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Mozzarella cheese is traditionally made using rennet, an enzyme derived from the stomach lining of ruminant animals that plays a key role in coagulating milk. While effective, rennet has certain limitations such as its limited availability, relatively high cost, and concerns among vegetarians and certain religious groups regarding its animal origin. As a result, alternative coagulants that are easier to obtain, plant-based, and more environmentally friendly have gained interest. One such natural ingredient is lemon juice, which contains citric acid and can mimic the coagulation effect of rennet. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of lemon juice as a rennet substitute in the production of mozzarella cheese, specifically when applied in a food product like cheese-stuffed potato balls. The research involved organoleptic testing by 30 panelists to evaluate five sensory aspects: color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance. Several formulations were tested, and the sample containing 20 ml of lemon juice, 2 grams of citric acid, and an additional herb mix (Sample C) was rated the highest in preference across most parameters. The findings suggest that lemon juice is a viable alternative to rennet in mozzarella cheese making, particularly for small-scale or home-based production. It not only delivers acceptable sensory qualities but is also more accessible and affordable. Moreover, using lemon juice supports the development of more sustainable and vegetarian-friendly food options. In conclusion, lemon juice can successfully replace animal-based rennet, making mozzarella cheese production more inclusive, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious.

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that requires the blood to be at a temperature close to normal human body temperature, approximately 36– 38°C. Transfusing cold blood can lead to serious complications such as hypothermia, coagulation disorders, and even cardiac arrest. Therefore, a reliable and automated blood warming device is essential to ensure safe transfusions. This study aims to design and modify a Blood Warmer Thawing device based on the Arduino Uno microcontroller as an innovative and cost- effective solution, particularly for healthcare facilities with limited resources. The system integrates a DS18B20 temperature sensor to monitor the temperature of the heating medium in real time, with data displayed on a 20x4 I2C LCD. Users can set the desired temperature via a 4x4 keypad, and the system automatically adjusts the heater performance based on the detected temperature. To enhance safety and operational efficiency, the device is also equipped with a buzzer as a warning indicator when the temperature exceeds the safe threshold, and utilizes a DC motor and cooling fan to maintain proper heat circulation. Test results indicate that the device is capable of maintaining the liquid temperature within the ideal range for blood transfusions, with high stability and fast response to temperature changes. This innovation offers a practical, affordable, and easy-to-implement solution to support effective and safe blood transfusion procedures in various healthcare settings.

This study focuses on analyzing the efficiency of water usage during ablution in mosques, aiming to identify the factors causing inefficiency and propose solutions aligned with sustainability and Islamic values. Ablution is essential for Muslim prayer, yet modern mosques often neglect water efficiency, leading to waste and high operational costs. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining observations, water discharge measurements, and surveys from 35 congregants at an urban mosque. The results showed an average ablution water consumption of 2.47 liters per person, with significant variation, primarily due to faucet usage behaviors. The survey also revealed that 45.71% of participants viewed water use as inefficient, with mixed responses regarding the implementation of automatic faucets. These findings underscore that water conservation cannot be achieved solely through technical solutions like sensor faucets or water recycling systems. Instead, it requires integrating Islamic values and education to encourage behavioral change among mosque-goers. By promoting awareness and responsible water use, mosques can become role models in environmental conservation. This study highlights the importance of combining technical engineering solutions with spiritual values, contributing to a more sustainable and efficient use of resources in mosque facilities while adhering to Islamic principles.

