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Gross motor development in toddlers (aged 1–3 years) serves as a crucial foundation for their physical, cognitive, and social growth. Parental knowledge about the stages of this development is essential for providing appropriate stimulation and early detection of developmental delays. However, studies indicate that many parents, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, still have limited understanding, potentially hindering the optimal development of their children. This study aims to analyze parental knowledge of gross motor development in toddlers through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 20 selected studies conducted between 2020 and 2025. The findings reveal variability in parental knowledge levels, with education, access to digital information, and the role of healthcare professionals identified as key determinants. Recommended interventions include community-based education programs via posyandu (integrated health posts) for rural areas and the use of digital platforms for urban populations, supported by multisectoral policy integration to ensure program effectiveness and sustainability.

Digital transformation in the world of education has encouraged the use of digital media, particularly Learning Management Systems (LMS), in the learning process. This study aims to analyze the influence and effectiveness of LMS use on improving learning quality, learning motivation, and student engagement. The method used in this study is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), analyzing ten relevant national scientific articles published within the past five years. The findings indicate that the use of LMS such as Google Classroom, Moodle, and Schoology generally contributes positively to supporting more interactive, flexible, and structured learning. LMS has also proven to enhance learning independence and facilitate learning management by educators. However, its effectiveness is influenced by human resource readiness, digital competencies, and the availability of technological infrastructure. Therefore, continuous training for educators, the selection of LMS tailored to specific needs, and infrastructure support are necessary to achieve effective and sustainable digital learning.

This study aims to systematically examine the effectiveness of the implementation of Physics e-modules based on local wisdom on students’ critical thinking skills. The focus of The study is directed at the integration of local cultural values, especially through the context of making lapek sarikayo, as part of contextual and meaningful physics learning. The method used is Sstematic Literature Review (SLR), which is carried out through the Identification, selection, and analysis of 20 national scientific articles published in the last Five years. The analyzed articles were selected based on relevance to the topic of physics e-Modules, ethnoscience approaches or local wisdom, and measurement of critical thinking Skills. The results of the study show that e-modules that contain elements of local culture are able to increase student involvement,strengthen understanding of physics concepts, and significantly encourage critical thinking skills. A contextual approach through local culture is proven to provide a learning experience that is closer to the reality of learners. These findings have an important impact on the development of innovative teaching. Materials that are relevant to local cultural characteristics, as well as being a strategic reference in designing holistic and transformative 21st-century physics learning.

This study examines the role of perception in individual and organizational decision-making through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and content analysis approach. Perception is understood as an internal process that shapes understanding of objects, influencing preferences and decisions. Contextual factors such as culture, socio-economics, and technology also contribute to shaping perception. This study adopts a theoretical framework in which perception mediates the relationship between external attributes—such as price, quality, and brand image—and final decisions. By analyzing 993 scholarly articles from 2021 to 2025, this research maps perception models in consumer and organizational domains and identifies research gaps related to the integration of digital factors such as algorithms and AI. The validation process was conducted through triangulation between AI-generated prompts and human-based thematic analysis. The results highlight the need for perception models to adapt to digital dynamics and emphasize the importance of ethical integration in modern decision-making systems.  

This study analyses the application of the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) system in the manufacturing sector with the main objective of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of company operations compared to conventional cost accounting approaches. The ABC method links costs with relevant activities, thus giving a more realistic cost allocation that assists firms in identifying their inefficient costs and improves the quality of managerial decisions. This research applies the SLR approach in identifying, evaluating, and summarizing findings from various studies on ABC implementation. The search process has been carried out through the Google Scholar database, while the period of search concern is 2019 - 2024. Therefore, from the initial outcome of 588 articles retrieved, only 31 articles with the inclusion requirements were selected to be analyzed in depth. The findings show that companies using the ABC method have superior financial performance and competitiveness compared to those using traditional methods. Although the implementation of ABC requires a significant initial investment, the long-term benefits in the form of efficiency and more optimal resource management contribute greatly to the sustainability of manufacturing companies in the global market.

