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This article examines Ibn Khaldun's philosophical perspective on wages and its relevance to the wage system in Indonesia in the modern era. Ibn Khaldun, a prominent 14th-century Muslim thinker, emphasized that wages are closely linked to the value of work, social justice, and the economic stability of a society. In his Muqaddimah, he emphasized that establishing fair wages is not merely an economic issue but also a moral and social pillar that can prevent societal disintegration. Equitable wages, he argued, must be able to guarantee a decent living for workers and their families, while also supporting continued productivity and social cohesion. This study uses a qualitative normative approach through content analysis of relevant texts in the Muqaddimah and comparing them with wage policies in Indonesia, including minimum wage regulations, labor protection, and welfare policies. Data were obtained from library research, national regulations, and recent academic literature on wage policies. The results of the study indicate that although Indonesia has a minimum wage regulation, its implementation still faces significant challenges, particularly in ensuring fairness for informal sector and low-income workers. Factors such as regional economic inequality, inflation, and weak labor oversight often undermine the effectiveness of these policies. By revisiting the principles of Ibn Khaldun, this article offers the perspective that ideal wages should not only be measured by labor market needs but should also integrate principles of ethics, morality, and social responsibility. This integration is expected to strengthen worker welfare, increase national productivity, and maintain long-term economic stability. This study also provides a relevant philosophical framework for critiquing and reforming wage policies in Indonesia, with reference to the values of justice and welfare in classical Islamic economics.

Perkembangan produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia menunjukkan tren positif dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, di mana pada periode 2018–2022 produktivitas meningkat sebesar 4,8% dengan capaian tertinggi pada tahun 2022 mencapai Rp86,55 juta per pekerja per tahun. Potensi kelautan dan perikanan yang besar menjadi salah satu modal penting dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Proyeksi pertumbuhan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Indonesia pada tahun 2025 diperkirakan berada pada kisaran 4,9% hingga 5%, yang didorong oleh belanja publik yang terarah serta peningkatan investasi di berbagai sektor strategis. Pada tahun 2024, jumlah lapangan kerja diperkirakan mencapai 144,64 juta orang dengan pertumbuhan lapangan kerja baru yang berkontribusi terhadap penurunan tingkat pengangguran. Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) mengalami peningkatan dari 71,92 pada tahun 2023 menjadi target 72,51 pada tahun 2025, yang mencerminkan perbaikan kualitas pendidikan, kesehatan, dan standar hidup masyarakat. Rasio Gini, sebagai indikator ketimpangan pendapatan, menurun menjadi 0,380 pada akhir tahun 2024, menunjukkan peningkatan pemerataan pendapatan. Dari sisi pelayanan kesehatan, data alokasi BPJS Kesehatan pada tahun 2024 mencatat 102,8 juta data sampel yang tersedia, mencerminkan cakupan layanan kesehatan yang luas. Sementara itu, dari sisi fiskal, total penerimaan pajak dalam APBN 2024 diperkirakan mencapai Rp2.309,86 triliun dengan realisasi sementara sebesar Rp869,50 triliun, di mana penerimaan pajak termasuk pajak penghasilan dan pajak pertambahan nilai menunjukkan tren peningkatan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Belanja negara diperkirakan mencapai Rp3.325,12 triliun yang diharapkan mampu mendukung pemerataan dan keberlanjutan pembangunan nasional.

This study aims to compare the financial performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks operating in Jambi Province during the 2021–2023 period. The approach used is comparative quantitative, with descriptive analysis and independent sample t-tests. Five key financial ratios were analyzed in this study: Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Operating Expenses to Operating Income (BOPO), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR). Data were obtained from the quarterly financial reports of each sample bank, thus reflecting actual financial performance on a periodic and ongoing basis. The analysis shows significant differences in three key financial ratios: ROA, ROE, and BOPO. Conventional banks demonstrate higher levels of profitability and operational efficiency than Islamic banks. High ROA and ROE values reflect the effectiveness of conventional banks in generating profits from their assets and capital. Furthermore, lower BOPO ratios in conventional banks indicate a better ability to control operating costs. In contrast, no significant differences were found in the NIM and LDR ratios, indicating equality between the two types of banks in generating interest margins and disbursing credit or financing to customers. This finding has important implications for the development of the Islamic banking sector to be more competitive, particularly in terms of efficiency and profitability. Islamic banks are expected to improve their asset and operational management strategies to increase competitiveness amidst the dual banking system in Indonesia. This research also contributes to regulators in formulating policies that support the growth of Islamic banks in the regions. For academics and practitioners, this study broadens understanding of the dynamics of local banking financial performance and serves as a reference for further research on the effectiveness of the dual banking system in the regional context.