Modern industries require automation to enhance operational efficiency and productivity. This study designs and implements an automatic sorting system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using a mini conveyor, ESP32 microcontroller, TCS3200 color sensor, servo motor, and the Blynk application. The system is designed to accurately detect object colors, sort objects based on color, and enable remote monitoring and control via mobile devices. Testing results indicate that the system can detect and sort objects with a high level of accuracy, although some errors occur due to changes in lighting conditions. The conveyor speed is consistently recorded at 0.335 m/s, while the system's response time, including color detection, servo movement, and application updates, operates within an optimal range. The Blynk application enhances the flexibility of real-time system control. This study demonstrates that IoT-based sorting systems can serve as an efficient solution to support industrial automation. Further development is recommended to improve color detection accuracy and expand the system's application in more complex industrial scenarios.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotions, and behavior, with auditory hallucinations being the most common symptom. This study aims to describe the nursing care process for patients with paranoid schizophrenia experiencing sensory perception disturbances, specifically auditory hallucinations. The research applied a descriptive case study design conducted in Dewaruci Ward, RSJD dr. Amino Gondohutomo, Central Java Province, from October to December 2024. Data were collected through interviews, direct observation, and medical record review, then analyzed using thematic analysis based on Miles and Huberman’s framework. The findings revealed that the patient was able to gradually reduce the intensity of auditory hallucinations and showed improvement in social interactions after nursing interventions, including identification of hallucinations, distraction techniques, therapeutic communication, and collaboration in pharmacological treatment. Family involvement also played an essential role in supporting the patient’s recovery process. This study implies that comprehensive nursing care based on bio-psycho-socio-spiritual approaches and family participation is effective in managing hallucinations and enhancing patient outcomes.

The DH Building of the Electrical Engineering Study Program at Udayana University faces significant challenges in energy efficiency, as it still relies on conventional electrical systems. User negligence, such as forgetting to switch off lights and air conditioners (AC) after use, often results in unnecessary energy waste and increased operational costs. This issue highlights the urgent need for smart solutions capable of automating energy management, reducing waste caused by human error, and supporting the creation of a more efficient and sustainable campus environment. To address this problem, this study designs and implements a smart building system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The system employs a NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller as the main processing unit, integrated with a series of sensors including a DHT22 sensor for monitoring temperature and humidity, an MQ2 sensor for smoke detection, a PIR sensor for motion detection, and a PZEM-004T sensor for monitoring energy consumption. Control of electronic devices such as lights and AC units is carried out both automatically and manually through relay modules connected to the system. All sensor data and control functions are accessed via a web interface developed using the Laravel framework and a MySQL database. The testing results indicate that the designed system was successfully implemented and functions as expected. Sensor testing demonstrated high accuracy compared to standard measuring instruments, while the electronic device control system achieved an average response time of approximately 3.6 seconds, proving its reliability. Overall, the system provides a comprehensive solution for energy consumption monitoring and control, while also enhancing comfort and safety in the DH Building, in line with the goals of energy efficiency and facility modernization.

This community service initiative was carried out with the aim of introducing and training students of SMP Islam Sawahan Turen in programming and utilizing Arduino and ESP32 microcontrollers as a foundation for understanding modern technology. The workshop was specifically designed to provide students with knowledge of basic electronic concepts, sensors, and data communication, while also equipping them with practical skills to create simple microcontroller-based projects. During the sessions, participants received explanations about Arduino and ESP32, including how to connect sensors, process collected data, and transmit information to the Internet of Things (IoT) platform. In addition to the theoretical materials delivered, students were given opportunities to engage in direct practice under the guidance of experienced instructors, allowing them to gain a deeper comprehension of how the devices function. The combination of theory and practice helped students strengthen both their conceptual understanding and their technical abilities. Furthermore, the activity aimed to foster creativity and curiosity among participants in designing innovative projects that have real-life applications. This spirit of exploration is expected to nurture problem-solving skills, adaptability, and technological awareness from an early age. Beyond simply broadening students’ technological insights, the program also contributes to the enhancement of their competencies and preparedness in facing challenges of the digital era, ensuring that they can continue to grow as innovative learners and future innovators.

