% at 20 μg/ml. In contrast, the control group showed no egg mortality. Similarly, larval mortality rates were 74.9%, 65.8%, and 60.2% for concentrations of 40 μg/ml, 30 μg/ml, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that higher concentrations of AgNPs lead to greater mortality in both eggs and larvae. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs from C. citratus leaves as an effective and eco-friendly biopesticide. Their significant impact on egg and larval mortality suggests that they can be developed as an alternative pest control strategy in stored grains, thereby reducing reliance on conventional chemical pesticides that are detrimental to human health and the environment. Further research is recommended to explore their long-term efficacy, safety, and integration into sustainable grain storage management.

Fish bekasam is one of Indonesia's traditional fermented products that involves the activity of microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), to produce unique organoleptic, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. The fermentation process of bekasam plays a significant role not only in extending the shelf life of fish but also in creating a distinctive sour taste and texture that differs from other fish products. This study aims to analyze the microbiological community involved in the fish bekasam fermentation process through observation and identification of bacteria using Safranin Violet and Iodine staining techniques. This study employs a literature review approach, examining various references related to the fermentation process, the dominant bacteria species, and the environmental factors that affect the quality of bekasam. The analysis revealed that lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, and Pediococcus spp. play an important role in the fermentation of bekasam fish. These bacteria produce lactic acid, which contributes to the sour taste and plays a role in forming the product's texture. The Safranin Violet and Iodine staining techniques were effective for identifying bacteria based on their cell wall characteristics, with Gram-positive bacteria dominating the fermentation process. Environmental factors such as the fermentation time, salt concentration, and the addition of ingredients like carbohydrates or turmeric extract influence the dynamics of bacterial populations in the fermentation of bekasam. This study also emphasizes the importance of controlling pathogenic bacterial contamination, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, to ensure food safety in bekasam products. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the microbiological dynamics in fish bekasam fermentation and the relevance of staining techniques in microbiological analysis, which can be used to improve the quality and safety of traditional fermented products. This study also opens opportunities for developing safer and higher-quality bekasam products.

This study aims to investigate the sensory characteristics and nutritional content of macarons with the addition of kecombrang flower essential oil (Etlingera elatior). The research was conducted to determine the effects of various concentrations of kecombrang flower essential oil (3%, 5%, and 7%) on macaron quality. The sensory attributes evaluated included color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall preference, while nutritional analysis focused on key macronutrients such as carbohydrates, sugar, fat, protein, and ash content. The sensory evaluation utilized a single-factor ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test to compare the effects of the different concentrations of essential oil. The results indicated that the addition of 5% kecombrang essential oil yielded the most favorable sensory scores, with the highest ratings in color (4.20) and texture (4.29). Furthermore, aroma and taste were rated highly, confirming that this concentration enhanced the overall quality of the macarons. Although the likeability score did not show significant statistical differences between treatments, all treatments were generally categorized as “liked” by the panel. For the nutritional content analysis, the macaron sample with 5% essential oil was selected for testing through a proxy method. The results indicated that the macaron had a carbohydrate content of 46.31%, sugar content of 31.62%, fat content of 3.05%, protein content of 19.08%, and ash content of 0.14%. These findings are noteworthy, as the macaron with kecombrang flower essential oil showed lower carbohydrate and fat content compared to a typical macaron, while it exhibited higher protein content. These results suggest that macarons with kecombrang essential oil may offer a healthier alternative to conventional macarons, particularly for those seeking lower sugar and fat content in their diet.

This study aims to analyze the quality of domestic wastewater based on three main parameters: pH, ammonia, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The wastewater samples were collected from an industrial area, chosen for its role as a primary source of domestic waste that can impact environmental quality. The pH was tested using potentiometry, while ammonia and COD concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, a precise method for analyzing these substances. The results showed that the pH values of the wastewater ranged from 6.68 to 10.28. This variation in pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater, with some samples being neutral to slightly alkaline. The ammonia levels detected ranged from 0.0654 to 0.3849 mg/L. While these levels are within the limits set by regulations, they indicate a significant presence of ammonia in the wastewater, which requires continued monitoring. However, the most striking finding was the COD levels, which ranged from 21.60 to 245.71 mg/L, with some samples showing very high values. High COD levels indicate a large presence of organic matter, which can lead to a decline in water quality. Some samples with COD values exceeding the threshold of domestic wastewater quality standards, as stated in Ministerial Regulation No. 68 of 2016, require additional treatment to reduce organic contamination. Overall, while the pH and ammonia values remain within safe limits, the high COD levels in some samples indicate that further treatment is necessary to reduce organic pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of domestic wastewater to protect environmental quality and prevent broader negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.  