The development of the increasingly advanced times brings serious challenges to the formation of the character of the younger generation, especially at the elementary school levels. The phenomenon of declining religious values, discipline, and responsibility for students is a crucial issue that needs to be addressed immediately. This study aims to analyze the collaboration model between parents and schools in supporting tahfidz programs and their contribution to the formation of religious character, discipline, and student responsibility. The research method uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach by examining various relevant previous research results, as well as a qualitative descriptive approach to understand the dynamics of the collaboration. The results of the study show that strong collaboration between parents and schools in the tahfidz program has a significant impact on the formation of students' character. Effective forms of collaboration include intensive communication, active participation in the tahfidz process, and moral and material support at home. Children who receive optimal assistance from their parents tend to show stronger religious character, discipline in managing time, and a higher sense of responsibility for memorization. On the contrary, limited parental time, lack of understanding of memorization methods, and differences in commitment are the main inhibiting factors in the success of the program. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that synergy between parents and schools is the main key to the success of the tahfidz program to build a generation of character. Recommendations for schools are to strengthen the communication system with parents, provide training in memorization techniques for families, and create a conducive learning environment both at school and at home. Further research is recommended to involve field studies to get a more comprehensive picture of the implementation of this collaboration.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the “Aku Senang Belajar Membaca” book, de signed based on the Montessori method, for early childhood learners aged 3–7 years. Em ploying a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this research synthesizes findings from literature published between 2015 and 2025. The book, structured in four levels with culturally relevant Indonesian vocabulary and supported by Montessori materials like sandpaper letters, fosters reading interest, letter recognition, and confidence in early reading. Results indicate that integrating the book with Montessori media enhances phonological awareness, motivation, and engagement in literacy activities. These find ings underscore the importance of contextual and concrete learning materials for early childhood education, offering insights for educators and curriculum developers to improve literacy interventions in Indonesia.

Digital transformation has become a critical factor in enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the digital economy era. This study aims to examine the integration of e-wallet services and social media marketing strategies as components of digital transformation within MSMEs. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, the study analyzes 25 relevant scholarly articles published between 2018 and 2025. The findings indicate that the adoption of e-wallets facilitates financial transactions, improves operational efficiency, and promotes compliance with formal financial systems. Meanwhile, the use of social media proves effective in expanding market reach and strengthening customer engagement. However, the adoption of these digital tools remains constrained by several challenges, including limited digital infrastructure, low levels of technological literacy, and resistance to change. These findings offer important implications for policymakers and business practitioners in designing inclusive and sustainable digitalization strategies for MSMEs

 The instructional leadership of school principals is a strategic factor in improving the quality of education, particularly in shaping teacher performance and professionalism. In the context of modern educational challenges, school principals do not only act as administrative managers but also as educational leaders capable of guiding, mentoring, and developing teachers' capacities. This study aims to identify the influence of instructional leadership on teachers' performance and professionalism, as well as to uncover the dominant leadership strategies used in schools. The research questions addressed are: (1) How does instructional leadership influence teacher performance and professionalism? and (2) What are the dominant instructional leadership strategies in improving education quality? The study method uses a systematic literature review (SLR) approach by searching articles through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) using the keyword ‘guided inquiry search.’ Out of a total of 50 articles, five main articles were analysed in depth. The findings indicate that instructional leadership significantly influences teachers' work motivation, self-efficacy, and professional development. The most dominant strategies include academic supervision, strengthening the school's vision, and fostering a collaborative work environment. This study underscores the urgency of strengthening the instructional role of school principals and recommends further studies based on meta-analysis and a cross-national contextual approach.

This study aims to systematically examine the relationship between budget participation and organizational culture on improving managerial performance in the government sector. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach with PRISMA guidelines, a total of ten relevant national and international scientific articles in the period 2020 - 2025 were analyzed thematically and comparatively. The results showed that budget participation generally contributes positively to managerial performance, especially when supported by an adaptive, collaborative and inclusive organizational culture. Organizational culture plays an important role as a reinforcing factor, which can maximize the effectiveness of the participatory budgeting process. However, there were also variations in results that were influenced by organizational characteristics, leadership styles, and internal cultural readiness. This study concludes that the synergy between participatory systems and organizational culture is a key prerequisite for creating superior managerial performance in government environments. The findings provide strategic implications for policy makers in designing more participatory budget governance and building an organizational culture that supports bureaucratic transformation.