Traditional herbal medicine MSMEs face challenges in increasing the appeal of their products among the younger generation who prefer fresh and modern drinks. To overcome this, innovation in the presentation of herbal medicine is needed to make it more practical, hygienic and attractive. One solution is the manufacture of a microcontroller-based portable box cooler that can maintain the freshness of herbal medicine at an optimal temperature. This box cooler is equipped with an automatic cooling system controlled by a microcontroller, ensuring the jamu stays fresh and high quality for a longer period of time. A temperature sensor monitors and adjusts the cooling conditions as needed, so that the herbs remain at their best when served. In addition, the automatic dispenser system helps regulate the volume of herbs dispensed precisely, reducing wastage and maintaining flavour consistency. With its portable and efficient design, this box cooler is perfect for use in various locations such as bazaars, cafes, offices, or community events. This innovation not only improves the efficiency and competitiveness of MSMEs, but also reinforces the image of jamu as a modern and contemporary healthy drink, making it more attractive to young consumers.

This study investigates the metaphorical expressions in the song Golden Hour by JVKE using Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The research aims to identify and analyze metaphors that represent emotional experiences, particularly romantic feelings, through the use of concrete and sensory imagery. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the lyrics of Golden Hour were analyzed to uncover how metaphorical language shapes the expression of love and emotional transitions. The findings reveal several dominant metaphor categories such as LOVE IS LIGHT, LOVE IS A JOURNEY, and EMOTION IS ELEVATION. These metaphors transform abstract emotions into vivid, relatable experiences by linking them to concepts like time, nature, and movement. The study concludes that metaphor in song lyrics functions as a cognitive and poetic device that enhances meaning and emotional resonance. The implications of this research highlight the relevance of metaphor analysis in understanding language, thought, and culture, especially in modern musical texts.

The culinary sector continues to grow through product innovation and creative marketing strategies, supported by culinary tourism that increases tourists’ interest in tasting regional specialties. Indonesia has many potential local food resources, one of which is young jackfruit, which can be utilized as an innovative plant-based ingredient, although its use is still limited. This study aims to develop dim sum filled with young jackfruit as an innovative, healthy, and value-added product. A quantitative experimental method was used to objectively and measurably assess the quality and consumer acceptance of the dim sum. The formulation of the dim sum involved young jackfruit, eggs, tapioca flour, and wheat flour, through processes such as washing, boiling, chopping, and steaming. Sensory analysis results showed that sample B excelled in aroma, taste, and overall evaluation, while sample A had the best color, and sample C had the best texture. Some challenges identified included color changes due to oxidation, sap affecting taste, and high air content affecting texture if not properly drained. The final dim sum product had a light brown color, chewy texture, and was sensorially accepted as a high-quality dim sum with potential for further development as an innovative culinary product. These findings indicate that utilizing young jackfruit as a filling ingredient can be an attractive alternative in developing traditional processed foods with high nutritional value and consumer appeal.

Indonesia, as an archipelagic nation, faces considerable challenges in meeting its food requirements in accordance with Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food Security. The country’s heavy reliance on wheat imports, ranking as the largest wheat importer globally, highlights the urgency of diversifying local food sources. This study aims to explore the utilization of jali flour (Coix lacryma-jobi L.), mocaf flour (Modified Cassava Flour), and soybean flour as raw materials for producing fettucini pasta, with the addition of green spinach extract for natural coloring and nutritional enhancement. A quantitative experimental method was employed, testing three formulations of jali and mocaf flour combined with soybean flour. Sensory evaluations were conducted with 35 panelists—comprising trained, semi-trained, and untrained participants—to assess color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The findings revealed that flour composition significantly influenced pasta’s sensory attributes. The F2 formulation (50% jali flour, 50% mocaf flour, 20% soybean flour) achieved the highest acceptance, with average scores across all parameters rated as “liked” to “highly liked.” The incorporation of spinach extract not only imparted an appealing natural green hue but also enhanced the product’s nutritional profile, particularly in iron and dietary fiber content. These results underscore the potential of combining jali and mocaf flours as a nutritious, gluten-free pasta alternative that supports local food diversification and reduces reliance on imported wheat.

