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Marriage is one of the fundamental institutions in Indonesian law, regulated through Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage as subsequently amended by Law Number 16 of 2019. The practice of polygamy in Indonesia is not absolutely prohibited, yet it is subject to strict requirements, including obtaining prior permission from the Religious Court and consent from the existing wife or wives. The absence of such permission constitutes a serious violation of marital law. This study examines the juridical review of polygamy without permission under Indonesian marriage law, focusing on the high-profile case of Ahmad Dhani and Maia Estianty. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this paper analyzes the legal basis of polygamy regulation, the legal consequences of unauthorized polygamy, and the legal remedies available to aggrieved parties. The findings indicate that Ahmad Dhani's marriage to Mulan Jameela without obtaining permission from the Religious Court and without the consent of his first wife, Maia Estianty, constituted an unlawful act under Indonesian marriage law. Such unauthorized polygamy renders the second marriage legally defective and potentially voidable. Furthermore, the aggrieved wife has the legal right to file for divorce and claim compensation under applicable civil law provisions. This study also reveals systemic weaknesses in the enforcement of polygamy regulations in Indonesia, particularly the lack of effective sanctions against violators. Recommendations are directed at legislative reform to strengthen existing provisions and enhance judicial oversight of polygamous marriages in Indonesia.

Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) are common in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who receive combination therapy involving oral antidiabetic agents and insulin. This literature review aims to identify the main types of DRPs and the factors contributing to their occurrence based on recent studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The most frequently reported DRP is drug interaction, followed by underdosing, overdosing, therapy without indication, untreated indications, adverse drug reactions, and patient-related problems such as non-adherence. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of DRPs, including polypharmacy, inappropriate dosing, the presence of comorbidities, limited patient knowledge regarding therapy, and inadequate clinical monitoring. These conditions may increase the risk of poor glycemic control and treatment failure. Therefore, effective management of DRPs is essential to improve therapeutic outcomes. The findings of this review emphasize the important role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews, identifying DRPs early, and implementing appropriate interventions to enhance patient safety and optimize treatment in T2DM patients.

Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) are common in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who receive combination therapy involving oral antidiabetic agents and insulin. This literature review aims to identify the main types of DRPs and the factors contributing to their occurrence based on recent studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The most frequently reported DRP is drug interaction, followed by underdosing, overdosing, therapy without indication, untreated indications, adverse drug reactions, and patient-related problems such as non-adherence. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of DRPs, including polypharmacy, inappropriate dosing, the presence of comorbidities, limited patient knowledge regarding therapy, and inadequate clinical monitoring. These conditions may increase the risk of poor glycemic control and treatment failure. Therefore, effective management of DRPs is essential to improve therapeutic outcomes. The findings of this review emphasize the important role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews, identifying DRPs early, and implementing appropriate interventions to enhance patient safety and optimize treatment in T2DM patients.

Digital transformation has positioned artificial intelligence (AI) as a major driver of organizational change and innovation. This study aims to analyze the influence of AI implementation on transformational leadership dynamics and the shifting role of leaders in managing human resources through a Systematic Literature Review of reputable studies published within the last five years. The findings indicate that AI acts as a catalyst in strengthening the dimensions of intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration through predictive analytics and talent personalization. The automation of administrative and repetitive tasks enables leaders to focus more on strategic vision, organizational innovation, decision-making, and emotional engagement with employees. However, the effectiveness of AI implementation is highly dependent on leaders’ digital literacy, adaptive capabilities, and readiness to integrate technology into organizational processes. This study contributes by proposing a hybrid leadership framework that combines artificial intelligence with human emotional intelligence to support more effective leadership practices. The practical implications emphasize the importance of leadership development that prioritizes empathy, ethical awareness, and algorithmic transparency in order to maintain trust, encourage sustainable innovation, and strengthen organizational resilience in increasingly dynamic and volatile environments.

Parental conflict is a significant risk factor that threatens the psychological well-being of adolescents. This study aims to review the relationship between parental conflict and anxiety levels in adolescents through a qualitative literature approach. Various research findings consistently show that high-frequency and high-intensity parental conflict contributes to increased anxiety, emotional insecurity, and maladaptive coping in adolescents. The mechanisms underlying this relationship include the emotional security theory, the cognitive-contextual framework, and the spillover hypothesis, each of which explains how conflict in the family system propagates psychologically to children. The results of this literature study confirm that adolescents who are regularly exposed to parental conflict show a significantly higher risk of developing generalized anxiety, social anxiety, and related internalizing problems. The family environment, particularly the quality of the parental relationship, is the dominant proximal determinant of adolescent mental health. Furthermore, parental conflict has been shown to undermine parent-child attachment, destabilize family functioning, and trigger chronic stress responses in adolescents who are still developing emotional regulation capacities. In the Indonesian context, this problem is particularly urgent given the high prevalence of mental health disorders among adolescents aged 15–24 years. Therefore, integrated preventive interventions involving families, schools, and mental health professionals are urgently needed.