Dating violence among adolescents is a phenomenon that is often unnoticed and hidden behind relationships considered to be normal. Many adolescents get caught in unhealthy relationships due to a lack of understanding about boundaries and the types of violence that can occur in dating relationships, such as physical, verbal, emotional, and sexual abuse. Dating violence is often seen as part of the normal dynamics of a relationship, but it can have significant negative impacts on the mental and physical health of adolescents involved. This study aims to provide education on the importance of recognizing signs of dating violence and to encourage adolescents to build healthy, equitable relationships. Through educational activities, it is hoped that adolescents can increase their awareness of dating violence, understand the importance of boundaries, and gain the courage to take action if they or their partners experience violence. This education also aims to foster empathy, respect, and healthy communication skills between adolescent couples. The education provided includes information that helps adolescents recognize the different forms of violence and how to avoid them. It also emphasizes the importance of open communication and mutual support in relationships. With good communication skills, adolescents are expected to resolve conflicts constructively and keep their relationships positive. Values of equality and mutual respect in relationships are also introduced to ensure that both partners feel valued and respected. With a better understanding of healthy relationships, it is hoped that adolescents will be able to make better decisions in their relationships. Through ongoing education, dating violence can be prevented from an early age. This will allow adolescents to engage in safer, more respectful, and positive relationships, while reducing the negative effects of dating violence.

This study analyzes the phenomenon of judgmental attitudes among women in public spaces, particularly in women-only train carriages, through the perspective of radical feminism and the concept of internalized misogyny. Internalized misogyny is a form of internalization of sexist and discriminatory values ​​against women that are accepted and carried out by women themselves without realizing it, as a result of the influence of patriarchal culture that has taken root in society. This judgmental attitude appears in the form of rivalry, mutual demeaning, and the tendency to compare oneself with other women to gain validation or feel superior. A case study conducted in a women-only train carriage shows that spaces that should be safe for women actually create new social dynamics, such as competition for facilities, conflicts between passengers, and the erosion of empathy and solidarity among women. These findings indicate that internalized misogyny exacerbates negative stereotypes against women and strengthens rivalries between them, thus creating an environment that does not support solidarity. For example, women tend to demean each other or feel threatened when they are in spaces that should be safe for them. This research highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of internalized misogyny and its impact on women's social interactions in public spaces, as this phenomenon hinders the creation of more equal and supportive relationships between women. A deeper understanding of these dynamics can facilitate women's empowerment and foster stronger solidarity within society. Therefore, it is crucial for women to dismantle their internalized patriarchal values to foster equality and support among women in public spaces.

This study aims to determine the role of parents in fulfilling the right to education for girls based on the implementation of Article 31 Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution in the region. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection methods in the form of interviews, observations, and documentation. Informants in this study consisted of village heads, parents, and girls who dropped out of school. Data analysis was carried out using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman which includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study revealed that some parents showed a high awareness of the importance of education for girls and provided real support by sending their children to school to a certain level of education. However, there are also parents who still limit their children's education to only a certain level, mainly due to limited economic reasons and the influence of cultural values ​​rooted in society. Factors such as economic dependence on girls and the view that higher education is not necessary for women are obstacles in realizing equal access to education. The implementation of Article 31 Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution at the village level has not been optimal because there are no specific policies or programs from the village government that actually guarantee the right to education for girls. This study concludes that parental involvement plays an important role in addressing the inequality of access to education for girls in rural areas, and further support is needed from the government and the community to create an environment that is more supportive of girls' education. The implementation of more inclusive policies based on the needs of the local community is also very necessary to ensure that girls' right to education can be properly fulfilled.

