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Digital evolution in the pattern of social interaction of the community also has a significant influence on the dynamics of the national judicial system. The transformation covers all judicial sectors, both religious and public, especially related to the technique of presenting evidence in the litigation process. This research is carried out with normative legal methods and is descriptive analytical. The author utilizes secondary data obtained through library search, which is then processed with qualitative normative analysis techniques. The legitimacy of screenshots as evidence has been explicitly regulated in applicable regulations. Referring to the renewal of the ITE Law in Law Number 1 of 2024, Article 5 paragraph (1) affirms that electronic information and its printed results are recognized as valid evidence before the law. This study shows that normatively, screenshots have a strong legal position in the civil system. However, in the reality of the trial, this instrument is positioned as a free evidence (vrij bewijs), which means that the weight of the evidence is not absolute and depends on the judge's evaluation and conviction.

Bullying in junior high schools often results in serious psychological and social impacts, such as fear, low self-esteem, and decreased academic achievement. This study aims to examine the implementation of group guidance services using psychodrama techniques in addressing bullying behavior in junior high school students. The method used was a qualitative approach with a library research study, utilizing various existing sources such as scientific journals, books, and articles relevant to the topic of bullying and psychodrama. Data were collected through a literature search, selecting appropriate sources, and grouping them based on the study theme. Data analysis refers to the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the application of psychodrama techniques in group guidance can increase empathy, self-awareness, and social communication skills in students, resulting in significant changes in the intensity and frequency of bullying behavior. Thus, psychodrama techniques can be a relevant approach in group guidance services to address bullying behavior in junior high school students, as they can encourage deeper social understanding and emotional changes.

Learning motivation is very important for students’ academic success, especially at the senior high school level. At SMA Negeri 3 Tana Toraja, there are still problems that cause low student motivation. These problems include lack of interest in learning, low self-confidence, and the use of technology mostly for entertainment purposes. This study aims to identify ways to improve students’ learning motivation through technology-based group guidance services. The research uses a library study method by collecting and analyzing scientific sources such as books and previous research journals. The results show that learning motivation is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include self-efficacy, while external factors include the fulfillment of needs for autonomy, competence, and social relatedness. Technology-based group guidance services can be an effective alternative because they combine social interaction with digital media that are familiar to students. Through discussions, sharing experiences, and the use of digital platforms, students become more active, open, and motivated in learning. Guidance and counseling teachers play an important role as facilitators in creating a supportive group dynamic. They provide positive reinforcement and help students develop self-confidence. Healthy group dynamics encourage supportive interactions, which in turn enhance students’ intrinsic motivation. Therefore, the integration of group guidance services and technology can be an effective strategy to improve students’ learning motivation and support optimal learning outcomes.

This research is prompted by the unique narrative of Rahab, a Canaanite woman who occupies a critical theological position in Israel’s history of salvation despite her status as an outsider to the chosen people. The primary focus of this study is to explore the dimensions of Rahab’s faith and God’s sovereignty as recorded in Joshua 2:1-12. This study aims to analyze how the confession of faith from a marginalized individual aligns with God's sovereign plan and to determine the relevance of these values for contemporary Christian witness. The method employed is a qualitative approach utilizing library research and exegetical analysis of the text in Joshua 2:1-12. The findings indicate that Rahab's faith was not merely an act of self-preservation but a theological response to the formidable power of God that transcends ethnic boundaries and social status. God's sovereignty is proven capable of working through unexpected subjects to fulfill His divine purpose. The implications of this research assert that modern Christian witness must be inclusive and transformative, where the courage to declare God's truth amidst threatening situations constitutes a tangible form of living faith. The church is called to perceive God's sovereignty as the fundamental basis for mission and witness, unrestricted by social or cultural exclusivity.    

This study aims to analyze the protection of victims of sexual violence crimes from a victimology perspective within Indonesian criminal law. This research employs a normative legal method with a qualitative approach, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches. Data were collected through library research based on legislation and recent scientific journals published between 2021 and 2026. The results indicate that, normatively, Indonesia has established a relatively strong legal framework, particularly with the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes. However, its implementation remains constrained by several challenges, including limited capacity of law enforcement officials, weak inter-institutional coordination, and structural and cultural factors such as patriarchal culture and victim blaming practices. Furthermore, victims are still at risk of experiencing revictimization during the criminal justice process. From a victimology perspective, this condition reflects that the Indonesian criminal justice system is still in a transitional phase toward victim-oriented justice. Therefore, strengthening the victimological approach through comprehensive legal reform, enhancing the professionalism of law enforcement officers, and transforming legal culture in society are essential to ensure effective and substantive justice for victims.

