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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by impaired insulin function, impaired insulin secretion, or both, resulting in a hyperglycemic condition. Patients with type 2 DM generally exhibit characteristics such as a Random Blood Glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dL and an HbA1c  level exceeding 6.5%. The accuracy of medication administration to patients must also consider the rationality of antidiabetic therapy in order to influence the success rate of optimal therapy. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of patient appropriateness and indication appropriateness in outpatients with type 2 DM at Tabanan Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Tabanan). This study employed a semi-quantitative observational research design with a retrospective approach by reviewing patient medical records from the initiation of therapy. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, whereby samples had to meet predetermined inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the age group with the highest prevalence of DM patients at RSUD Tabanan was over 56 years old (74%), with a predominance of females (63%). The most common comorbidity among DM patients was hypertension alone (24.5%). Based on the findings, the percentage of patient appropriateness rationality among DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 97.5%, while the percentage of indication appropriateness rationality in type 2 DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 98.5%.

Individual candidates are one of the nomination paths other than political parties that use public support as a prerequisite for being appointed as regional head candidates. Individual candidates are often referred to as democratic paths or grassroots paths because candidates who are successfully appointed truly come from public support that has been verified with certainty through factual verification. Individual candidates are also often seen as a solution to the high political dowries and the phenomena of corruption, collusion and nepotism that arise from the failure of political parties to carry out their function as the people's dignity. However, their existence has always been discredited by political parties, especially since the change in the nomination threshold by political parties which was decided in the Constitutional Court decision 60/PUU-XXII/2024. This literature study examines the potential presence of individual candidates in reducing political dowries and corruption which is also useful for upholding democracy with people's sovereignty. Therefore, it is necessary to consider reducing the threshold for support for individual candidates to balance the political battle of regional elections. By highlighting individual candidates as tough political opponents, it will trigger changes in the structure and working mechanisms of political parties in order to gain the sympathy of the people that has been lost over the past few decades

This study aims to examine the strategy of optimizing waste retribution and its impact on increasing Local Original Income (PAD) in Karang Berombak Village, Medan City, using a literature study method. The data used are sourced from various relevant online references, such as scientific articles, research results, and policy publications. Data collection techniques are carried out through literature reviews that include statistical data, policy analysis, and case studies that are in accordance with the focus of the study. The results of the study indicate that optimizing waste retribution in order to increase PAD requires a comprehensive approach. The strategy includes structured planning, consistent supervision, increasing public awareness and participation, and providing adequate facilities and infrastructure. The implementation of this strategy in an integrated manner is expected to encourage the effectiveness of waste retribution management and contribute significantly to increasing PAD in Karang Berombak Village.

The existence of clean water is very important because clean water is a basic need for human life and the environment. The availability of abundant clean water is certainly an indicator of welfare, public health, and environmental sustainability. The Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company as a provider of clean water services to the community is carried out in accordance with applicable regulations in order to realize clean water services that are decent, equitable, and sustainable. This study aims to determine the role of the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company in implementing the provision of clean water to meet the needs of the community. This research method uses an empirical legal research method. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the implementation of drinking water provision by the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company is not entirely fair and equitable to the community. This is influenced by several obstacles faced, including unstable water quality, less than optimal water continuity, damage to water pumps, and leaks in the pipe network.

The political transformation in post-New Order Indonesia has opened up space for public participation and press freedom in democratic life. In this context, mass media and social media play an important role in shaping people's political awareness. They also influence political behavior. This research aims to analyze the contribution of print and digital media in delivering political messages. The media also plays a role in building public opinion and shaping the political image of certain actors. This research examines various political communication literature and theories as well as the involvement of actors such as politicians, media professionals, and activists with a qualitative method through a literature study approach. The research proves that the media has the ability to shape socio-political reality through agenda-setting mechanisms in addition to being a means of disseminating information. Social media is now an effective campaign tool as well, with a significant influence on people's political attitudes, depending on the credibility of the political communicator, the background of the audience, and the quality of the message. That the media is a strategic instrument in modern political communication and helps determine the direction of democratic dynamics in Indonesia has been confirmed by these findings.