This study analyzes the health financing system in Indonesia from a human rights perspective, particularly after the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Minister of Health Regulation No. 18 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of One Data in the Health Sector. These two regulations reflect the state's commitment to strengthening the national health system based on the principles of justice, transparency, and the fulfillment of citizens' constitutional rights to quality, equitable, and sustainable health services. Through a qualitative approach using document analysis of relevant regulations, policies, and academic literature, this study identifies a paradigmatic transformation in health financing, from merely a fiscal mechanism to a strategic instrument for guaranteeing human rights in the health sector. The results show that despite normative and institutional progress, the implementation of the health financing system still faces several challenges. These challenges include aspects of the community's economic accessibility to health services, limitations in transparency and accountability in fund management, and inequality in the distribution of financial resources between regions. In addition, funding sustainability and dependence on certain funding sources are also issues that need to be addressed. In response to these challenges, this study recommends three main strategies: (1) strengthening the integration and interoperability of financing data through the One Health Data system, (2) diversifying funding sources by involving the private sector, philanthropy, and other innovative schemes, and (3) reorienting health budget allocations to favor vulnerable groups and underdeveloped regions. These efforts are expected to encourage the realization of a fair, transparent, and sustainable health financing system within the framework of fulfilling human rights in Indonesia.

This study examines adolescents' perceptions of the representation of premarital pregnancy in the film Dua Garis Biru (Two Blue Lines), and its impact on their views on relationships, responsibility, and moral values. Film is positioned as a mass communication medium capable of shaping public opinion and effectively conveying social messages, particularly to adolescents. The approach used was a qualitative reception study method, involving eight adolescent informants as the main participants. Data collection techniques were conducted through in-depth interviews, then analyzed using thematic coding using NVivo software, to identify patterns of perception and meaning that emerged from participant responses. The results showed that most adolescents viewed Dua Garis Biru as an educational film that portrayed the realities of adolescent life honestly and touchingly. The film was deemed successful in conveying messages about the importance of responsibility, self-control, and awareness of the consequences of premarital relationships. Furthermore, an understanding of the need for open sexual education and healthy communication between children and parents emerged. The adolescents also highlighted the representation of gender inequality and the greater social pressures felt by women in situations of premarital pregnancy. The film was considered not only entertainment, but also a learning medium capable of shaping adolescents' emotional, moral, and social awareness. The film's reflective and contextual storytelling encourages young audiences to better understand the social realities around them. Thus, Dua Garis Biru (Two Blue Lines) makes a significant contribution in conveying social and moral educational values to adolescents.  

This study explores the critical role of law in preventing and addressing crimes within the trade sector, focusing on specific economic crimes such as corruption, embezzlement, market manipulation, and smuggling. These crimes are on the rise, primarily driven by social and economic inequality. Unequal wealth distribution, weak regulatory oversight, and legal loopholes create opportunities for individuals and groups to pursue illicit financial gains. Powerful economic entities often exploit these weaknesses to maintain monopolistic control, deepening inequality and obstructing fair competition. Moreover, inadequate law enforcement and a lack of transparency within bureaucratic systems contribute to the widespread practices of bribery and collusion between business actors and government officials. This undermines the effectiveness of existing regulations and diminishes public confidence in the legal framework. The consequences of such economic crimes extend beyond financial losses; they significantly affect the broader society. These include rising poverty and unemployment, the deterioration of public trust in legal institutions, and increased social instability, all of which threaten sustainable economic development. To address these challenges, this study applies criminological and legal perspectives, underlining the necessity of multisectoral collaboration. It advocates for stronger government and legal institutional efforts, along with active community engagement, to enhance oversight mechanisms and promote transparency. Firm and equitable enforcement of laws is essential in ensuring justice and restoring trust. Ultimately, a collective commitment to legal reform and accountability is vital to building a trade environment that is fair, inclusive, and conducive to long-term national growth.