This study explores the historical renaissance of Islamic education in Indonesia, which signifies a transformative era of holistic and integrative scientific development. Central to this movement is the institutional conversion of the State Islamic Institute (IAIN) into the State Islamic University (UIN). Employing a qualitative library research methodology, this inquiry analyzes diverse secondary sources, including scientific journals, academic texts, and credible digital archives. The findings indicate that the UIN system successfully produces graduates who are not only proficient in science and technology but also deeply rooted in Islamic scholarship. By implementing a paradigm of scientific integration, UIN positions itself at the forefront of the Islamic educational revival in Indonesia. Ultimately, this institutional evolution serves as a vital engine for developing human resources capable of navigating the complexities of the modern global landscape without compromising spiritual values.

The absence of specific regulations governing the mechanism and legal consequences of revoking special power of attorney during ongoing civil court proceedings creates a legal vacuum that generates uncertainty for all parties involved. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of unilateral revocation of special power of attorney on the continuity of civil proceedings and the legal standing of attorneys thereafter. Using a normative juridical approach through statutory and conceptual methods, data were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using a prescriptive method. The results show that unilateral revocation during ongoing proceedings creates a formal defect that risks rendering the lawsuit inadmissible before the merits are examined, obstructing the principles of simple, fast, and low-cost justice as mandated by Law Number 48 of 2009. Furthermore, the attorney loses formal legitimacy to represent the principal from the moment revocation is notified, though all prior legal actions remain binding upon the principal as the material party, and such revocation without valid legal basis constitutes a breach of contract obligating the principal to pay compensation under Article 1809 of the Civil Code. This study concludes that regulatory reform is urgently needed to fill the existing legal vacuum and ensure legal certainty in civil court proceedings in Indonesia.

English learning at the elementary school level plays an important role in developing students’ early language competence, particularly in listening skills as the foundation for other language abilities. However, many learning processes still rely on conventional teaching methods that do not fully accommodate the developmental characteristics of young learners, resulting in limited engagement and listening comprehension. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of storytelling in improving English listening skills among elementary school students and to identify effective implementation strategies in classroom learning. This research employs a library research method by reviewing and analyzing various relevant literature sources, including books, scientific journals, and previous research findings related to storytelling in English language learning. The analysis shows that storytelling contributes significantly to improving students’ listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, attention, and learning motivation. Through structured narratives, expressive delivery, and the support of visual media, storytelling creates a contextual and meaningful learning environment that helps students understand spoken English more effectively. The findings also indicate that the effectiveness of storytelling is closely related to the developmental characteristics of elementary school students who learn better through concrete, imaginative, and engaging experiences. Furthermore, the implementation of storytelling through systematic stages pre-listening, while-listening, and post-listening can enhance students participation and comprehension during the learning process. In conclusion, storytelling can be considered an effective instructional strategy for improving English listening skills among elementary school students while also supporting vocabulary development and creating an engaging learning atmosphere.

This study aims to examine the contributions of A.M. Sangaji to the field of education during the period of 1922–1949 within the broader context of anti-colonial struggle. This research employs a qualitative method with a historical approach, involving the stages of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Data sources are derived from library research, including books, scholarly articles, and relevant historical documents. The findings reveal that A.M. Sangaji’s contributions to education were closely intertwined with his political and social activism within Sarekat Islam. He actively established Qur’anic teaching centers and educational institutions, particularly in East Kalimantan, aimed at enhancing intellectual and religious awareness among indigenous communities. Furthermore, his role as a writer and orator significantly influenced the development of national consciousness and resistance against colonial rule. His integrity, ideas, and commitment to education highlight his substantial role in the history of Indonesian education. This study concludes that A.M. Sangaji’s contributions extended beyond formal education to encompass social, political, and religious education oriented toward the liberation of society from colonial oppression. Therefore, A.M. Sangaji deserves recognition as both an educational figure and a national hero, with enduring relevance for contemporary educational development.

This study aims to analyze the criminalization of juvenile victims of drug abuse from a victimology perspective in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research with a descriptive approach, conducted through library research on primary and secondary legal materials. The results show that in law enforcement practices, juveniles involved in drug abuse are often treated as offenders and processed through the criminal justice system. A case study in Surabaya reveals that juveniles who should have been recommended for rehabilitation were instead sentenced to imprisonment. From a criminological perspective, juvenile involvement is influenced by environmental factors, peer pressure, and weak family supervision. In the victimological perspective, these juveniles should be viewed as victims who require protection and rehabilitation. Therefore, a paradigm shift in the criminal justice system is needed, emphasizing a rehabilitative approach and legal protection for juveniles. This approach can reduce stigma and support a more effective rehabilitation process, with the hope of helping children's psychological and social recovery.