The implementation of tax law has a crucial position in improving tax compliance and maintaining the stability of state finances. In Indonesia, although there is an adequate legal basis, the implementation of tax law still faces a number of problems such as violations of supervision, inefficient sanctions, and low understanding of taxation. This study aims to analyze ideas for the implementation of tax law, identify taxpayer conditions, and disseminate the effectiveness of law implementation in order to build a fair and sustainable taxation system. The method used is a literature review with a juridical-normative approach. The results of the study show that the success of law implementation is greatly influenced by regulations, human resources, information technology, and political commitment and cooperation between institutions. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed in the form of regulatory reform, digitalization of supervision, improving the quality of human resources, and public education so that tax compliance can increase significantly and sustainably.

The rapid development of technology and social media has given rise to new trends in marketing strategies, one of which is the use of Influencers as promotional media. Influencers are often utilized as intermediaries between brands and consumers due to their perceived ability to shape public opinion and influence purchasing decisions. However, various ethical issues have emerged in advertising practices involving Influencers, particularly concerning transparency, honesty, and social responsibility. Many Influencers promote products without disclosing that the content is paid advertising. Such practices can mislead consumers and damage the reputations of both the Influencer and the associated brand. Another critical issue is the promotion of products that do not align with the Influencer’s personal values, as well as the lack of protection for vulnerable groups, such as children. Therefore, the implementation of strict and comprehensive advertising ethics is essential. This study highlights the importance of digital ethics education for Influencers, the enforcement of clear regulations, and the active role of social media platforms in labeling sponsored content, in order to establish a healthy and responsible digital advertising ecosystem.

The authority and role of security guards assist the Police in carrying out security duties in a limited manner. The results of the study show that security guards in carrying out security responsibilities as a partner of the Police in dealing with and limited public order in the city of Kupang such as arresting the perpetrators of iron theft at PT Semen Kupang, Helmet Theft at the Kupang Polytechnic Campus, computer theft at the UKAW Kupang Campus and Oesapa Procurement Office Motorcycle Theft. Obstacles in carrying out duties and authorities as security guards include the authority of security guards which are limited by the law and inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Conclusion on the research Based on the provisions of Law number 2 of 2002 concerning the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia, it gives limited authority 'to security guard members to carry out security in the company environment acting Pre-emptive (fostering, directing), preventive (preventing, counteracting) and as limited law enforcement officers to assist the role of the functions of the National Police in a Repressive, Non-Judicial manner (acting, arresting, handcuffing, conducting initial interrogation) and in carrying out their duties and responsibilities the security guard experiences several obstacles such as the authority of the security guard which is limited by the law when he is in a position to face the perpetrator of the crime of theft who holds a weapon while the security guard officer is not armed because his authority is not like a member of the Police, but if the security guard officer resists it will be suspected that he has committed an unlawful act because of his limited authority and the law and the Facilities and Inadequate infrastructure.

Law enforcement plays a vital role in building a just, reliable, and corrupt-free criminal system. The success of the criminal system is highly dependent on the integrity of law enforcement officers, from the police, prosecutors, to the judiciary. This article discusses how consistent, transparent, and accountable law enforcement can increase public trust and minimize the potential for abuse of power. Through a normative and legal approach, this paper emphasizes the importance of institutional reform and legal culture in order to create a clean and just criminal system. This article critically examines the strategic role of law enforcement officials in building public trust through a transparent, accountable and integrity judicial system. Using a normative juridical approach and analysis of empirical data, this research highlights various challenges faced, such as weak integrity of the apparatus, political intervention, and a legal culture that is permissive of violations. This paper also emphasizes the importance of institutional reform, strengthening protection for justice collaborators and whistleblowers, and utilizing digital technology in order to encourage legal accountability.

