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This study aims to analyze the Timor Leste conflict from various conflict theory perspectives. By understanding the motives and dynamics underlying the conflict, it is expected to provide deeper insight into the causes and consequences of the Indonesian invasion and its impact on the Timorese people. This study uses a library method with the intention of collecting and analyzing information from various written sources related to theories of international relations and the dynamics of social conflict, starting with topic identification, literature collection, and ending with analysis and synthesis of information to find patterns and relationships between theories and phenomena studied. The results of the study show that the Timor Leste conflict from the Republic of Indonesia between 1975 and 1999 can be analyzed through various conflict theory perspectives, including Realism, Constructivism, and Marxism Theory. Realism Theory helps explain the Indonesian military invasion as an effort to defend national interests, while Constructivism Theory highlights the role of identity and norms in the struggle for independence of the Timorese people. On the other hand, Marxist Theory reveals that economic injustice and social class differences play an important role in triggering conflict. By understanding these three theories, this research provides deeper insights into the causes and dynamics of conflict, and identifies steps that can be taken to achieve a just and sustainable resolution.

This research aims to examine and analyze the actualization of the third principle of Pancasila, namely "Unity in Indonesia," in the context of the spirit of gotong royong, which is a noble tradition of the Indonesian nation. Gotong royong, emphasizing cooperation and togetherness, plays a crucial role in strengthening unity amidst the social, cultural, and religious diversity in Indonesia. This study focuses on how the values of unity can be manifested in gotong royong practices across various sectors of life, both at the community level, within government, and in international relations.The methodology employed in this research is a qualitative approach that includes literature studies and interviews with various parties directly involved in gotong royong activities, both in communities and governmental institutions. The research also analyzes various cases that illustrate the implementation of the spirit of gotong royong in everyday life, particularly in addressing social, economic challenges, and natural disasters.The findings indicate that the spirit of gotong royong plays a vital role in reinforcing the unity of the Indonesian nation. Through gotong royong, communities can support each other in facing various social issues while strengthening social bonds among citizens, regardless of existing differences. On the other hand, this study also identifies challenges faced in actualizing the principle of Unity in Indonesia within the spirit of gotong royong, such as the growing individualism in society and widening social gaps.This research is expected to contribute to understanding the importance of actualizing the principle of Unity in Indonesia in national life and to provide recommendations for strengthening the spirit of gotong royong to create a more united, just, and prosperous Indonesia. The spirit of gotong royong, which is an integral part of Indonesian national identity, needs to be continuously developed to face the challenges of modern times and increasingly complex global dynamics.

Indonesian is a national identity that every citizen should be proud of. However, the challenges of globalization and the influence of foreign cultures often weaken the sense of pride in the use of Indonesian in everyday life. The purpose of this article is to describe an effort to foster a sense of pride in Indonesian by introducing it into everyday life. This approach involves incorporating Indonesian into various activities. Through the habituation of using Bahasa Indonesia appropriately and accurately, individuals can understand the richness of culture and its role in strengthening national unity. The results show that individuals' direct involvement in language practice increases awareness of the importance of language as a medium of communication that reflects national values.

Angklung Buncis Sawargi is one of the high-value traditional Sundanese cultural heritages in Manggungjaya Village, Rajapolah District, Tasikmalaya Regency. This study aims to analyze the existence of Angklung Buncis Sawargi amidst the social and cultural changes of the local community. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The study finds that the existence of this art form is still preserved due to the support of the local community, the participation of younger generations, and innovations in performances, such as the integration of traditional and modern music elements. Additionally, the role of art groups like Angklung Buncis Sawargi in various traditional events, entertainment, and education plays a crucial part in maintaining the continuity of this art. The implications of this research highlight the importance of collaboration between the government, art communities, and the public in preserving traditional art as local cultural identity, while also encouraging its development to remain relevant in the modern era. This preservation effort is expected to make Angklung Buncis not only locally recognized but also nationally acknowledged as a cultural heritage.

The digital era brings challenges to the internalization of Pancasila values, especially among generation Z who are exposed to global information flows and foreign cultures. This research aims to analyze the influence of digital technology on the understanding of Generation Z about Pancasila, especially the third precept, "Unity of Indonesia." Using a qualitative approach and analytical descriptive methods, this study utilizes data from literature and documentation. The results of the study show that Generation Z still respects cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity. However, global cultural influences can shift appreciation of local values. Pancasila-based education and critical literacy play an important role in maintaining the relevance of these values. The use of digital technology as a medium of learning and socialization is considered strategic in strengthening the understanding of Generation Z of Pancasila. In conclusion, the values of Pancasila remain relevant if supported by innovative and technology-based education. This step is important to ensure that generation Z can face globalization without losing their national identity, as well as internalize and apply Pancasila values in daily life.

Indonesian language holds a strategic role as a tool of cultural diplomacy on the international stage. As a symbol of national identity, it is utilized to showcase Indonesia's cultural richness through various programs such as Bahasa Indonesia for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) and the use of digital media. This strategy not only strengthens Indonesia’s positive image globally but also promotes harmonious international relations based on soft power. Despite challenges in digitalization and cross-sector coordination, the Indonesian language has great potential to become a leading language in Southeast Asia. Through innovative approaches and cross-sector collaboration, cultural diplomacy based on the Indonesian language is expected to contribute to better global relations.