This study aims to systematically review the application of sensitivity analysis in operational decision-making based on linear programming. The research method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), analyzing scientific articles published between 2018 and 2024 from databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The review focuses on how sensitivity analysis is employed to evaluate the stability of linear programming solutions in the face of parameter changes, such as objective function coefficients, constraint bounds, and resource availability. The results indicate that local sensitivity analysis approaches are the most commonly used due to their simplicity and ease of interpretation. However, they fall short in capturing parameter interactions and complex uncertainty. Therefore, recent studies have started to explore global sensitivity methods, such as Morris and Sobol techniques, as well as geometric visualization approaches to provide a more holistic understanding. This study recommends integrating both local and global approaches and utilizing computational tools to enhance the robustness of operational decisions. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for more adaptive, efficient, and resilient decision-making under uncertainty.

This study examines the application of transportation problems in an effort to minimize goods transportation costs in various factories in Indonesia, using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Transportation problems, as a part of operations research, focus on optimizing distribution costs from sources to destinations. In the industrial context, good planning and strategy are essential to save transportation costs and increase profits. This study analyzes ten relevant journals published between 2017 and 2025, exploring various methods such as the transportation model, North West Corner, Stepping Stone, and Vogel's Approximation Method (VAM), including its modification (MVAM), to achieve efficiency in logistics distribution. The results of the study indicate that the application of these methods significantly contributes to reducing operational costs, accelerating distribution processes, and increasing overall logistics effectiveness in the Indonesian manufacturing sector.

This study identifies and validates critical risk factors in storage tank construction projects through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and expert judgment using Aiken’s V method. Initially, 103 journal articles were screened, with 43 selected for in-depth analysis, revealing 33 causal factors and six key risk categories. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving industry professionals (project managers, QA personnel, safety officers) enriched the findings by incorporating practical insights missing in academic literature. Eight experts then evaluated these factors using Aiken’s V, validating 13 causal factors and four risk factors as highly significant. Key causal factors included Structure Design, Material Delivery, and Foundation Design, while major risk factors were financial loss, non-compliance, workplace accidents, and poor-quality outcomes. The study establishes a structured risk model for storage tank projects, supporting future quantitative risk analysis and mitigation strategies.

Perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian ayam broiler dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor yang saling berkaitan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perilaku konsumen dalam pembelian ayam broiler serta mengidentifikasi faktor utama yang menentukan keputusan pembelian. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan pendekatan PRISMA, yang melibatkan analisis terhadap 15 jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang dipublikasikan dalam rentang waktu 2020-2025. Setelah melalui proses seleksi, sebanyak 13 jurnal dinyatakan relevan dan digunakan dalam analisis lebih lanjut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa faktor pribadi memiliki pengaruh terbesar terhadap keputusan pembelian ayam broiler, dengan tingkat keterlibatan mencapai 100%. Faktor ini mencangkup aspek harga, kualitas produk, tampilan, kemasan, dan kebersihan. Selain itu, faktor budaya sebesar 15%, sosial, dan psikologis masing-masing memiliki pengaruh sebesar 23%. Temuan ini menunjukan bahwa pemahaman mendalam mengenai perilaku konsumen menjadi aspek krusial bagi pelaku usaha dalam menyusun strategi pemasaran yang lebih efektif. Dengan memahami faktor-faktor utama yang mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian, produsen dan pedagang ayam broiler dapat menyesuaikan produk, harga, serta strategi promosi agar lebih sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan preferensi konsumen.