This research develops an automated temperature control system for water heaters, that is both efficient and stable, driven by the need for energy-saving heating solutions, particularly for marine applications. The main objective was to create an automatic system capable of maintaining water temperature within an optimal range while maximizing energy efficiency through the use of thermal storage materials. The methodology involved an on-off control system based on a microcontroller as the main controller, capable of processing temperature sensor data in real time. This system intelligently activates and deactivates the heater to keep the water temperature stable. Paraffin wax was used as a latent heat storage medium, playing a crucial role in gradually storing and releasing thermal energy to support temperature stability. An automatic water heater system based on the ESP32 microcontroller with an on-off control mechanism was successfully designed using paraffin wax combined with silica sand as a thermal storage medium. The addition of silica sand significantly enhanced heat conductivity and temperature stability. Test results showed a substantial reduction in energy consumption, with daily savings reaching Rp12,762.88, equivalent to 67% of total daily energy costs. Over a one-year period, the total savings amounted to Rp4,658,103.20, demonstrating that the paraffin wax–silica sand combination is highly effective in improving energy efficiency and reducing long-term operational costs.

Renewable energy is non-fossil energy that can be renewed and managed sustainably, such as solar, wind, water, and biomass. To overcome dependence on weather conditions, this energy can be combined with alternative energy sources such as piezoelectric sensors, which can convert pressure into electrical energy. This study aims to design a prototype monitoring system for hybrid electric energy using solar panels, wind turbines, and piezoelectric elements as alternative energy sources on board ships. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is key to monitoring and managing these energy sources in real-time and automatically through integrated sensors and software. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method by creating a prototype that combines solar panels, wind turbines, and piezoelectric components as energy sources and designing a monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using the Kodular application. Several system components were tested through two types of testing: static and dynamic testing. The test results showed that the solar panel had the most stable performance with a voltage of approximately 16.50V and a current of 2.41A occurring between 13:00 and 16:00 WIB. The wind turbine was able to operate at low wind speeds and reached its highest voltage of 3.63V and current of 1.14A on the fifth day at 20:00 WIB with a wind speed of 1.1 knots. The piezoelectric system generated power according to the pressure and frequency of footstep impacts. The highest voltage recorded for a 70kg subject was 4.11V with a current of 0.19A. This hybrid system has the potential to be an environmentally friendly energy support solution on board ships.

This research aims to develop and evaluate the performance of a steam plant prototype designed as an alternative source of electrical energy to support the Vessel to Grid (V2G) concept. Utilization of backup energy on ships is becoming important as electricity demand increases and demands for a more sustainable electrical system. This system relies on ESP32 microcontroller technology as a control center that functions to monitor and control several key parameters, including steam pressure, combustion temperature, boiler water level, and the generated electrical voltage. The research method used is an experiment with a static and dynamic testing approach. Static testing is carried out to measure the performance of main components such as the boiler, turbine, and generator separately, while dynamic testing focuses on evaluating the overall system by involving the integration of sensors and supporting actuators. The test data is then analyzed quantitatively to determine the system's response to variations in steam pressure, temperature, and other operational conditions. The results show that the steam produced by the boiler is able to rotate the turbine, thereby driving the generator to produce electricity. The maximum voltage achieved is 25.7 volts at a steam pressure of 50 psi. The highest energy conversion efficiency was recorded at 4%, while the lowest efficiency was 0.9%. These findings demonstrate that, despite its relatively low efficiency, the prototype can function as an alternative energy source and emergency backup solution. Thus, this research provides an initial contribution to supporting the implementation of the V2G concept through the development of a small-scale steam plant-based energy conversion system.