Artificial intelligence has the potential to support radiology workflows by assisting in the identification of cases that may require additional clinical attention. However, alert-oriented medical AI systems should provide not only classification outputs but also interpretable evidence that can be reviewed and audited by clinicians. This study develops and evaluates an explainable multimodal framework for binary chest X-ray alert classification using paired radiology reports and chest X-ray images. The text branch employs TF-IDF n-gram features with a class-balanced Logistic Regression classifier, while the image branch fine-tunes a pretrained ResNet18 model. The two branches are integrated through probability-level late fusion using a validation-selected fusion weight. Explainability is implemented in a modality-specific manner: global coefficient analysis is used to identify influential textual cues, while Grad-CAM heatmaps are used to visualize salient image regions. Experiments were conducted on paired samples from the Open-i/IU X-Ray dataset using text-only, image-only, and fusion-based evaluation settings. Additional analyses include case-level complementarity analysis, bootstrap confidence intervals for ROC-AUC, shortcut-feature inspection, and qualitative Grad-CAM auditing. The results indicate that the text modality provides the dominant predictive signal under the current proxy-label setting. Late fusion produced a small descriptive improvement on the test set, increasing accuracy from 0.8533 to 0.8667, F1-score from 0.8817 to 0.8936, and ROC-AUC from 0.8936 to 0.9025 compared with the text-only baseline. However, the observed ROC-AUC improvement was not statistically conclusive based on bootstrap analysis. These findings suggest that the proposed framework is useful as a reproducible and auditable multimodal prototype, while also highlighting important limitations, including proxy-label ambiguity, potential label leakage from radiology reports, limited image-branch contribution, lack of external validation, and the need for stronger explanation and calibration assessment.

The waste problem in Indonesia has now reached a critical stage and has become an increasingly serious environmental issue. The ever-increasing volume of waste is not being managed effectively, leading to various negative impacts, particularly environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the state of waste management in Indonesia and its impact on water pollution from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The method used is descriptive qualitative research through a literature review utilizing various sources such as journals, official reports, and legislation. The results indicate that the majority of waste originates from household activities, while management practices remain rudimentary, such as the “collect-transport-dispose” method and open dumping. This situation leads to waste accumulation, which contributes to water pollution, deteriorating environmental quality, and increased health risks for the community. Furthermore, suboptimal waste management also poses a challenge in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly regarding responsible consumption and access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, improved efforts are needed through the application of the reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) principles, increased public awareness, and the active role of the government and the private sector in providing a sustainable waste management system. With the right measures, it is hoped that the waste problem in Indonesia can be reduced and the environment preserved.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of public policies in improving community welfare through the Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) Program, the Subsidized Direct Cash Assistance (BLTS), and rice distribution managed by the State Logistics Agency (BULOG) in Cipete Village. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews with policy implementers and beneficiary communities, direct observation of the aid distribution process, and review of relevant official documents and data. The results show that the BLT and BLTS programs play a significant role in helping low-income communities meet their basic needs and increasing household purchasing power, especially during unstable economic conditions. Meanwhile, rice distribution by BULOG supports community food security by providing access to staple foods at prices lower than market rates. Despite the positive impacts, the implementation of these three programs still faces various obstacles, including inaccurate beneficiary targeting due to imprecise and rarely updated data, delays in the distribution process, lack of information transparency, and suboptimal inter-agency coordination. Based on these findings, improvements are required, such as developing an integrated and technology-based data system, increasing information disclosure to the public, strengthening monitoring and periodic evaluation systems, and enhancing cooperation among related institutions. Optimizing the implementation of these social assistance programs is expected to create sustainable, equitable, and targeted improvements in community welfare.

This study aims to analyze public concerns regarding fast food consumption from the perspective of risk society, particularly among university students. The increasing consumption of fast food reflects shifts in consumption patterns influenced by globalization, practicality, and time efficiency. This research employs a qualitative approach through a literature review supported by interview data to strengthen the analysis. The findings reveal that fast food consumption is not solely driven by biological needs but also by practical, emotional, and social factors. Although students demonstrate a relatively high awareness of health risks associated with fast food, their consumption behavior persists as an adaptive response to structural conditions such as time constraints, accessibility, and academic pressures. From the perspective of risk society, this phenomenon illustrates a contradiction between risk awareness and everyday consumption practices. Risks produced by modernity are not entirely avoided but are negotiated and normalized in daily life. Therefore, fast food consumption cannot be understood merely as an individual choice but as a result of the interaction between structural factors, consumer culture, and social construction within modern society.