Pine soda is a natural fermented liquid from pine needles (Pinus merkusii) which has a distinctive aroma and contains bioactive compounds with potential as antimicrobial agents. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of pine soda against Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion method and to compare its effectiveness with the antibiotic ampicillin as a positive control. The process of making pine soda is carried out through simple fermentation of Pinus merkusii pine needles under certain conditions to produce a fragrant liquid. Furthermore, qualitative tests are carried out to identify the content of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils, which are known to have antibacterial properties. In the antibacterial activity test, paper discs that have been soaked in pine soda solutions with graded concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) are placed on agar media that have been inoculated with S. aureus. The results of the observation showed the presence of inhibition zones in each treatment with varying sizes. The largest inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 10 mm, which is included in the medium inhibition category. As a comparison, ampicillin produced an inhibition zone of 26.3 mm, while distilled water, the negative control, showed no inhibition zone. These findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of pine soda is influenced by its bioactive compound content, although its effectiveness is still lower than that of standard antibiotics. This potential opens up opportunities for developing pine soda as a safe natural antibacterial agent, whether in the form of health products such as antiseptics, natural cleaners, or functional beverages that support body health. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process, increase the concentration of active compounds, and test its effectiveness against various types of pathogenic bacteria.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This condition can significantly impact the quality of life of sufferers, making the development of effective and safe anticonvulsant therapies a priority in pharmacological research. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various anticonvulsant drugs, including herbal candidates, in a mouse model (Mus musculus) using acute and subchronic test protocols. Seizures were induced by administering strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist that triggers excessive neuronal excitability. Parameters observed included seizure onset (the time from strychnine administration to the onset of the first seizure) and deadtime (the time of survival after a seizure). The study involved six treatment groups: a negative control (Na-CMC), four conventional drug groups (phenytoin, diazepam, pregabalin, and gabapentin), and one herbal candidate group made from Polyalthia longifolia (glodokan tiang). The results showed that most treatment groups were able to delay seizure onset and significantly prolong deadtime compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis using ANOVA yielded a p-value <0.05, indicating a significant difference between groups. The herbal candidate Polyalthia longifolia showed promising anticonvulsant potential, although it did not fully match the effectiveness of conventional drugs such as phenytoin or diazepam. The negative control (Na-CMC) showed the fastest onset and shortest survival time, reflecting the absence of a protective effect against seizures. This study emphasizes the importance of further testing using chronic protocols and evaluating additional parameters such as plasma drug concentrations and neurological side effect profiles. The obtained data are expected to form the basis for the development of anticonvulsant therapies based on a combination of modern drugs and natural ingredients, with the hope of producing safer, more effective treatment alternatives, and potentially reducing dependence on long-term synthetic drugs.

This study aims to determine whether the storytelling method can improve the concentration of children aged 5-6 years at Paud Istiqomah, Tanah Seribu, South Binjai. This type of research is classroom action research (CAR) which is carried out in 2 cycles. Where each cycle is carried out 2 meetings. In each cycle, it is carried out through 4 stages, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The data collection tool used is observation. The subjects of the study were 12 children in Ismail class at Paud Istoqomah South Binjai, consisting of 6 girls and 6 boys. While the object of this study is Improving the Concentration of Children Aged 5-6 Years Through the Use of the Storytelling Method at Paud Istiqomah South Binjai The results of the analysis at meeting 1 cycle I after the storytelling method was carried out, the average assessment of children's concentration was 32.3% which means it is included in the sufficient category. While at meeting 2 cycle I after the storytelling method was carried out, the average concentration of children was 43.5%, still in the sufficient category. The results of observations and reflections at meeting 1 of cycle II after the storytelling method was carried out, the average assessment of children's concentration was 65.7%, which means it is included in the good category. While at meeting 2 of cycle II after the storytelling method was carried out, the average concentration of children increased to 80.5%, which is still included in the good category. From the results of the study above, it can be concluded that using the storytelling method can increase the concentration of children aged 5-6 years at Paud Istiqomah South Binjai.

