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The use of radiation-based medical equipment such as CT Scan poses potential risks of radiation leakage that may endanger patients, medical personnel, and the surrounding environment if not properly managed. This study aims to analyze radiation safety policies in anticipating radiation leakage in the CT Scan unit of Royal Prima General Hospital Medan, covering policy frameworks, physical protection measures, implementation challenges, and supervision and evaluation systems. This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document reviews related to radiation safety policies. The results indicate that radiation safety policies at Royal Prima General Hospital Medan have referred to BAPETEN regulations and international standards, particularly in the structural protection of the CT Scan room, which has been proven effective in maintaining radiation exposure levels below the permissible limits. However, policy implementation still faces several obstacles, including budget limitations, non-compliance of some medical staff with the use of personal protective equipment, and suboptimal discipline in adhering to standard operating procedures. Supervision and evaluation have been conducted internally by certified Radiation Protection Officers and externally through periodic inspections by BAPETEN, yet further strengthening is required in terms of staff behavior and safety culture. In conclusion, radiation safety policies have been technically effective, but continuous improvement in compliance, supervision, and safety culture among medical personnel is essential to sustainably minimize the risk of radiation leakage.

Radicalism and terrorism pose serious threats to national security and social order in Indonesia. In response, the state implements deradicalization policies that emphasize not only repressive measures but also preventive and rehabilitative approaches. Nevertheless, these policies require critical constitutional review to ensure their conformity with the rule of law and the protection of human rights. This study aims to analyze the constitutional foundations, the framework of positive legal regulations, and the challenges in implementing deradicalization policies in Indonesia. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, using library research on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that deradicalization policies are supported by a strong constitutional basis under the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, particularly regarding the state’s obligation to protect citizens and guarantee the right to security. However, their implementation remains constrained by regulatory disharmony, weak inter-agency coordination, limited institutional capacity, and socio-cultural challenges within society. Therefore, strengthening institutional synergy, adopting more contextual and humane approaches, and improving regulatory frameworks are essential to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of deradicalization policies.

The digitalization of payment systems constitutes an integral part of economic digital transformation, driving a shift in transactions from cash-based to technology-based cashless payments. In Indonesia, this digitalization is manifested through the development of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) by Bank Indonesia as a national standard for QR code–based payments. Along with its development, QRIS has not only been used in domestic transactions but has also been implemented in cross-border transactions through intercountry payment system cooperation, particularly within the ASEAN region. However, the rapid expansion of QRIS has not been accompanied by comprehensive and structured legal regulation. This study aims to analyze the structure and hierarchy of QRIS regulation within Indonesia’s payment system as well as the forms of legal protection for consumers in cross-border QRIS transactions. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, historical, and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that QRIS does not yet have a Bank Indonesia Regulation as a primary regulatory framework and is regulated solely through a Regulation of Members of the Board of Governors, which hierarchically functions as an implementing regulation. Consequently, QRIS regulation refers to several different Bank Indonesia Regulations, resulting in regulatory fragmentation. This condition has implications for legal uncertainty and the suboptimal legal protection of consumers in cross-border QRIS transactions.

The industrial revolution 4.0 has brought rapid advances in technology, one of which is artificial intelligence (AI). AI has the ability to imitate the human thought and action process in solving various problems. However, the implementation of AI raises legal problems related to responsibility for the negative impacts caused, such as cybercrime, information manipulation, privacy violations, and misuse of technology. Indonesia, as a country based on law, is faced with the challenge of regulating AI to be in line with technological developments. Currently, legal regulations in Indonesia do not specifically regulate the legal responsibility of AI. Positive laws, such as the Civil Code and the ITE Law, can be used interpretively, but are not enough to address the complexity of AI. Legal responsibility related to AI is debatable, whether it is imposed on the developer, owner, or user of AI. In addition, AI does not have a “mens rea” in criminal law, so that unlawful acts are more relevant to be imposed on the responsible human. To overcome this problem, legal reform or the creation of special regulations that comprehensively regulate AI are needed. These regulations must include privacy protection, data security, and criminal and civil liability due to the use of AI. With a clear legal framework, the risk of AI misuse can be minimized and its use can be optimized for the welfare of society.