This article explores the relationship between nationalism and Christian faith from a biblical perspective. Nationalism is often defined as loyalty to nation and state, while Christian faith centres on loyalty to God and His kingdom. In the Indonesian context, churches participated in the nationalism movement from the colonialism era until independence. Based on theological studies, the Bible provides insight that believers' primary loyalty should be to God, although they are also expected to be good citizens. This article uses a literature study method with a qualitative approach to analyse relevant biblical texts as well as related theological literature. The concept of nation in the Bible is examined from the perspective of the Old Testament, which focuses on the ethnic identity of the nation of Israel, to the New Testament, which expands the nation's identity into an inclusive community of faith. The article also highlights the ethical implications of nationalism for Christians, who should reflect the values of justice, love and sacrifice, and avoid exclusionary and xenophobic attitudes.

Contemporary Southeast Asian literature reflects the complexity of postcolonial identities through themes of hybridity, resistance, and cultural negotiation. This article analyzes selected literary works from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines to explore how postcolonial narratives construct and deconstruct national and individual identities. Using postcolonial theory, this study reveals that literature serves as a medium to express the ongoing struggle between colonial legacies and the rise of local cultures.

This study aims to analyze the role of study tour activities to the Heroes Museum in strengthening students' national defense attitudes. In the digital era, many young generations lack awareness of national values ​​and the history of the nation's struggle. This is indicated by the low appreciation of the services of the heroes. The Heroes Museum as a historical education space has strategic potential in instilling patriotic values ​​through direct experience. Using the literature study method, this study collected data from books and scientific articles. The results show that experience-based activities, such as museum visits, are effective in increasing students' understanding of history, heroic values, and nationalism. In addition, museum visits can build students' character, such as a sense of responsibility, discipline, and love for the country. This study concludes that a study tour to the Heroes Museum not only enriches students' historical insights, but also instills moral values ​​and builds national identity in depth.

In the era of digitalization, strengthening national identity is important, with the concept of National Defense as the main strategy. Defending the Nation emphasizes the obligation of every citizen to maintain the country's defense and security, especially amidst the threat of digitalization which can change cultural values and national identity. This research aims to examine the role of the concept of National Defense in strengthening national identity and increasing public awareness of the importance of defending the country. By maintaining the principles of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika and Pancasila, defending the country becomes a means of protecting Indonesia's unity, culture and sovereignty in the digital era.

This research examines the pros and cons of Islamic leadership in Indonesia, a complex issue amidst the social and political diversity of a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. With a qualitative approach, this research explores various perspectives regarding the application of Islamic values ​​in leadership, which are considered to provide moral guidance and strengthen national identity. However, there are also concerns regarding the potential exclusion of non-Muslim groups and the disregard for the principles of democracy and pluralism. Through literature analysis, this research concludes the need for interfaith dialogue and political education that emphasizes religious harmony to create inclusive and just policies, so as to bridge Islamic values ​​with the needs of diverse communities.

The positive impact of the ecumenical movement can be seen in its influence on inter-religious harmony. By promoting dialogue, mutual understanding, and cooperation on humanitarian issues, the movement helps create space for interfaith solidarity. Several concrete initiatives, such as cooperation in disaster management, inclusive education, and peace campaigns, are examples of how the ecumenical spirit can be translated into concrete actions that strengthen relations between religious communities. In the context of Indonesian society, this movement also contributes to strengthening a national identity that respects differences but still upholds unity.

The application of fiqih jinayah in Aceh is the implementation of Islamic criminal law regulated in Qanun Jinayat as part of the implementation of Islamic law in the region. This is based on the special authority granted by Law Number 11/2006 on the Government of Aceh. Qanun Jinayat includes various criminal provisions such as hudud, qisas, and ta'zir that regulate certain offenses, including zina, gambling, alcohol consumption, and khalwat. Punishments include flogging, fines, and imprisonment. However, the implementation of fiqh jinayah in Aceh faces various challenges, such as resistance from certain groups, limited public understanding, and issues of compatibility with human rights principles. On the other hand, this implementation is considered successful in reducing the level of certain crimes and strengthening the Islamic identity of the people of Aceh. Thus, fiqih jinayah in Aceh is an example of how Islamic law can be integrated into the national legal system, although it requires evaluation and adaptation to ensure its implementation is fair, transparent, and in accordance with the social context of the community.