This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of homesickness, or homesickness, particularly experienced by first-year college students. The transition from home life to a new campus environment often causes psychological stress, especially for those living away from family for the first time. One form of this stress is homesickness, which can impact students' mental, social, and academic well-being. This study used a literature review method, a data collection and analysis technique that involves identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the results of previous research. In this study, the authors reviewed 15 scientific articles that directly discussed homesickness, as well as one additional article that discussed the literature review method. The results indicate that homesickness is a complex emotional condition, characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, and impaired concentration that arise due to separation from a familiar home environment. Factors contributing to homesickness include a lack of social support, strong emotional attachment to family, and an inability to adapt to a new environment. The forms of homesickness can vary, from mild to disruptive to daily functioning. Symptoms can include physical complaints, sleep problems, and decreased motivation. Several prevention and management strategies that can be implemented include strengthening social support, developing coping skills, and campus-based psychological interventions. By understanding the characteristics of homesickness, it is hoped that campuses and students can take proactive steps to address it.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been known to cause various adverse effects on the skin, including erythema (commonly referred to as sunburn), premature aging, and, with prolonged exposure, the risk of developing skin cancer. To counteract these harmful effects, sunscreen products are commonly used to protect the skin from UV radiation. The development of natural-based sunscreens is gaining attention due to their potential safety and antioxidant benefits. One promising natural ingredient is thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), a medicinal herb that contains several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These compounds possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties, making them suitable candidates as active ingredients in sunscreen formulations. This study aims to determine the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of thyme herb extract using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. A qualitative approach was used to assess the photoprotective potential of the extract. The SPF values were measured at three different concentrations of the extract: 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1.0%. The absorbance of each concentration was recorded at wavelengths ranging from 290 nm to 400 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The SPF values were then calculated based on the absorbance data processed using Microsoft Excel. The results revealed that the thyme herb extract exhibited high SPF values at all tested concentrations. Specifically, the SPF values obtained were 36.027 for 0.5%, 36.244 for 0.75%, and 36.516 for 1.0% concentration. All three concentrations fall under the "ultra protection" category, indicating strong UV protective potential. These findings suggest that thyme herb extract can be effectively utilized as a natural active ingredient in the formulation of sunscreen products. Further studies are recommended to explore its stability, safety, and efficacy in topical applications.

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder characterized by impaired hemoglobin synthesis. This disease is caused by mutations in the globin gene, leading to disrupted production of globin chains. As a result, the red blood cells produced are dysfunctional and have a shorter lifespan, causing anemia. This condition requires proper medical management, including blood transfusions and other treatments. One way to detect and monitor the progression of thalassemia is by using biochemical markers that can identify changes in the patient’s body. Therefore, the aim of this systematic literature review is to identify biochemical markers that can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of thalassemia. The literature used in this study includes articles on human thalassemia research published in the last 10 years. Literature searches were conducted in several academic databases using relevant keywords such as “biochemical markers for thalassemia,” “diagnosis of thalassemia,” and “thalassemia monitoring.” Based on the search results, several biochemical markers related to thalassemia were identified, including hepcidin, ferritin, and lipid profile. Ferritin plays a role in monitoring iron levels, which are often elevated in thalassemia patients, while hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis in the body. Additionally, other components involved in thalassemia diagnosis and monitoring include Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), and hemoglobin levels. The findings of this systematic literature review are expected to provide a comprehensive overview of biochemical markers that can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of thalassemia. By identifying relevant markers, it is hoped that more accurate and effective diagnostic methods will be developed in the future, leading to better monitoring of thalassemia patients.

This study investigated the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against various microorganisms including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Active compounds were isolated and identified from Aleppo Oak Gallnut, obtained from the Iraqi plant Quercus Infectoria L. Plant extracts were prepared using a continuous extraction apparatus, Soxhlet, with a successive solvent system based on polarity differences, including petroleum ether (60-80°C), ethanol (78°C), and hot aqueous extracts. Acid hydrolysis was performed on the raw ethanol and hot water extracts to obtain free phenolic compounds, including Gallic acid, Apigenin, Rutin, Kaempferol, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. The inhibitory activity of Aleppo Oak Gallnut extracts (Ethanol and Hot Aqueous) after acid hydrolysis was tested using four concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) against various microorganisms. The Ethanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Hot Aqueous extract showed a modest inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Ethanol extract demonstrated strong inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Hot Aqueous extract at 100% and 75% showed high inhibition. The Ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus at 100%. The Hot Aqueous extract at 75% and 100%  demonstrated weaker inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The Ethanol extract demonstrated weaker inhibition against E. coli, and the Hot Aqueous extract showed no effect at 50%  and 25%, and slight inhibition at 100%  and 75%. For Candida albicans, the Ethanol extract showed minimal inhibition at all concentrations and no effect at 25%. The Aqueous extract had a slight effect at 100%  and no inhibition at 75%, 50%, and 25%.