This study aims to analyze digital transformation in public administration as a strategy to improve the efficiency and transparency of government services in Poso Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with library research methods, sourced from various scientific literature, both national and international journals relevant to the research topic. The results show that digital transformation plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of public services through the automation of administrative processes, thereby accelerating service times and reducing the potential for human error. Furthermore, digital transformation also increases transparency and accountability through the openness of public information that is widely accessible to the public. However, the implementation of digital transformation in the regions still faces various challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure, low readiness and competence of human resources, and suboptimal system integration and data security. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed, including strengthening digital infrastructure, increasing the capacity of government officials, and optimizing open data-based policies. This research is expected to contribute to the development of sustainable digital transformation policies at the regional level.

This study examines the integration of Christian values into the Merdeka Curriculum for Christian Religious Education (PAK) in junior high schools (SMP), focusing on the challenges and strategies for its implementation. The Merdeka Curriculum, introduced in 2022, offers flexibility in instructional design; however, its implementation in the field of PAK requires specific adaptations to maintain the relevance of Christian values such as love, justice, and responsibility. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using library research combined with empirical content analysis of various case studies in Indonesian Christian schools. The findings indicate that the primary challenges include resource constraints, the readiness of PAK teachers, technological infrastructure gaps, and the influence of secular digital culture. Effective strategies include the development of a contextual curriculum based on Christian values, the utilization of digital technology in learning, the enhancement of teachers’ professional competencies, and collaboration between schools, families, and churches. The implications of this study suggest that the integration of Christian values into the Merdeka Curriculum can foster the holistic character of junior high school students, equipping them with integrity, resilience, and the ability to face the challenges of the digital age.

Public services are a state obligation to meet the basic needs of the community and have a strong legal basis through various laws and regulations in Indonesia. However, in practice, the implementation of public services still faces various problems such as slow service processes, unclear procedures, lack of transparency in costs and service times, and maladministration. This study aims to analyze the gap between the normative concept of public services and their implementation in practice and to identify factors that influence the low quality of public services. The research method used is a qualitative approach with library research through analysis of various literature, laws and regulations, and data from public service supervisory agencies. The results show that the main problems in public services in Indonesia are related to the weak implementation of service standards, low transparency and accountability, and suboptimal professionalism of the apparatus. In addition, maladministration practices such as prolonged delays and procedural deviations are still common. Digital transformation through the implementation of e-government is one effort to improve service quality, although its implementation still faces obstacles in human resources, infrastructure, and bureaucratic culture. Therefore, strengthening public service governance, increasing transparency, and optimizing oversight are necessary to ensure public services are more effective, accountable, and oriented toward the public interest.

This study examines the local wisdom values of the Javanese and Batak ethnic groups in maintaining harmony between humans and nature, as well as their relevance to shaping the spirituality of Generation Z. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a library research approach. Data were obtained from books, scientific articles, and previous studies. The findings show that Memayu Hayuning Bawana and Habonaron Do Bona both emphasize balance and harmony among humans, nature, and God. These values can be applied by Generation Z to develop ecological spirituality rooted in local wisdom and aligned with modern challenges. This study contributes to strengthening the spiritual identity of young generations in the digital era through the revitalization of local wisdom values, The younger generation can find a more holistic and harmonious life guide, while strengthening their spiritual identity amidst the currents of globalization and digitalization. This research contributes to efforts to shape the character and spirituality of an environmentally conscious young generation, based on local wisdom.

The Regional Public Library of Sidoarjo Regency plays an important role as a public facility in supporting the development of community literacy. Along with population growth and the advancement of the education sector, the library is required to provide spaces that are comfortable, safe, and inclusive for all users. However, existing conditions indicate various architectural problems that potentially hinder the optimal function of the library. This study aims to identify architectural issues at the Regional Public Library of Sidoarjo Regency, including building conditions, spatial layout, user comfort, and the availability of thematic literacy facilities and inclusive spaces. The research method employed observation and literature review. Field observation was conducted to document the actual conditions of the building and library facilities, while the literature review focused on library standards, building regulations, and relevant architectural theories. The results show that although the library building is structurally adequate, the quality of space has not fully met the required standards of comfort, safety, and functionality. The spatial arrangement remains conventional and lacks flexibility, limiting its ability to support diverse literacy activities. In addition, thematic literacy facilities and the application of inclusive design principles are still limited. This study concludes that architectural development efforts are needed, focusing on improving spatial quality, implementing adaptive spatial planning, and providing more diverse and inclusive literacy facilities. The findings are expected to serve as a reference for future development planning of the Regional Public Library of Sidoarjo Regency in order to enhance its role as an educational public space and a community literacy center.