Wayang Orang Sriwedari is a traditional Javanese theater performance that adapts the stories in the puppet show which has been established since 1911. The existence of the Sriwedari Wayang Orang Building cannot be separated from the role of a public relations in creating a Marketing Public Relations Strategy. The results of the research conducted show that the public relations of the Sriwedari Wayang Orang Building uses a three-way strategy analysis consisting of pull strategy, push strategy, and pass strategy. In these three strategies, the pull strategy is the most done, which is 7 ways. While in the push strategy there are 4 ways and the pass strategy is 4 ways.The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. The data sources in this study are primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques used are interviews, documentation, and observation. Researchers distributed questioners to find out the level of brand awareness as an achievement of the three strategies that have been carried out. Data analysis is obtained in the field with stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Of the three strategies that have been carried out by public relations of the Sriwedari Wayang Orang Building, the main problem is that the level of brand awareness is still at the level of unaware of the brand with the achievement of a pull strategy of 74%, push strategy 90%, and pass strategy 80%In order for the uploads made by Sriwedari Wayang Orang Building to be understood, an explanation is needed so that it can be fully understood by the reader.

Pretrial is an important instrument in the Indonesian criminal justice system that serves as a control mechanism against arbitrary actions of law enforcement officials, especially in the determination of suspect status. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of pretrial institution in overturning invalid suspect determination and its impact on the protection of human rights and legal certainty. The method used is normative legal research with legislative approach and case study. The results of the study show that although pretrial has been strengthened through Constitutional Court Decision No. 21/PUU-XII/2014, in practice its effectiveness is still limited due to inconsistency of decisions, lack of access to investigation documents, and potential abuse by certain parties. Pre-trial decisions that invalidate suspect determinations have a substantive impact in upholding the principle of presumption of innocence and due process of law. However, in order for it to function optimally, reform of KUHAP, training of judges, digitization of the judicial process, and strong public oversight are required. Thus, pretrial can play a strategic role in maintaining substantive justice and the integrity of the legal system in Indonesia.

Rapid developments in information technology have opened up opportunities for new threats to national security, one of which is hacking of information systems. Cyber attacks not only cause economic losses and disrupt public services, but also pose a serious threat to Indonesia's digital sovereignty. In this context, state intelligence has a strategic role as the front line in detecting, analyzing, and countering various forms of threats to the country's strategic information systems. However, strengthening the function of state intelligence in dealing with hacking crimes still faces various obstacles, ranging from regulatory aspects that are not yet adaptive, weak inter-agency coordination, to limitations in technology and human resources. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of strengthening state intelligence in countering information system hacking, as well as to formulate the urgency of updating national legal policies that support the formation of a strong, integrated, and professional cyber intelligence system. Using a normative legal research method supported by a conceptual and case approach, this study concludes that strengthening state intelligence requires regulatory reform, institutional integration, and investment in technology and human resources in order to maintain national sovereignty in the digital age.

The criminal act of falsifying administrative documents related to civil registration is a form of crime that has serious implications for the order of state administration, public trust, and the validity of civil registration data. This study aims to analyse the motives and driving factors of perpetrators in falsifying administrative documents related to civil registration through the application of strain criminology theory. The research method used is normative legal research with a criminological approach, supported by a literature study of relevant laws, regulations, doctrines, literature, and court decisions. The results show that the falsification of administrative documents is influenced by the gap between the cultural goals of society—such as obtaining employment, education, and social status—and the limitations of available legal means. Social pressure, economic conditions, and negative experiences such as frustration and bureaucratic obstacles encourage individuals to commit illegal acts as a form of adaptation. In addition, other contributing factors include weak social control, opportunities created by an ineffective administrative system, and the influence of a permissive social environment on forgery practices. The conclusion of this study confirms that the crime of falsifying administrative documents is not solely an individual problem, but also a structural and systemic one. Therefore, prevention efforts must be comprehensive, not only through strict law enforcement, but also by improving the administrative system, strengthening bureaucratic oversight, and reducing the socio-economic pressures faced by the community.