Revision of the Law on Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has become a strategic urgency in efforts to eliminate gender bias inherent in the current legal construction, especially related to the subjectivity of men as perpetrators and the objectivity of women as victims. The current TPKS Law, although it has provided an important legal basis for the protection of victims of sexual violence, still contains a gender paradigm that limits the understanding that perpetrators of sexual violence are only men and victims are only women, thus ignoring the complexity of social reality and the diversity of victims and perpetrators23. This approach not only reinforces patriarchal stereotypes, but also hinders fair and inclusive law enforcement. Therefore, the revision of the TPKS Law must be directed at eliminating rigid gender constructions, adopting a more neutral and inclusive perspective, and strengthening responsive legal protection for all victims without exception. This revision must also emphasize the role of the state in fulfilling victims' rights and integrating independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure effective and equitable implementation. Thus, the revision of the TPKS Law is not merely a normative update, but rather a transformation of the legal paradigm that prioritizes gender equality, respect for human rights, and substantive justice for the entire community

The drama Woman Talking has many feminist values can be found, especially about gender equality, women’s freedom, and moving away from patriarchy. The values shown in this film are already being practiced today, where women and men are seen as equals in terms of rights and opportunities. These important ideas inspire writers to explore them more deeply, aiming to raise awareness among men so they do not look down on women. This study aims to examine the representation of feminism in Women Talking, a drama directed by Sarah Polley. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research analyzes the film’s narrative and dialogue to explore how the women fight for bodily autonomy, voice, and the freedom to choose their own paths. The results indicate that Women Talking has five of six types of feminism theory, which the liberal feminism is the largest one with 39%, and then radical feminism 32%, traditional marxist feminism 16%, socialist feminism 12%, and the last is postmodern feminism 6%. This drama has no dialog that talking about critical race feminisim. The findings show that Women Talking is not only a space for the expression of voices long silenced, but also a quiet yet powerful form of collective resistance against systemic oppression.

Education is a conscious and structured effort aimed at creating an environment and process that actively facilitates learners in developing their full potential. This includes nurturing their spiritual and moral values, self-control, intelligence, strong character, and essential life skills required for personal development and meaningful contributions to society, the nation, and the global community. At its core, education serves to empower students to realize and utilize their capabilities for future life challenges. It acts as a foundational medium through which younger generations acquire essential life skills, enabling them to integrate effectively into society. Moreover, education plays a pivotal role not only in the personal growth of individuals but also in the advancement of a nation. High-quality education is defined by its capacity to equip students with the competence to confront and resolve real-world problems. This notion becomes increasingly critical as learners transition from academic settings to the workforce and community life, where they are expected to apply their knowledge and skills practically. However, the success or failure of educational outcomes is largely determined by the curriculum. A well-designed curriculum should cultivate critical awareness and empower students to navigate complex social and professional environments. It should also promote creativity, critical thinking, and collaboration, which are essential skills in today’s rapidly changing world. Furthermore, education should not be viewed merely as a means to acquire knowledge but as a holistic process that fosters emotional intelligence and social responsibility. By integrating various disciplines and encouraging interdisciplinary learning, education can help students develop a broader perspective on global issues, such as climate change, social justice, and economic inequality. In addition, the role of educators is crucial in this process.  

Sustainable management of coastal spaces is a major challenge in urban-coastal planning, especially in vulnerable areas such as Medan Belawan. This study aims to identify and analyze the influence of six independent variables on the sustainability of coastal space management. The variables studied included Microecological Inequality, Inclusivity of Coastal Asset Ownership, Adaptive Preparedness to Climate Risks, Inter-Functional Spatial Connectivity, Local Institutional Accountability, and Communal Social Resilience. The method used is a quantitative approach with a multiple linear regression model on primary data obtained through surveys, field observations, and in-depth interviews with 150 respondents.The results showed that five of the six variables had a significant effect on the sustainability of coastal space management. The most dominant variable was Local Institutional Accountability, followed by Asset Inclusivity, Ecological Inequality, Social Resilience, and Adaptive Readiness. Meanwhile, Connectivity between Spatial Functions does not have a significant impact. The regression model shows an R² value of 0.539 which means that 53.9% of the variation in coastal space management can be explained by these six variables.These findings imply the importance of strengthening participatory governance, equitable distribution of space access, and building community's adaptive capacity as a cornerstone for contextual and sustainable coastal spatial planning. Strategic recommendations are directed at institutional reform, community-based planning, and micro-ecological conservation in urban-coastal areas.