The growth of the digital economy in Indonesia has positioned Foreign Venture Capital Companies (FVCCs) as a fundamental pillar within the startup financing ecosystem. However, the legal landscape has undergone a significant transformation with the enactment of Law Number 4 of 2023 on the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (P2SK Law). This regulation mandates that all financial services business actors, including foreign entities, obtain business licenses from the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK). This study aims to analyze the legal implications of this licensing requirement on business certainty for foreign investors and to examine the normative inconsistencies between the Investment Law and the P2SK Law. This research employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The findings reveal the existence of normative ambiguity (vagueness of norms) concerning the operational status of FVCCs utilizing offshore structures during the regulatory transition period, which is set to expire in January 2026. Such legal uncertainty has the potential to hinder the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) if not promptly addressed through adaptive implementing regulations, such as the optimization of regulations governing Foreign Representative Offices. On the other hand, the licensing obligation enhances legal certainty by providing preventive legal protection for Business Partner Companies through contract standardization and integrated supervision. In conclusion, this study recommends cross-sectoral regulatory harmonization and the issuance of clear technical guidelines to ensure a balanced approach between prudential supervision and investment facilitation.

This research is based on the shortage of functional penghulu officers, which has become a serious issue for the government, particularly the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Indonesia. This condition can affect the quality of services in marriage registration, family guidance, and the provision of legal certainty to the community. To overcome the emergency of penghulu personnel, it is necessary to propose that the position of penghulu also be granted equal access to women, whereas until now the position of penghulu has been dominated only by men. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a comprehensive study on the provisions regarding the opportunities and problems of female penghulu within Indonesia’s civil law system, in which civil law is the official positive legal umbrella governing penghulu affairs. This research is normative legal research employing a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the primary legal materials of this research consist of various laws and regulations directly related to penghulu affairs. The results of this research indicate that the opportunities for female penghulu within the civil law system are very open, constitutionally valid, and not subject to any normative prohibition. The problems arise when female penghulu are requested to act as guardians appointed by the court (wali hakim) or entrusted with the delegated guardianship of marriage (taukil wali). This is because, under Indonesia’s civil law, a wali hakim or a person receiving taukil wali is required to be male. In addition, another problem is the existence of a specific requirement to be male that must be fulfilled in the recruitment of penghulu personnel as stated in the Announcement Letter on the Recruitment of Candidates for Civil Servants of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.  

This research examines the urgency of implementing the principle of joint liability in outsourcing labor relations in Indonesia following the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation. The primary issue addressed is the imbalance in the protection of workers' normative rights when service providers default, while user companies tend to distance themselves from legal responsibility due to the absence of a direct contractual employment relationship. The research methodology employed is juridical normative, utilizing a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that the flexibility of the outsourcing system in recent regulations often overlooks aspects of job security and worker welfare. The application of the joint liability principle is viewed as a fair legal solution to ensure that fundamental worker rights, such as minimum wages, social security, and compensation, remain fulfilled despite financial constraints on the service provider's side. The integration of responsibility between provider and user companies not only provides a guarantee for the workforce but also encourages the creation of a more ethical and responsible business climate. The research conclusion emphasizes that to achieve a balance between business efficiency and labor protection, national regulations need to clarify the position of collective responsibility in outsourcing practices in Indonesia.

The legal counseling activity on the technical aspects of preventing and reporting Ilegal online lending in Ngawen Village, Muntilan District, was motivated by the increasing number of Ilegal online lending cases that harm the community due to low legal and digital literacy. Rural communities often become victims because they do not understand the differences between legal and Ilegal loans and are unaware of the proper reporting mechanisms. This activity aims to provide residents with legal understanding regarding online lending regulations, improve digital literacy so that the community can identify Ilegal applications, and train residents to be courageous and capable of reporting Ilegal online lending practices to the relevant authorities. The implementation methods included socialization through interactive lectures, distribution of handout materials, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was attended by 15 residents of Ngawen Village and featured two presenters from the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang. The results showed an increase in participants’ understanding of the characteristics of Ilegal online lending, its socio-economic impacts, and the reporting procedures to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo), and the police. Participants also gained a better understanding of the importance of protecting personal data and verifying the legality of financial applications before using them. In conclusion, this counseling activity successfully enhanced the community’s legal awareness and digital literacy, fostering a more vigilant and legally empowered society capable of protecting itself from Ilegal online lending practices in the digital era.