Borobudur's cultural heritage as a global tourism destination requires innovative strategies in local product development. This research examines the role of Intellectual Property (IP) in the industrial design of Upanat Sandals in increasing the competitiveness of the Borobudur National Tourism Destination (DPN) and its surroundings in the international arena. Through a normative legal research method with a descriptive-analytical approach, the study focuses on analysing industrial design regulations, IP documentation, and in-depth interviews with industry players and tourism stakeholders. Specifically, the research investigates how the Upanat Sandal industrial design can be a strategic instrument in building the identity and competitiveness of tourism destinations. The results revealed that IP protection on Upanat Sandals has the potential to create tourism product differentiation, encourage creative economy innovation, and strengthen Borobudur destination branding at the international level. The findings show that the development and protection of industrial design IP can be an effective strategy in increasing tourist attractiveness, presenting the uniqueness of local culture, and opening up new economic opportunities. However, the research also identified significant challenges, such as low public awareness of the importance of IP protection and the complexity of registration procedures that hinder the development of maximum potential.

Istiqlal Mosque, located in Jakarta, is an important symbol of Indonesian independence and the largest mosque in Southeast Asia. Designed by architect Frederich Silaban, the building combines modern architectural design with traditional Islamic elements. The mosque's main function is as a place of worship for Muslims, but it also has important social, religious and educational roles. With a capacity of more than 200,000 worshipers, the mosque is not only a place for congregational prayers, but also a center for activities such as recitation and celebrations of Islamic holidays. The mosque's spacious and open design allows for strong interaction between worshipers, creating social bonds that strengthen their spiritual connection. Apart from being a place of worship, Istiqlal Mosque also reflects a symbol of Indonesia's unity and national identity. Its location next to the Jakarta Cathedral Church illustrates the importance of interfaith tolerance in Indonesia. The mosque is also a center for da'wah and Islamic studies that invites many visitors from various backgrounds to exchange knowledge and deepen their understanding of Islam. As a religious tourism destination, the mosque attracts many tourists who want to experience peace and learn about its history and symbolism. Through its various functions, Istiqlal Mosque not only acts as a place of worship, but also as a social space that strengthens relationships between its users, reflecting the spirit of nationality and deep spirituality.

Football in Indonesia plays an important role in building national identity and spirit. This study examines the impact of Indonesian supporters' enthusiasm on nationalism at the global level. Supporters, often called the "12th player," contribute to strengthening social solidarity and pride in the national team with support such as singing the national anthem and wearing national attributes. The method used in this study is a literature study. The results of the study show that the enthusiasm of supporters not only motivates athletes to excel, but also helps introduce Indonesian culture to the world. However, challenges such as conflicts between supporters must be resolved to maintain a positive image of Indonesia.

the influence of foreign culture on national identity in Indonesia, focusing on students of Raja Ali Haji Maritime University. This study shows that globalization facilitates the entry of foreign cultures that have the potential to erode local cultural values. Through interviews, it was found that students felt both positive and negative impacts of foreign culture, such as increased knowledge of foreign languages and the loss of local cultural characteristics. The author emphasizes the importance of maintaining Indonesian cultural identity amidst the ever- growing flow of globalization.

Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012) has been socialised in the digital age, which has informed their social interactions and cultural awareness. This study assesses the role of Generation Z in maintaining national identity in the context of globalisation, employing a Likert-scale interview methodology with university students aged 18–22 at Universitas Gadjah Mada. The results indicate that the majority of respondents exhibit a robust sense of patriotism (53.6% strongly agree) and express support for the preservation of national identity (70% agree/strongly agree). However, a small percentage of respondents express doubt (18.4%) or disagreement (5.2%). Generation Z proactively employs social media to advance local culture, address social issues, and reconcile global influences with local values. Despite the challenges posed by globalisation, they demonstrate a commitment to maintaining Indonesia's cultural heritage. This study recommends culturally relevant education tailored to the digital era to support Generation Z in preserving national identity while adapting to global developments.      

Human communication can be carried out through the use of language. Indonesian is not merely a tool for communication but also a unifying force for the Indonesian people. A language that adheres to its rules without deviation in many aspects is the official language of Indonesia and is used as a form of verbal or written communication, both formal and informal. The Indonesian people should be proud to have a language that can represent their feelings and thoughts. The existence of the Indonesian language in its current condition demands that the identity of the Indonesian language be cultivated and socialized by every Indonesian citizen. Mastering and loving the national language as an Indonesian citizen who loves the homeland is a matter of pride, identity, and a hallmark of Indonesia, as it is the language of unity. Even though you have learned foreign languages, it does not mean that you immediately forget the Indonesian language and its prestige. With our language of unity, which is Indonesian, loving and using Indonesian in accordance with language rules and maintaining it is an implication for preserving the existence of Indonesian through linguistic attitudes.

Product packaging is an important element in creating the identity and attractiveness of a product, especially for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This research aims to develop an online-based packaging design service through the PackDe platform that offers easy access, transparent pricing, and a variety of customizable design options. The methods used include literature study, competitor observation, and social media analysis to understand market needs and current design trends. The results show that PackDe is able to provide functional and aesthetic packaging design solutions, supporting SME product branding effectively. Nevertheless, challenges such as limited human resources and marketing need to be overcome to reach a wider market. The implications of this research show that digital-based packaging design innovation can improve the competitiveness of SME products in national and global markets. PackDe is expected to be a strategic partner for SMEs in creating packaging that is not only visually appealing but also has added value to the packaged product.