This study aims to examine one of the disciplines of Islamic law, namely the pricing mechanism from the perspective of Imam Al-Ghazali, in order to create a healthy market environment free from monopolistic practices and manipulation, and aligned with Sharia principles. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature study method by reviewing various relevant books, classical texts, articles, and academic journals related to Islamic economics and Imam Al-Ghazali’s thought. The findings indicate that the concept of fair pricing is not solely dependent on the interaction between supply and demand, but must also consider moral and social dimensions, such as justice, honesty, and public welfare. Imam Al-Ghazali strongly emphasized that economic transactions should uphold ethical standards and social responsibility to prevent exploitation and inequality. He argued that pricing must reflect not only market dynamics but also the broader ethical framework rooted in Islamic values. Furthermore, the study explores the concept of economic equilibrium in relation to pricing mechanisms, where prices should ideally balance individual interests with communal welfare. The research also discusses the correlation between economic balance and price-setting policies, including the views of other classical and contemporary Islamic scholars. It is found that state intervention is permissible in certain conditions—particularly when market mechanisms fail to ensure fairness—thus justifying government roles in market supervision and price stabilization. One of the key concepts in Islamic economics is the notion of a just price (al-thaman al-‘adl), as emphasized by Imam Al-Ghazali.. This study concludes that understanding pricing from Al-Ghazali’s perspective offers valuable insights for building ethical and socially responsible economic systems aligned with Islamic teachings.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are one of the sectors that have an important role in supporting Indonesia's national economy. Its contribution is enormous to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), job creation, and increased innovation, especially in the face of global economic challenges and social inequality. This research aims to examine in depth the role of MSMEs in encouraging Indonesia's economic growth and identify various challenges faced by this sector. The method used in this study is library research, by analyzing various sources of scientific literature, policy reports, and relevant empirical data related to the role of MSMEs. The results of the study show that MSMEs not only contribute to increasing national GDP, but also become the main driving force in providing jobs for the community, especially in rural and suburban areas. In addition, MSMEs are also an important means in the development of local innovation, especially in the use of simple technology that is in accordance with community conditions. However, MSMEs also face a number of serious challenges that can hinder their contribution to economic growth. These challenges include limited access to digital payment systems, low quality of human resources (HR), weak marketing networks, and limited capital and technology. Thus, to increase the role of MSMEs in national economic development, synergy is needed between the government, the private sector, and financial institutions in providing comprehensive and sustainable support. The support includes training on human resource capacity building, access to capital, digital transformation, and strengthening the business ecosystem. This research is expected to contribute to the development of policies that favor the empowerment of MSMEs in Indonesia.

The problem of this research departs from the phenomenon of declining quality of management of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Religious Program (MANPK). There was a decline in the gap from the initial period of establishment of MANPK programs that were truly managed, taken seriously, with strict selection and adequate funding (project supported). While currently MANPK governance is more dependent on the standard implementation guidelines, innovation in each MANPK still occurs inequality between one MANPK and another. This research uses a qualitative approach, with a case study method with a multicluster multiple-case design type on three MANPKs, namely MAN 1 Darussalam Ciamis, MAN 1 Yogyakarta and MAN 1 Surakarta as research subjects. Data collection techniques were conducted through interviews, observation and documentation analysis. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman analysis technique. While the validity test was carried out by conducting tests; credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The results of the study found that: a) innovation planning in the form of innovation programs considers various aspects, with the steps of formulating goals, background, implementation, outcomes, benefits and evaluation of innovation programs. b) organizing madrasah innovation by determining goals, allocating programs, compiling program governance and resources. c) implementing innovations in the form of policy socialization, coordination, distribution of superior MAN religious program innovations, actualization of innovations carried out by internalizing superior programs in the curriculum, tutorial programs, self-development and extracurricular programs. d) evaluating madrasah innovation by determining the standards of innovation achievements that are poured into madrasah education standards.