The legal counseling activity on the technical aspects of preventing and reporting Ilegal online lending in Ngawen Village, Muntilan District, was motivated by the increasing number of Ilegal online lending cases that harm the community due to low legal and digital literacy. Rural communities often become victims because they do not understand the differences between legal and Ilegal loans and are unaware of the proper reporting mechanisms. This activity aims to provide residents with legal understanding regarding online lending regulations, improve digital literacy so that the community can identify Ilegal applications, and train residents to be courageous and capable of reporting Ilegal online lending practices to the relevant authorities. The implementation methods included socialization through interactive lectures, distribution of handout materials, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was attended by 15 residents of Ngawen Village and featured two presenters from the Faculty of Law, Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang. The results showed an increase in participants’ understanding of the characteristics of Ilegal online lending, its socio-economic impacts, and the reporting procedures to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the Ministry of Communication and Informatics (Kominfo), and the police. Participants also gained a better understanding of the importance of protecting personal data and verifying the legality of financial applications before using them. In conclusion, this counseling activity successfully enhanced the community’s legal awareness and digital literacy, fostering a more vigilant and legally empowered society capable of protecting itself from Ilegal online lending practices in the digital era.

The phenomenon of authority trap occurs when local governments are burdened with achieving SDG 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”) targets without being granted adequate authority and resources. This study examines the context of West Java Province and Bandung City, which face complex clean energy governance due to fragmented authority across levels of government. At the national level, Government Regulation No. 40/2025 reinforces emission reduction and the transition toward Net-Zero Emissions by 2060. West Java has established RUED No. 2/2019, which sets a minimum renewable energy share of 17% by 2025. However, the technical responsibilities for implementation (such as electrification and energy conservation) lie at the regency/municipal level. The analysis highlights fiscal disparities, PLN’s dominance, and national regulations that override local authority. Local innovations such as rooftop solar PV, solar-powered street lighting, the Green Building Mayor Regulation, and PPP schemes are evaluated for their effectiveness. This qualitative study combines policy document analysis and literature review. The findings show that the absence of strong local regulation (regulatory void) and the central dominance of PLN reinforce the authority trap, hindering synergy among stakeholders. The recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional collaboration, aligning local and national regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovative financing mechanisms to enable Bandung City to break free from the authority trap in achieving SDG 7 targets.

This study examines the dynamics of public criticism of Shin Tae-yong's dismissal by PSSI as a phenomenon of digital communication that shows the tension between freedom of expression and the legal limits of hate speech. The background of this research stems from the intensity of netizens' reactions, which developed into collective moral pressure and had the potential to enter the realm of insults and hostility, as reflected in various comments, news reports, and verbal disputes involving public figures. This study aims to analyze how criticism, media framing, and netizen responses interact with the regulations of the ITE Law, particularly Article 28 paragraph (2), which is often used in reporting hate speech. The methods used are a normative juridical approach and case studies with document analysis, news reports, and academic literature techniques to identify patterns of digital expression and their legal relevance. The results of the study show that public criticism of Shin Tae-yong not only reflects performance evaluation, but also contains emotional, social identity, and moral dimensions that are reinforced by media framing and digital culture. The discussion confirms that the shift from criticism to hate speech occurs when public expression is not managed ethically, while law enforcement on hate speech articles still faces interpretation problems. In conclusion, this verbal dispute reflects the complexity of Indonesia's digital democracy and the urgency of legal reform