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are experiencing the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. The decline in consumer purchasing power is a challenge for SMEs in carrying out their business production. One of the opportunities for MSME actors to survive in the current pandemic is by maximizing online sales. But not a few MSME actors who still do not understand to use online sales. Therefore, it is necessary to empower the community of MSME actors in trying online markets or other options by empowering MSME actors in branding superior products. By using and managing the right digital media, it is hoped that business actors can increase public interest in products. Digital media that can be used include Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp, Youtube, GrabFood/Go-Food or other platforms. Business actors can also carry out brand awareness offline, that is, they can develop innovations that do not yet exist, such as promotions by distributing brochures, creating attractive menu lists or creating price tags. The approach method used in community service this time is in the form of mentoring business actors regarding the development of MSME business innovations where members go directly to the field. This MSME assistance activity was carried out. The process of SME Mentoring activities is in the form of interviews with business owners to find out the current situation of their business conditions, members help make snack box orders, make banners/banners and price tags as an effort to carry out brand awareness, and members also provide medical equipment in the form of masks, hand sanitizer, and plastic gloves to business managers as a form of attention to always maintain health protocols when interacting with customers.

The increasingly complex traffic problems in Pekanbaru, marked by an increase in the number of vehicles, have prompted the government to implement Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) as an effort to improve public order and provide effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable public services. ETLE, which falls under the category of Smart Environment, uses camera and sensor technology to automatically detect various traffic violations. The implementation of ETLE in Pekanbaru began in March 2021 at four strategic locations. This study aims to examine the perceptions of Pekanbaru residents regarding the implementation of ETLE, including positive and negative aspects, as well as concerns related to system accuracy and flexibility in the field. Using a quantitative approach with a survey method, data was collected through questionnaires from 100 road users in Pekanbaru. The results of the study indicate that the public generally has a positive view of ETLE in creating traffic order and fairness, but there are also significant concerns regarding insufficient socialization, potential system errors, and procedural complexity. Implications: This study is expected to provide constructive input for authorities to improve the ETLE system and socialization strategies in the future

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the Indonesian economy which have a strategic role in national economic development. In the context of the traditional culinary industry, pempek as one of Palembang's typical foods has great economic potential. This traditional food has become a superior commodity that is not only popular in its area of ​​origin, but has also spread to various regions in Indonesia. In this Real Work Lecture (KKN), the activity began with field observation methods, in-depth interviews, and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) aimed at discussing the concept of developing promotional media and business identity together with business owners in order to identify the main problems faced, especially in terms of promotional media and business identity. The main problem faced is the limitations in marketing and branding aspects, especially in terms of effective promotional media such as banners, TikTok content, business cards and strong business identities such as business plaques and websites. Through the right approach, it aims to increase business visibility, expand market reach, and ultimately increase sales turnover. The mentoring program has succeeded in increasing the managerial capabilities of MSME owners in managing modern marketing aspects. Training in the use of digital platforms such as Instagram, Tiktok and WhatsApp Business has equipped business actors with practical skills in creating attractive visual content and strategic publication scheduling. changing the business approach from being conventional to being more professional and systematic.

This study examines the persuasive strategies used by Anies Baswedan in his TEDx speech titled “Governments, Make Public Transport Equitable.” As the Governor of Jakarta, Baswedan delivered the speech on a global platform to advocate for equitable, inclusive, and sustainable public transportation. The research focuses on how he employs Aristotle’s classical rhetorical appeals, namely ethos to establish credibility, pathos to create emotional connection, and logos to present logical reasoning, in order to engage and persuade his audience. Using qualitative rhetorical analysis, the study explores how these appeals are combined and positioned throughout the speech. The official transcript was carefully analyzed to identify statements that reflect each persuasive strategy. The findings show that logos is the most dominant appeal, as Baswedan presents data, measurable goals, and clear policy outcomes. Ethos is conveyed through his position, achievements, and inclusive vision, while pathos emerges in moments where he highlights social justice, the urgency of addressing climate change, and the unifying power of public transport. This research shows that rhetorical appeals in political speeches like Baswedan’s are not applied in a strict sequence but are interwoven to strengthen the overall persuasive impact. The study offers insight into how classical rhetorical strategies are applied in modern communication platforms such as TEDx.