The high rate of occupational accidents globally and nationally demands the strengthening of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management systems, particularly in the high-risk industrial sectors. The study aims to analyze the implementation of safety induction at PT X and develop audiovisual educational media as a solution to improve occupational safety understanding. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including field observations, in-depth interviews, and review of corporate documents, Problem prioritization was determined using the Urgency, Seriousness, and Growth (USG) method, while root cause analysis was conducted using a Fishbone diagram. Research findings indicate that the current oral delivery method for safety induction is ineffective, as evidenced by 13% of participants needing to retake the comprehension test. As an intervention, “POWER SAFE” video media was developed, which, based on the Methodology, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Relevance (MEER) analysis, proved to have the highest effectiveness and relevance in delivering standardized safety information. The implications of study emphasize that the use of structured digital media is a strategic step to minimize gaps in understanding and strengthen the safety culture within high-risk work environments.

Many churches face significant challenges in effectively carrying out their Gospel mission amidst limited resources, and one such church is the GSKI Pokok Anggur Church in Bekasi. This research employed a qualitative method with a case study approach. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling. The data collection techniques employed in this study included literature review, observation, the author's own experiences, and face-to-face interviews with texts, without direct involvement with eyewitnesses of events or other objects. The results of this study are as follows: First, the implementation of the missionary movement or evangelism at the GSKI Pokok Anggur Church in Bekasi exhibits profound problems, both conceptually and practically. Although the church has established a structural commitment through the formation of a mission group and established a work program, evangelism activities have not yet met expectations. Second, the congregation's low financial support for the missionary movement at the GSKI Pokok Anggur Church in Bekasi is a complex phenomenon, arising from the interaction of various theological, structural, and cultural-economic factors.  

Flooding in Aceh has become a recurring phenomenon that cannot be understood solely as a natural disaster but also as a result of human activities within modern society. This study aims to analyze flooding in Aceh through the perspective of Ulrich Beck’s risk society theory, focusing on how modernization, environmental change, and development policies contribute to the production of risk. This research uses a literature review approach by examining scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026 from indexed national and international journals. The analysis was conducted thematically to identify patterns, similarities, and research gaps. The findings show that natural factors such as high rainfall and atmospheric conditions act as primary triggers, while human activities including land-use change, river sedimentation, and ineffective policies significantly intensify flood risks. Flooding is therefore categorized as a manufactured risk produced by modern development processes. In addition, the impacts are not limited to ecological damage but also affect social and psychological conditions of society. These results indicate that floods should be understood not only from a technical perspective but also from a social perspective. The study implies that flood management requires a comprehensive approach integrating environmental sustainability, social awareness, and evidence-based policy to reduce both the impact and sources of risk in a sustainable manner.

The high rate of occupational accidents globally and nationally demands the strengthening of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management systems, particularly in the high-risk industrial sectors. The study aims to analyze the implementation of safety induction at PT X and develop audiovisual educational media as a solution to improve occupational safety understanding. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including field observations, in-depth interviews, and review of corporate documents, Problem prioritization was determined using the Urgency, Seriousness, and Growth (USG) method, while root cause analysis was conducted using a Fishbone diagram. Research findings indicate that the current oral delivery method for safety induction is ineffective, as evidenced by 13% of participants needing to retake the comprehension test. As an intervention, “POWER SAFE” video media was developed, which, based on the Methodology, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Relevance (MEER) analysis, proved to have the highest effectiveness and relevance in delivering standardized safety information. The implications of study emphasize that the use of structured digital media is a strategic step to minimize gaps in understanding and strengthen the safety culture within high-risk work environments.

The Early Childhood Education (PAUD) curriculum plays an important role in shaping young children’s learning experiences. However, in practice, there are still several challenges, such as a lack of meaningful learning and the suboptimal integration of nationalism values. Therefore, curriculum innovation is needed to incorporate approaches that align with children’s characteristics.This study aims to analyze and develop the concept of transforming the PAUD curriculum based on a multisensory music approach as an effort to strengthen nationalism values in early childhood. The method used is a library research approach by reviewing various sources, including scientific journals, books, and relevant previous studies. The data analysis technique is conducted descriptively and qualitatively through processes of organizing, categorizing, and interpreting data.The results of the study indicate that a multisensory music-based approach can enhance children’s engagement, participation, and understanding in learning. The integration of audio, visual, and kinesthetic elements has proven effective in stimulating children’s motor, cognitive, and affective development. In addition, the use of audio-visual media helps children understand nationalism values in a more concrete and meaningful way.In conclusion, transforming the PAUD curriculum through a multisensory music-based approach is an effective strategy to create enjoyable and holistic learning experiences while strengthening the internalization of nationalism values from an early age.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the development of social skills in early adolescence. The method used was a literature review. Researchers reviewed and synthesized the results of relevant previous studies, sourced from scientific journals and credible digital databases. The analysis results show a consistent relationship between the type of parenting style and the quality of social skills. Democratic parenting has been shown to make a significant positive contribution to communication skills, empathy, cooperation, emotional control, and adjustment in social environments. Adolescents raised with this parenting style tend to have better self-confidence and are able to build healthy social interactions at school and in the community. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles tend to have less beneficial impacts. This is characterized by the emergence of social anxiety, low initiative, difficulty adhering to social norms, and limitations in establishing interpersonal relationships. These findings emphasize the crucial role of parents in shaping the social competence of early adolescents. The study concludes that implementing a balanced, consistent, and communicative parenting style is a key factor in supporting the development of social skills. Collaboration between the family and the educational environment needs to be strengthened.