This is related to the rights of traffic accident victims regulated in Article 240 of Law 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation "traffic accident victims have the right to receive compensation from the party responsible and are entitled to insurance compensation from the insurance company". Article 1365 of the Civil Code, every person who commits an unlawful act is obliged to compensate for the losses arising from his or her mistake. In fact, many accidents occur due to damaged roads in Samarinda City, so this is one of the factors causing traffic accidents.The aim of this research is to answer two things. First, to find out and examine unlawful acts by the authorities in cases of traffic accidents due to damaged roads. Second, we want to know and examine the legal responsibilities of road operators. In this part of the research, we review and explore the relevant laws that regulate and are relevant to claims for compensation against road operators by victims of traffic accidents due to damaged roads.The results obtained from this research are as follows: 1) In this case, the occurrence of traffic accidents in terms of the last 5 years continues to show a significant increase, which means that the government has not maximally provided the community's rights, namely to have good roads. One of the causes of accidents is damaged roads, but to date no member of the public has filed a civil lawsuit against the government for compensation for the pain they suffered. 2) The government's regulations and efforts to provide protection for road users are sufficient, but they are not implemented optimally, in fact the public has never been given an appeal to demand their rights to receive good roads.  

Although JKN aims to provide equitable and quality health services, fraudulent practices, such as phantom billing and diagnosis manipulation, continue to grow, harming BPJS Kesehatan and participants. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal sanctions against JKN claim fraud in FKRTL and identify gaps in their implementation. Although regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak, with administrative sanctions failing to provide sufficient deterrence. The gap in this research lies in the lack of application of criminal sanctions in fraud cases, especially in existing regulations. The novelty of this research is its comparative approach between current administrative sanctions and the potential application of criminal sanctions in the context of healthcare fraud. The research method uses a normative-descriptive approach, analyzing regulations and fraud audit results, and identifying gaps in the implementation of legal sanctions. The results of the study indicate that strengthening criminal sanctions and integrating technology in claim monitoring can increase the effectiveness of fraud prevention. These findings are expected to strengthen regulations and improve the integrity of the JKN system, as well as provide policy recommendations for more effective law enforcement.

The untimely formation of government regulations on the delegation of laws is still a serious problem in the practice of forming laws and regulations in Indonesia. It was recorded that from 2021 to 2023 there were 16 government regulations that were formed late, which shows that there are problems in the follow-up mechanism for legislation delegations. The author analyzes whether the government has a legal obligation in the timeliness of the formation of government regulations as implementing rules. In addition, this study also examines the juridical and practical implications of the law if a delegated government regulation is formed late. The data used are quantitative and supported by doctrinal research methods through the analysis of laws and regulations, expert opinions, and related legal literature. The results of the study show that the government has a legal obligation to form government regulations in a timely manner. The delay in the formation of government regulations has an impact on disrupting the effectiveness of the implementation of the law and causes some provisions to not be implemented optimally because the implementing instruments are not yet available according to the specified deadline. In addition, these delays have the potential to cause legal uncertainty for the public, law enforcement officials, and policy implementing agencies. The vacuum of implementing rules can also trigger differences in interpretation, hinder policy implementation, and increase the risk of legal disputes. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of stricter monitoring and evaluation mechanisms against the deadline for the formation of government regulations to ensure legal certainty and regulatory effectiveness.

Taxes are the main source of state revenue and play a vital role in national development and public welfare. However, their effectiveness is highly influenced by the level of transparency and accountability in their management. This study aims to analyze the implementation of transparency and accountability principles in Indonesia’s taxation system, identify the existing forms of transparency inequality, and assess their implications for the principles of good governance. The research employs a qualitative approach through an analysis of various laws, regulations, and recent studies related to tax management. The findings indicate that transparency inequality still occurs in several aspects, such as limited public access to information, uneven implementation of tax digitalization across regions, and a lack of openness in reporting tax incentives. These conditions directly affect government accountability, public trust, and fairness within the national taxation system. Legally, such inequalities contradict the principles of public information disclosure, the justice principle stated in Article 23A of the 1945 Constitution, and the principle of equality before the law. This study recommends strengthening tax transparency regulations, integrating a national digital taxation system, and increasing public participation in fiscal oversight to establish a fair, accountable, and law-based tax governance framework.