Phishing is an evolving form of cybercrime that targets users' sensitive information through URL manipulation. Conventional detection methods such as blacklists and signature-based approaches have become increasingly inadequate in addressing the dynamic variations of modern phishing attacks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) variants, such Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), in detecting phishing threats based on URL data. The methodology involves a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of scholarly publications from the past ten years, complemented by experimental implementation of the models using a public dataset from Kaggle. Literature findings show that Bi-LSTM consistently achieves the highest accuracy, up to 99%, while GRU stands out for its computational efficiency. Experimental results support these findings, with Bi-LSTM achieving an accuracy of 96.22%, GRU 96.29%, and LSTM 95.43%. Classification metrics indicate that RNN-based models perform very well in detecting benign and defacement URLs, although their performance on phishing URLs remains challenged, particularly in terms of recall. These results confirm that RNNs remain a promising approach for phishing detection systems, especially when integrated into hybrid models with complementary architectures. This study is expected to provide a foundation for developing precise and adaptive AI systems to combat increasingly sophisticated phishing threats.

This study presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) focusing on the application of the Branch and Bound (B&B) method in production optimization. In modern industry, achieving operational efficiency and profitability is essential, yet optimization often yields fractional solutions that are unrealistic for indivisible entities. The Branch and Bound method, as part of Integer Programming, has proven effective in addressing these constraints by converting fractional solutions into optimal integer values. This SLR analyzed 12 scientific articles published between 2016 and 2024, sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and SINTA. The analysis reveals that B&B is widely utilized to maximize production profit across various sectors, including spring beds, woven fabrics, bread, and furniture, often formulated as Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problems. Furthermore, this method is also applied to minimize production time and determine the shortest routes. Overall, B&B is a flexible and efficient tool that assists companies in managing resources and achieving maximum profit with realistic integer solutions.

This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to analyze the application of the simplex method as a tool for solving real-world optimization problems. Mathematics education plays a crucial role in developing critical thinking and achieving accurate results. Linear programming, with its highly effective simplex method, is a branch of mathematics proven to solve various optimization challenges such as cost minimization, profit maximization, distribution, and scheduling. In practice, the simplex method is an alternative algorithm that systematically searches for the optimal solution to problems by moving from one feasible solution to another until the best result is achieved. This study identifies, examines, evaluates, and interprets relevant studies on the simplex method's application in real-world contexts. Our review of 20 journals reveals that the simplex method is highly effective in solving a wide range of optimization problems, from large-scale industries to Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Examples of its application include optimizing fish feed costs at PT. Indojaya Agrinusa, maximizing profits for Seblak MSMEs, determining optimal sales quantities for areca nuts, and optimizing the production of tofu and pottery crafts, among others. The simplex method's ability to consider various limiting factors has proven to be extremely helpful.

This study aims to find out the code of ethics in the accounting profession in Indonesia, consisting of the influence of the code of ethics and the application of the code of ethics on the accounting profession in Indonesia. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. SLR is a research technique that is carried out to evaluate, analyze, collect and maintain information from several article sources obtained from websites such as google scholar as many as 30 articles. The result of this study is that a code of ethics is very necessary in the accounting profession, especially in Indonesia. Based on the influence of the code of ethics in Indonesia, it increases public trust and regulates behavior professionally. And based on the application of the code of ethics, the Indonesian accountant profession can prevent unethical practices and abuse of office as well as strengthen accountability and transparency.    

The digital era has brought significant changes in the world of education, especially in strengthening the character of students. This study aims to identify the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in strengthening character education through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to five selected relevant journal articles published in the last five years. The results of the analysis show that ICT can be strategically utilized in instilling character values such as honesty, responsibility, discipline, empathy, and integrity. The implementation of ICT through learning platforms, digital applications, and technology-based literacy movements has proven to be able to create learning experiences that are morally charged as well as fun. However, the use of ICT also presents challenges such as cyberbullying and misuse of technology that need to be anticipated with digital literacy and ethical mentoring. This research recommends the wise and contextual integration of ICT in character learning to form a generation with strong character and adaptive to the times.

This study aims to identify teacher strategies in regulating the emotions of children with moderate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at SLB PGRI Kamal. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) approach, it was found that teacher strategies include firm verbal communication, light physical touch such as patting the shoulder, short and clear instructions, short study sessions with breaks, and diversion through light tasks. This strategy has been proven effective in reducing emotional outbursts and increasing children's focus in class. The success of implementing the strategy is highly dependent on teacher readiness, collaboration with parents, and support from the school environment.