This study investigates the impact of education on the economic empowerment of women in Lampung Province during the 2019 to 2023 period. Despite advancements in educational access, significant gender disparities persist in Indonesia, particularly in Lampung, affecting women's participation in the workforce and political decision-making and contributing to wage gaps. This research aims to analyze how different levels of education influence women's political participation, their involvement in the labor force, and the proportion of their wages relative to men. Employing a quantitative descriptive approach with panel data regression analysis, the study utilizes secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS) across 15 regencies/cities in Lampung. Key findings reveal that while higher education (university level) significantly boosts women's labor force participation and wage proportion, secondary education (SMA) plays a more dominant role in fostering political engagement. Furthermore, the study confirms a persistent gender wage gap, with men's participation having a larger impact on wage proportion. These results underscore the critical role of education in women's empowerment and advocate for targeted policies to enhance educational access, promote equitable wages, and address systemic discrimination to achieve sustainable gender equality in Lampung

This study investigates the comparative use of satire and sarcasm in the criminal comedy show Lapor Pak! episode “Pasukin Naik Gaji.” Satire and sarcasm are both rhetorical devices used to criticize social realities through humor, but differ in subtlety and sharpness. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the forms and meanings of satirical and sarcastic expressions in the show’s dialogues. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and applies stylistic theory and humor theory as the analytical framework. The data source is a 26-minute episode aired on the 7Comedy YouTube channel on January 8, 2025. From the linguistic data collected, 20 utterances were found: 15 contain sarcasm, 11 irony, and 9 satire (some overlapping). The findings show that sarcasm is used more dominantly than satire, often reflecting economic frustration, while satire criticizes social issues in a more humorous and indirect way. Both styles serve not only to entertain but also to reflect social resistance and expose systemic injustice, especially regarding economic inequality. The analysis concludes that humor becomes a linguistic tool of social commentary and coping mechanism for workers.

This study aims to analyze the impact of monetary policy on income inequality in Indonesia over a certain period of time. Monetary policy implemented by Bank Indonesia plays an important role in maintaining macroeconomic stability through instruments such as interest rates, inflation, and the amount of money in circulation. However, the implementation of this policy also has an impact on the distribution of community income. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data in the form of time series analyzed using econometric regression methods to measure the effect of monetary policy variables on the income inequality index (Gini Ratio). The results of the study show that variables such as the benchmark interest rate and inflation have a significant relationship to income inequality. When inflation increases, the purchasing power of the lower middle class decreases more sharply than the upper class, thus widening the gap in inequality. Conversely, controlling inflation through appropriate interest rates can help reduce economic disparities. This study provides important meaning for policy makers to pay more attention to the distribution aspect in determining monetary policy so that economic growth can be more inclusive and equitable.

The Police Record Certificate (SKCK) policy as one of the requirements in the labor recruitment process often becomes an obstacle for former convicts to obtain employment. In fact, the right to work is part of human rights (HAM) that should be guaranteed for every individual, including those who have completed their sentence. This study analyzes the impact of the SKCK policy on employment opportunities for former convicts and how its elimination can be a progressive step in realizing human rights equality. This study uses a normative legal approach by examining related regulations, human rights principles, and comparative studies with other countries that have implemented inclusive policies for former convicts in the world of work. The results of the study show that the SKCK policy in job recruitment has the potential to discriminate against former convicts and strengthen social stigma, thus hindering their reintegration process into society. The elimination or at least reform of the SKCK policy to be more inclusive is expected to open up fairer access to employment, strengthen social rehabilitation, and reduce the rate of recidivism. Therefore, changes in regulations and policies are needed that better support the fulfillment of the rights of former convicts to obtain equal employment opportunities.