The development of digital media has made food reviews an important factor in shaping consumer perceptions and decisions, especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the culinary sector, which are highly dependent on reputation. However, food reviews that are not objective, not based on real experiences, or presented in an exaggerated manner have the potential to cause material and immaterial losses for MSMEs. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for MSMEs due to biased food reviews in digital media and to examine the legal basis for liability for such reviews based on the Civil Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The research method used is normative juridical with a regulatory approach and conceptual through the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that MSMEs can take legal action through lawsuits for unlawful acts and criminal provisions in the ITE Law, although its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of the nature of complaint offenses and difficulties in proving them. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen regulations and ethical guidelines for digital reviews in order to provide more proportional legal protection for MSMEs.  

Rapid developments related to technology are spreading rapidly in human life. The rapid development of this technology definitely brings positive and negative currents in its application. The higher the development, the greater the opportunity for negative impacts for irresponsible people. The utilization of technological developments in the financial sector is considered to greatly facilitate a person in carrying out economic activities. Armed with just one application, someone can make banking transfers, investments and their utilization in other economic activities. However, along with the ease and effectiveness of digital finance, there are also digital crimes that can harm many people in the banking world such as physing, malware, ransomware and so on. This type of research is a normative juridical research that focuses on laws and regulations to provide legal reformulation related to digital financial security finance to strengthen the defense of financial system protection in the digital sector which is very much needed in this increasingly sophisticated modern era.

This study aims to examine the legal certainty of ownership of works produced by artificial intelligence (AI), specifically ChatGPT, from the perspective of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The main focus of this research is to answer the question of whether works produced by AI can be copyrighted and to identify the legal challenges arising from the absence of explicit regulations in the Indonesian positive legal system. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statute approach and analysis of primary and supplementary legal materials. The study's findings indicate that, to date, there are no national regulations explicitly governing copyright recognition for works produced autonomously by AI systems. Based on the provisions of Article 1 number 3 of Law Number 28 of 2014, works must arise from human intellectual ability, therefore, AI products do not qualify as works potentially entitled to copyright protection. Therefore, legal reformulation through regulatory updates is needed to provide legal certainty and address challenges in the digital era, as well as prevent potential disputes in the national creative industry.

The development of technology-based peer-to-peer financing services (LPBBTI) in Indonesia, including platforms like Shopee Paylater, has facilitated easier access to credit. However, this progress is accompanied by cybersecurity risks, such as unauthorized use and account breaches. This study aimed to (1) analyze the operation of LPBBTI under prevailing regulations, and (2) examine the legal liability of parties in cases of Shopee Paylater credit breaches.The study employed a normative legal approach with prescriptive characteristics, combining statutory, conceptual, and case-based analyses. Primary and secondary legal materials were obtained through literature review of Law No. 8 of 1999, POJK No. 10 of 2022, POJK No. 40 of 2024, and personal data protection regulations. The analysis was conducted descriptively and qualitatively. The findings indicate that, despite OJK regulations, Shopee Paylater’s electronic agreements still contain standard clauses that unilaterally shift all account security risks to users. This practice potentially violates Article 18(1)(a) of the Consumer Protection Law and is void under Article 18(3). Consequently, consumers remain liable for payments even if transactions are conducted illegally by third parties. In line with Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law, service providers should assume liability, as system security is under their control.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, particularly deepfake, poses significant challenges to legal protection due to its potential misuse for identity manipulation, defamation, and other cybercrimes. This phenomenon highlights a gap between technological advancement and the readiness of legal regulations in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze forms of deepfake misuse and to assess the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks in providing legal protection and certainty. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches by examining legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings indicate that Indonesian positive law does not yet specifically regulate deepfake technology, resulting in law enforcement relying on general provisions of criminal law and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The implications of this study emphasize the urgency of regulatory reform and the formulation of adaptive legal policies to address digital technological developments in order to ensure legal protection and justice for society.