Responsive public service plays a crucial role in building public trust in police institutions, particularly in handling citizen complaints. This study aims to examine the responsiveness level of Mojokerto Police Resort in managing public complaints and the factors influencing it. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing data collection methods such as in-depth interviews, direct observations, and document studies. Participants include officers from the Integrated Police Service Center (SPKT), Women and Children Service Unit (PPA), community members who have filed complaints, as well as community leaders and NGOs involved in overseeing public services. Data analysis was conducted using Miles and Huberman’s model, which includes data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal a varied level of awareness among the community regarding complaint channels, as well as differences in ease of access. Physical channels such as suggestion boxes and direct reporting at police stations are more familiar and accessible but face challenges related to communication effectiveness and evidence collection. Meanwhile, online platforms like social media and the official website are less recognized by the public, compounded by limited digital literacy and internet access in certain areas. Furthermore, the complaint handling process needs to be straightforward, transparent, and professional to ensure that the community feels respected and confident in the service. Factors affecting responsiveness include response speed, ease of access across multiple channels, and the professionalism of officers handling cases. Perceptions of transparency and openness in procedures also significantly influence community trust. Strategically, Mojokerto Police Resort has made efforts to develop digital complaint systems and enhance staff capabilities. However, further improvements are necessary in community education and awareness programs to increase familiarity and confidence in digital channels. The significance of high responsiveness is reflected in its strategic benefits, such as early identification of security disturbances, strengthening police legitimacy, and improving overall public service quality. Effective responsiveness fosters better relationships between officers and the community, enhances trust, and contributes to a safer and more orderly environment. Therefore, adopting modern, innovative, and technology-based complaint systems should be prioritized to reform police services. Overall, the responsiveness of Mojokerto Police Resort’s complaint handling system serves as a key indicator for the success of quality and equitable public services. By improving officer professionalism, infrastructure, and community outreach, it is expected that Mojokerto Police can enhance responsiveness, reinforce community trust, and deliver excellent, transparent, and accountable services. Such efforts not only improve the police institution’s reputation but also strengthen democratic foundations and social justice in the Mojokerto region.    

The Constitutional Court (MK) Decision Number 55/PHPU.BUP-XXIII/2025 is an important precedent in the dynamics of regional head election law in Indonesia. The Constitutional Court canceled the participation of the North Gorontalo Regent candidate pair because one of the candidates was still undergoing a criminal probation period. This article analyzes the Constitutional Court's legal considerations and their implications for the principle of legal certainty and protection of voters' constitutional rights. This study uses a normative legal approach with a descriptive-qualitative analysis method of laws and regulations and Supreme Court decisions. The results show that the enforcement of strict nomination requirements by the Constitutional Court emphasizes the importance of compliance with the law in the democratic process, while ensuring that regional head candidates have proper moral and legal integrity, this decision also emphasizes that the election process is not only procedural, but also substantial in ensuring the quality of leadership that will be elected. In addition, this decision provides guidelines for election organizers, especially the General Election Commission (KPU), to be more careful in conducting factual verification of candidate requirements. On the other hand, political parties are encouraged to be more selective in nominating candidates, in order to avoid potential legal disputes that could harm public trust in democracy.

Street-level bureaucracy refers to the role of frontline bureaucrats who directly engage with the public in the implementation of public policies, including stunting management. In Sidoarjo Regency, stunting remains a critical public health issue with long-term implications for human capital development, despite the government’s continuous efforts to reduce its prevalence. Actors such as posyandu cadres, health center personnel, and officials from the District Health Office serve as the front line in detecting stunting cases, delivering nutritional counseling, monitoring child growth, and connecting communities with essential health services. However, the effectiveness of these roles is often constrained by limited resources, excessive workloads, lack of adequate training, and insufficient incentives that do not reflect the complexity of their responsibilities. Furthermore, policy implementation is frequently hindered by weak inter-sectoral coordination, low community engagement, and the gap between administrative guidelines and the realities faced in the field. The discretionary power held by these street-level bureaucrats becomes both a strength and a challenge—allowing for flexible adaptation to local needs while raising concerns about accountability and service consistency. Addressing stunting effectively at the local level requires strategic capacity-building for implementers through continuous training, fair compensation, and strengthened collaboration among governmental actors and other stakeholders. These efforts must be integrated, holistic, and sustainable in order to truly tackle the root causes of stunting and generate meaningful improvements in public health outcomes.