Pedada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris), a type of mangrove plant that grows in tropical and subtropical coastal areas, have high ecological and pharmacological value. In addition to functioning as coastal protection from abrasion and seawater intrusion, this plant is also known to contain various secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. These compounds have been widely reported to have important biological activities, one of which is as an antimicrobial agent. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of pedada leaf ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, especially bacteria that cause infections. The extraction process was carried out using 96% ethanol solvent through the maceration method, namely soaking the material in the solvent for a certain time to optimally obtain active compounds. The obtained extract was then tested for its antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against test bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The inhibition zone formed around the disc was measured as an indicator of the antibacterial effectiveness of the extract. The results showed that pedada leaf extract was able to produce inhibition zones with varying diameters depending on the concentration used. The higher the extract concentration, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This indicates a positive relationship between extract concentration and its antibacterial strength. This activity is believed to originate from the ability of compounds such as flavonoids and tannins to damage bacterial cell walls or disrupt microbial metabolic processes. This study provides initial evidence that pedada leaves have potential as an environmentally friendly and sustainable source of natural antibacterials. This potential is highly relevant in efforts to develop alternative antibacterial materials based on local plants, especially amidst increasing bacterial resistance to synthetic antibiotics.

A thesis is an original scientific paper where the author presents their ideas by referencing the views of experts. The process of writing a thesis often leads to stress among students, which can affect various aspects of life, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Stress occurs when individuals struggle to cope with threats or challenges, which can negatively impact their physical well-being (Hardjana, 1994). The factors or situations that cause stress are known as stressors, which are divided into two types: eustress and distress. Eustress is a positive form of stress that encourages individuals to confront challenges constructively, while distress is a negative form of stress that can reduce motivation, concentration, and productivity, especially during the thesis writing process. Proper stress management is crucial for students to remain productive and avoid the negative effects of stress. One effective way to cope with stress is by practicing gratitude. Gratitude helps individuals focus on the positive aspects of their lives, such as the achievements they have made, the support from friends, or assistance from professors. By practicing gratitude, students can shift their focus away from failures or difficulties they face and remain optimistic in confronting challenges. Based on interviews with several students, it was found that those who successfully manage stress tend to practice gratitude in various forms. They look for the positive side in every challenge, appreciate the support from their surrounding environment, and value each small achievement in the thesis-writing process. This approach helps them stay resilient and motivated through the challenges they face during their thesis work, allowing them to remain focused and productive despite the pressure.

Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) contains of flavonoids, which are beneficial for treating acne. Previous research has been conducted on peel-off gel masks made from ethanol extract of beluntas leaves. The aim of this study is to determine the variation in carbopol concentrations in the formulation of gel masks containing beluntas leaf extract, as well as to evaluate their physical stability. This research using three formulations with different carbopol concentrations: Formula I with 1% carbopol, Formula II with 1.5% carbopol, and Formula III with 2% carbopol. The physical evaluation of the beluntas leaf extract gel mask preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH, spreadability, and adhesiveness testing. All formulations underwent a stability test known as the cycling test (cycles 1 to 6). The results of the stability tests showed that Formulas II and III met the requirements for physical quality, whereas Formula I did not meet the viscosity and spreadability value ranges. The gel mask with the best results was Formula II with 1.5% carbopol concentration. However, based on the cycling stability test, there was an increase in viscosity and adhesiveness. Based on the cycling test results for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and spreadability, Formula II did not show significant changes.

This study aims to determine the extent to which mental ability influences volleyball underhand passing skills and strategies for improving them in seventh-grade students at MTs SA Atholibiyah Bumijawa. The mental abilities studied included learning motivation, concentration, and self-confidence, as all three are considered important factors in supporting sports performance. The study used an experimental survey method with a correlation approach. The sample was determined through a purposive sampling technique, meaning only students who were actively involved in volleyball learning were included as respondents. The research instruments included a questionnaire to measure students' mental ability levels and an observation sheet to assess underhand passing skill practice. Data analysis was conducted using a correlation test to identify the relationship between mental ability and underhand passing skills, and regression analysis to measure the magnitude of the effect. The results showed a significant effect of mental ability on underhand passing skills. Students with high learning motivation tend to be more enthusiastic and consistent in practicing. Good concentration enables students to control movements, maintain balance, and manage timing when passing. In addition, strong self-confidence encourages students' courage in making decisions and reduces technical errors. This results in passing skills with more accuracy, control, and optimal timing. Improving strategies that can be implemented include structured training with the use of assistive devices to enhance technique, providing motivation and positive feedback from teachers to maintain enthusiasm, and focused training such as game simulations to strengthen concentration. The findings of this study confirm that mental development plays a crucial role in learning sports skills, particularly volleyball, thereby improving both the quality of learning and student achievement.