Self-confidence is an important psychological aspect that affects students' academic, social, and emotional success. Students with low self-confidence often struggle with interactions, expressing opinions, and optimizing their academic potential, which can negatively impact their personal development in school. Therefore, this issue requires attention through appropriate guidance and counseling services. This study aims to review various guidance and counseling strategies to address low self-confidence in students based on a literature review of the last six years. The method used is a library study with a traditional literature review approach, analyzing 15 national and international journal articles. The results indicate that low self-confidence is influenced by internal factors (such as negative self-concept and low self-efficacy) and external factors (such as bullying experiences and lack of social support). The impacts include decreased academic performance, social barriers, and negative emotions such as anxiety. Various guidance strategies, such as individual counseling, group counseling with sociodrama, and empathetic teacher communication, have proven effective in enhancing students' self-confidence. These findings suggest that low self-confidence is not a permanent condition but can be addressed through planned and ongoing guidance interventions. .

This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucratic reform in realizing good governance and improving the quality of public services in Indonesia. The research employs a library research method by reviewing various relevant academic sources, including journals, books, and official reports. The findings indicate that bureaucratic reform has a positive impact on enhancing efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability in public administration. The implementation of reforms through service digitalization, procedural simplification, and the application of standard operating procedures (SOPs) has significantly improved the quality of public services, particularly in terms of speed, accessibility, and service certainty. Furthermore, bureaucratic reform promotes the implementation of good governance principles, such as transparency, participation, and accountability. However, several challenges remain, including resistance to change, limited human resource competencies, and uneven policy implementation across government institutions. Therefore, continuous efforts are required through capacity building, strengthening monitoring systems, and optimizing the use of information technology to ensure the sustainability and success of bureaucratic reform.

Vocabulary acquisition is a fundamental component of English language learning because it enables students to comprehend texts and develop broader communication skills. In elementary school contexts, however, vocabulary instruction is frequently delivered through traditional teaching practices that are not closely related to students’ real-life experiences. As a result, students often face difficulties in understanding and retaining new vocabulary. One potential approach to address this issue is the integration of local wisdom into learning activities so that the materials become more contextual and meaningful for learners. Therefore, this study aims to examine how the incorporation of local cultural elements can support vocabulary development among elementary school students. This research employed a descriptive qualitative design using a library research method. The data were gathered from various academic sources, including national and international journal articles, scholarly books, and conference proceedings that discuss English language learning, vocabulary development, and the integration of local wisdom in educational practices. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis by identifying, comparing, and synthesizing relevant findings from previous studies. The results indicate that the use of local cultural content, such as folklore, traditional practices, and community-based contexts, can significantly support students in understanding and remembering new vocabulary items. Learning materials that reflect students’ cultural backgrounds also contribute to higher levels of learning motivation and classroom participation. In conclusion, integrating local wisdom into English learning can create a more meaningful instructional environment and effectively support vocabulary mastery among elementary school students.

The phenomenon of academic procrastination is a serious obstacle in the world of education, manifesting as a deliberate delay in starting or completing school assignments. This behavior leads to a decline in academic achievement and an increase in student anxiety when approaching deadlines. This article aims to examine the effectiveness of time management as a strategy to reduce academic procrastination behavior in students through a comprehensive literature review. The research method employed is library research, using content analysis techniques on scientific journal articles and previous research findings relevant within the last ten years. The research findings indicate a significant negative correlation between time management and academic procrastination, where the ability to prioritize and adhere to schedules effectively can lower the level of task delay. Furthermore, intervention through guidance and counseling services using self-management techniques has proven to be a strategic solution in enhancing student learning independence. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of the role of Guidance and Counseling teachers in integrating time management training into guidance programs to support students' sustainable academic effectiveness.

This is a worrying issue in the digital age and has been shown to significantly contribute to low student academic achievement. This research aims to examine the role of Guidance and Counseling (BK) services in addressing social media addiction in students with low academic achievement. The method used in this research is library research with a qualitative approach through content analysis and literature synthesis techniques sourced from various scientific references published between 2020 and 2025. The results show that students addicted to social media have low self-control, resulting in academic procrastination and a consistent decline in learning achievement. GC services have proven to play a strategic role through preventive, curative, and developmental functions implemented through classical guidance, individual counseling, and group counseling. The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach and self-management technique have proven most effective in helping students reduce social media addiction and improve learning discipline. However, the effectiveness of GC services is still constrained by the non-ideal ratio of counseling teachers, the lack of digital literacy-based GC programs, and students' negative stigma toward counseling services. This study recommends developing GC programs specifically designed to address digital addiction by involving the entire school ecosystem consistently.