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the main factors associated with the occurrence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. This bacterium can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach by producing the urease enzyme, allowing it to colonize the gastric mucosa and trigger an inflammatory response. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. The method used was a literature review with a narrative approach of scientific articles published between 2021–2025 from the Google Scholar, OpenAlex, and Crossref databases. The results of the review indicate that Helicobacter pylori infection is significantly associated with increased gastric mucosal inflammation and a higher risk of duodenal ulcers. Early detection and eradication therapy using a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are effective in preventing disease progression and complications. Additional findings highlight the importance of hygiene, sanitation, and public awareness in reducing transmission rates and improving gastrointestinal health outcomes globally..

Bullying among adolescents is an aggressive behavior carried out intentionally, repeatedly, and involving an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim. This phenomenon is an important issue because it can affect adolescents’ psychological well-being, social relationships, and academic achievement in both the short and long term. This study uses a literature review method by collecting and analyzing recent national and international studies regarding the causes, forms, and impacts of bullying. The findings indicate that bullying is influenced by internal factors, such as low empathy, poor self-control, negative self-concept, and the desire for social recognition. In addition, external factors also contribute, including parenting styles, peer influence, unfavorable school climate, and the development of social media that increases the risk of cyberbullying. The impacts of bullying are experienced not only by victims, who may suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal, but also by perpetrators, who are at risk of developing persistent aggressive behavior and reduced empathy. Therefore, cooperation among families, schools, and communities is needed to prevent and address bullying effectively.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of group guidance services in developing alpha girl characteristics among senior high school (SMA) female students. The method used is a literature review by examining various relevant sources, including books and scientific journals published within the last five years. The findings indicate that group guidance plays a significant role in shaping alpha girl characteristics through social interaction, group dynamics, communication skills, and participatory learning experiences. Through the stages of formation, transition, core activities, and termination, students gradually experience improvements in self-confidence, independence, leadership ability, and the courage to express themselves in social settings. This developmental process does not occur instantly but emerges through repeated experiences supported by a conducive group environment, effective facilitation from counselors, and continuous self-reflection. In addition, peer feedback within the group contributes to strengthening personal awareness and emotional maturity. Therefore, group guidance services can serve as an effective and systematic strategy in supporting the development of alpha girl characteristics among senior high school female students.

The development of digital technology has significantly changed the way students interact and present themselves in social life, especially through social media such as Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. One of the emerging social phenomena is flexing, which refers to the behavior of showing off lifestyle, achievements, or ownership to gain attention and social recognition. This study aims to analyze how Sociology students of Sriwijaya University interpret flexing on social media and whether flexing is more dominant as a lifestyle or as a form of social pressure. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach by examining various scientific articles, journals, and previous studies related to flexing, self-presentation, symbolic consumption, social validation, and Fear of Missing Out (FoMO). The results show that flexing is not only a form of self-presentation and symbolic consumption, but also a response to social pressure in the digital environment.

Amidst the rapid development of digital technology today, copyright plays a complex role as an instrument for protecting works and at the same time as a potential inhibitor of innovation. Protection of exclusive rights granted by the copyright protection system aims to provide economic incentives or financial benefits to the creator. However, in practice, it often creates limitations on creative freedom, especially in the context of derivative works, remixes, parodies, and other creative uses that are developing rapidly in the digital realm. This study aims to examine how the copyright legal system, both normatively and implementatively, affects the scope of movement of creative actors in producing innovation. Through a normative legal approach with a review of international and national literature, this study found that copyright protection is too strict and has the effect of freezing reactivity, especially if it is not balanced with clear fair use provisions. However, on the other hand, loose regulations will also risk ignoring the moral and economic rights of the original creator. Thus, a balance is needed between the protection of individual rights and the public interest within the framework of a legal system that is adaptive and inclusive of digital culture. The study recommends strengthening open licensing frameworks such as Creative Commons, as well as updating national copyright policies to ensure that legal systems do not hinder, but rather encourage, the growth of innovation and creative expression in the digital age.