Anemia is a common health problem among adolescent girls, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. This condition is generally caused by insufficient iron intake, an unbalanced diet, and increased iron requirements during growth. Anemia not only impacts physical health but also affects concentration, productivity, and quality of life. Therefore, interventions based on nutrition education and the utilization of local food sources are crucial in sustainable anemia prevention efforts. One potential complementary therapy alternative is the consumption of herbal drinks based on moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera). Moringa leaves are known to be rich in iron, vitamin A, and antioxidants that play a role in red blood cell formation. This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge and skills of adolescent girls in utilizing moringa leaves as a natural source of iron. The target group is grade 10 and 11 female students at SMA Sejahtera Palembang, which was held in June 2025. The activity methods included a nutrition lecture on anemia and the importance of iron, an interactive discussion on the benefits of moringa leaves, and hands-on practice in making herbal moringa drinks (such as moringa leaf tea and moringa juice). The material was delivered using a communicative and participatory approach to actively engage participants. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the causes of anemia, the benefits of moringa leaves, and their willingness to consume herbal drinks as a preventative measure. Most participants also expressed interest in trying to make their own moringa herbal drink at home. This activity is expected to become part of school-based promotional and preventive efforts to address anemia in adolescent girls.

Tempoyak is a traditional Indonesian fermented food made from the flesh of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), which undergoes spontaneous fermentation driven by indigenous microorganisms. The fermentation process generally occurs under anaerobic conditions and is primarily dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including species such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus. These bacteria play a crucial role in modifying the physicochemical properties of the product, including a significant reduction in pH, an increase in the concentration of organic acids, and the formation of volatile compounds responsible for tempoyak’s distinctive aroma and overall flavor complexity. In addition to enhancing its unique sensory profile, the fermentation process also extends the shelf life and introduces probiotic potential to the final product. This study aims to observe and analyze the microbiological and chemical aspects of tempoyak fermentation and to evaluate its potential as a local functional food with health-promoting properties. Laboratory tests and microbial analyses confirmed that the fermentation process not only retains essential nutrients but also promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, provided the production conditions are hygienically maintained at all stages. The study emphasizes the importance of controlled fermentation techniques to ensure product safety and consistent quality. Furthermore, the findings reveal that tempoyak could serve as a promising probiotic-rich food that supports digestive health, contributing to the diversification of traditional Indonesian fermented foods. With its appealing flavor, cultural value, growing consumer interest, and potential health benefits, tempoyak holds significant promise for future development and commercialization, particularly in the field of functional food innovation rooted in indigenous culinary practices.

Number of vegetarians in Indonesia is rising. This increase may be attributed to improvement of people knowledge regarding health benefits of high fiber plant-based diet especially to reducing the risks of degenerative diseases. However, high fiber plant-based food especially mushroom-based food that being accepted by majority of panelists are limited to oyster and straw mushroom. Hence, the goal of this research is to get the best formula based on organoleptic and crude fiber content from Auricularia polytricha and red dragon fruit peel extract as a food for vegetarian diet. This study used experimental study with Randomized Block Design (RBC) method with two experimental factors: the concentration and volume of red dragon fruit peel extract (25 ml and 50 ml) and the proportions of wheat flour and Auricularia polytricha (30:70, 50:50, 70:30). Organoleptic test results data were analyzed using the Krusskal Wallis test and the Man-Whitney U test to test it further. The results showed that there was a significant effect of the nugget ingredient formulation on color, taste, and texture of the nuggets (p<0,05), and there was no significant effect on the aroma of the nuggets (p>0,05). The highest crude fiber content was found in nuggets with a composition of 70% Auricularia polytricha and 30% wheat flour with the addition of 50 ml red dragon fruit peel extract, which was 36.88%, and anthocyanin content of 0,99 mg/100 g. The best formula for Auricularia polytricha nuggets with the addition of red dragon fruit peel extract is J3E2 with a composition of 70% Auricularia polytricha and 30% wheat flour and the addition of 50 ml of red dragon fruit skin extract.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of Ownership Concentration and Media Exposure on Firm Value, with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) acting as a mediating variable. The research focuses on plantation sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select 12 companies, resulting in 48 observational data points. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with the assistance of EViews 12 software. The findings reveal that Ownership Concentration and Media Exposure significantly affect CSR. Furthermore, CSR has a positive influence on Firm Value. However, Ownership Concentration does not have a direct or indirect effect on Firm Value. Meanwhile, Media Exposure does not directly affect Firm Value, but it indirectly contributes through the mediation of CSR. These findings reinforce the role of CSR as a strategic signal in shaping market perceptions of corporate sustainability and reputation.