Iron deficiency is one of the main causes of anemia, especially in women of childbearing age who have higher iron requirements. Preventive efforts can be done through functional food innovations based on natural iron sources. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) and red spinach (Amaranthus sp.) are known to contain iron in high amounts so they have the potential to be used as alternative raw materials in the manufacture of gluten-free noodles. This study aims to determine the effect of beetroot flour and red spinach flour formulations on the organoleptic properties (color, aroma, taste, and texture) and iron content of gluten-free noodle products. The study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments: F0 (control), F1 (50:50), F2 (75:25), and F3 (25:75). Iron content analysis was carried out using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method, while the organoleptic test involved 25 untrained panelists who were women aged 15–24 years. The results showed that treatment F3 produced the highest iron content of 12.092 ± 1.658 mg/100 g, while F2 achieved the highest sensory acceptability. Nevertheless, formulation F3 was determined to be the best formulation due to its optimal iron content. This gluten-free noodle product based on beetroot and red spinach has the potential to be developed as a functional food to prevent iron deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age.

This community service program in Gunung Kijang Village, Bintan Regency, Riau Islands Province, was designed to strengthen local empowerment through the synergy of education, economy, agriculture, and social participation. The activities consisted of four initiatives: workshops on Canva-based learning media for teachers, digital marketing training and social media account creation for MSMEs, participatory mapping of challenges and potentials of local food businesses, and smart farming education using soil moisture sensors to introduce efficient irrigation technology. The results showed significant achievements across sectors. In education, teachers improved their technological skills and created interactive media that enhanced student motivation. In the economic sector, MSMEs adopted digital promotion strategies, leading to wider market reach and sales. The participatory mapping revealed obstacles such as licensing, packaging, and financial literacy, while also identifying opportunities for product diversification using local resources. In agriculture, farmers were introduced to water-saving irrigation technology that improved efficiency and supported environmentally friendly practices. On the social side, community institutions such as PKK, Karang Taruna, and farmer groups played an important role in strengthening solidarity and expanding collaboration. Overall, the program proved that integrating digital literacy, technological innovation, and community participation can accelerate rural independence while fostering sustainable welfare for island communities.  

Conventional robotic surgical systems, while offering enhanced dexterity and 3D visualization, suffer from a critical limitation: the absence of tactile sensation. This sensory disconnect can lead to inadvertent tissue damage from excessive force application and complicates delicate maneuvers that rely on the surgeon's sense of touch. This research proposes and validates a novel surgical robotic system architecture designed to bridge this sensory gap by integrating high-fidelity 3D visual input with accurate, real-time force feedback from tactile sensors mounted on the end-effector. To rigorously evaluate this innovation, a structured comparative methodology was employed. A cohort of surgeons performed standardized surgical tasks, including suturing and tissue manipulation, on realistic soft-tissue phantoms. The performance of a conventional (visual-only) system was benchmarked against that of the proposed (visual-haptic) system. A comprehensive dataset was collected, which included objective metrics such as task completion time, precision deviation from the ideal tool path, and the magnitude of applied forces. Concurrently, subjective evaluations from the participating surgeons were gathered to assess perceived control, cognitive workload, and overall task confidence. The test data revealed statistically significant improvements when using the visual-haptic system. Participants not only completed tasks with greater speed and accuracy but also applied considerably lower and more consistent forces. The analysis underscores that haptic feedback, enabled by advanced sensor fusion, not only restores a crucial 'sense of touch' to the surgeon but also reduces the incidence of excessive force application, potentially minimizing tissue trauma and improving patient recovery. These findings confirm the hypothesis that haptic-visual integration constitutes a new paradigm in robotic surgery, shifting the paradigm from purely visual guidance to a more intuitive, multi-sensory surgical experience. This study also discusses future challenges and opportunities, including the potential for AI-driven partial autonomy, such as creating virtual safety boundaries or automating sub-tasks, and the development of next-generation sensor technologies to further enhance clinical outcomes.

Kotagede, one of the historic districts in Yogyakarta, boasts a rich cultural and architectural heritage that makes it a prominent destination for walking tours. Walking along its historic alleys, traditional buildings, bustling markets, and local life offers visitors an authentic cultural tourism experience. However, the current design of walking tours in Kotagede still tends to emphasize historical narratives and architectural visualization, leaving the multisensory potential of the area underutilized. This study aims to analyze how tourists perceive sensory experiences (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, and tactile) during walking tours in Kotagede and to identify the most dominant elements that shape such experiences. The research employed a descriptive, qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The participants consisted of 32 tourists who had just completed a walking tour, selected through purposive sampling. The findings reveal that visual experience is the most dominant sensory element, particularly through traditional architecture and historic buildings. Auditory elements, such as birdsong and market activities, enrich the atmosphere, while tactile experiences with building materials provide authenticity and strengthen tourists' emotional connection with local history.Meanwhile, olfactory elements, such as the aroma of spices, incense, and aged wood, contribute to the overall ambiance, though occasionally disrupted by unpleasant odors from waste. Gustatory experiences are often encountered during tours of local culinary products, demonstrating strong potential as markers of cultural identity, although they are not yet fully integrated into the tour itinerary. These findings highlight a gap between Kotagede's multisensory potential and the existing design of the walking tour. Therefore, the development of more holistic sensory-based walking tours is necessary to enhance visitor satisfaction while reinforcing Kotagede’s cultural identity as a meaningful heritage destination.

Floods are the most frequent natural disasters and cause material and non-material losses. One of the problems faced is the lack of early warning when floods occur. This problem can be overcome with a flood early warning system. This paper discusses the solution to this problem, namely by designing and implementing a real-time flood early warning system using IoT-based Internet of Things (IoT) technology ESP32 MQTT and APK Kodular. The objective of this research, compared to previous studies, shows a gap in the methods used. While previous studies used an IoT-based flood warning system that sends data via SMS or an HTTP server, this study applies real-time monitoring with the MQTT protocol, which allows sending water level data with low latency to the Kodular application for faster and more responsive warnings. The method used is to connect hardware with IoT where ESP32 is a client that sends data to MQTT and will display it in the Kodular APK. This flood early warning system consists of: ultrasonic sensors, ESP32, MQTT cloud, OLED, buzzer, LED, and APK on the phone to receive notifications through a mobile application created using Kodular. This IoT-based system is installed in the Kudu Regency river and can monitor water levels in real-time. Based on a predetermined threshold, the system can activate the LED indicator or buzzer and send an early warning message to the user via the APK on the phone. Test results show that this system functions effectively in providing flood warnings with an accuracy of 1-2 cm and in a timely manner, making it suitable for community-based flood monitoring solutions

This study examines the implementation of care governance in environmental public administration by highlighting the role of non-human actors. Based on Actor–Network Theory (ANT), exploratory qualitative research was conducted in the densely populated area of Tanjungpinang (April–June 2025). In environmental management, success is determined not only by technical skills, but also by the capacity of citizens to manage digital documents, spatial data, and technological infrastructure. Through interviews, observations, and document analysis. This approach was chosen because it allows for in-depth exploration of complex, contextual, and previously unstudied social phenomena, especially in the context of care governance to involve the relationship between humans and non-human objects in the local government ecosystem. Findings show that flood sensors, digital SOPs, inter-agency WhatsApp groups, and monitoring dashboards function as actors that trigger, direct, and accelerate coordination and decision-making. The integration of sensors and dashboards automates early warnings and the distribution of instructions, enabling rapid response. Implications: digital systems need to be designed as administrative actors with ethics, accountability, and capacity building. This study concludes that the implementation of care governance in environmental public administration at the local level cannot be separated from the active role of non-human actors such as flood sensors, digital documents, and online communication systems. Findings show that entities Findings show that these entities function not only as technical tools, but also as an integral part of a decision-making network capable of directing, accelerating, and streamlining administrative responses to environmental situations.