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Accurate evaluation of head losses is essential in industrial systems transporting viscous chemical fluids, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to ensure hydraulic efficiency and operational reliability, particularly in chlor alkali plants. This study analyses major and minor flow losses in the NaOH piping system at PT X Chlor Alkali Plant, Porsea, and evaluates the pipe design's hydraulic feasibility. After defining system parameters—including fluid properties, pipe geometry, and the number and type of fittings—technical calculations were conducted to assess flow profiles and pressure losses along two main pipe routes. A quantitative analysis using the Moody diagram and operational data reveals that minor losses dominate, contributing over 75% of total head loss in both routes. The total head loss remains within the pump's rated capacity (18 m), though with a narrow margin. A pipe diameter of 0.114 m produces a flow velocity of 0.79 m/s, aligning with recommended industrial standards for corrosive fluids. The use of Sch.80 stainless steel proves effective in minimizing frictional losses, particularly under turbulent flow conditions. These findings highlight the critical role of fitting configurations and material selection in optimizing chemical process piping systems.

This research analyzes the implementation of the 7P marketing mix framework—comprising product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence—at Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) to attract consumer interest in adopting sharia-compliant savings products within an increasingly volatile banking environment. Amidst accelerating retail competition following consolidated structural expansions, the main objective of this study is to trace the relationship between strategic structural integration and retail consumer acquisition dynamics. The methodology incorporates a qualitative case study paradigm operating primarily through continuous field observations at physical institutional touchpoints combined with an extensive evaluation of web-based portal data and corporate disclosures. The key findings reveal that the proactive orchestration of zero-administration deposit schemes, transparent sharia-compliant pricing margins, broad multi-channel distribution, targeted digital netnography campaigns, and highly optimized automated mobile routing systems collectively acts as a core catalyst for amplifying consumer market trust and broadening retail account portfolios. The study concludes that the seamless integration of digital service architectures with traditional branch infrastructures under sharia tenets remains vital for maintaining structural growth and securing long-term institutional presence in competitive regional commercial banking fields.

Di era modern, eksistensi minuman tradisional mulai tergeser oleh minuman modern, termasuk wedang uwuh yang merupakan minuman khas Yogyakarta. Salah satu upaya pelestarian wedang uwuh adalah melalui inovasi dan difersifikasi produk, seperti pengembangan produk coklat bar dengan rasa wedang uwuh. Cokelat dipilih karena memiliki daya tarik tinggi di berbagai segmen pasar serta nilai komersial dan khasiat yang baik untuk kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis cokelat yang paling sesuai sebagai bahan dasar utama dalam pengembangan produk coklat bar wedang uwuh dengan membandingkan cokelat hitam dan cokelat putih berdasarkan atribut visual, khasiat, dan nilai komersial. Metode yang digunakan adalah Focus Grup Discussion (FGD) bersama perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang produksi wedang uwuh, dengan melibatkan 9 orang peserta. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahan dasar untuk produk cokelat bar wedang uwuh, cokelat hitam lebih unggul baik dari aspek visual, kandungan, dan nilai komersilnya. Secara visual, uji organoleptik seperti warna, bau, rasa masih lebih unggul cokelat hitam. Cokelat hitam kaya akan flavonoid, polifenol, teobromin, asam askorbat, zat besi, magnesium, dan serat sehingga lebih memberikan khasiat yang lebih baik untuk tubuh. Margin harga cokelat hitam lebih tinggi tetapi tidak signifikan bedanya dengan cokelat putih, sehingga penggunaan cokelat hitam sebagai bahan dasar produk cokelat bar wedang uwuh sangat direkomendasikan.  

This literature study examines the construction of cultural identity through socio-economic practices in plantation ecosystems among the Acehnese, Malay, and Chinese communities in Indonesia. Using a systematic literature review of 42 selected sources (1990-2023), the research reveals that plantations function as sites of identity negotiation—dynamic arenas of cultural adaptation and resistance. In Aceh, the integration of Islamic values (zakat [alms] from plantations, meunasah education) and local wisdom (peusijuek rituals) mediates post-conflict reconciliation and identity transformation from "combatants" to "farmers" (Muchlis et al., 2023; Aulia et al., 2024). For the Malay community, the customary-territorial concept of bela kampung (communal defense) underpins resistance to authority fragmentation through gotong royong (mutual cooperation) and communal land allocation (Yunanda et al., 2024; Nasution et al., 2024). Meanwhile, the Chinese community develops invisibility strategies (e.g., land acquisition via family foundations, citizenship aliases) to convert legal marginalization into clan-based social capital (Irawan, 2016; Thung, 2018). Key findings highlight divergent identity sources: religiosity (Aceh), customary-territoriality (Malay), and clan social capital (Chinese). The study recommends integrating local wisdom into inclusive plantation policies and employing ethnographic approaches to examine identity intersectionality complexity.

The high inequality of land ownership in Indonesia shows that the enforcement of social justice in the implementation of land redistribution has not been running optimally. The agrarian reform program which is expected to be a solution to overcome agrarian inequality is often hampered by structural, legal, and institutional problems. This study aims to examine legally and empirically how the principle of social justice is upheld in the practice of land redistribution through the agrarian reform program. The method used is qualitative research with a normative and empirical legal approach, through a literature study of regulations and academic literature as well as secondary data analysis from government reports, scientific journals, and field studies. The results of the study show that although there is a supporting legal framework, the implementation of land redistribution still faces obstacles such as weak transparency, lack of community participation, and ineffective supervision of the use of ex-HGU land. This study contributes to understanding the importance of integration between legal aspects and social justice in agrarian reform policies. In conclusion, the enforcement of the principle of social justice in agrarian reform requires more inclusive policies that favor marginalized groups, as well as further in-depth and interdisciplinary research to formulate strategies for implementing equitable and sustainable reforms.

This study is motivated by the importance of prayer and fasting practices in the Christian tradition, which are increasingly marginalized in the midst of modern secularism and individualism. The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of prayer and fasting based on the principles in the Book of Esther and to examine its implications for the formation of contemporary Christian spirituality. This research employs a literature review method by examining biblical texts and contemporary theological literature to identify the characteristics of prayer and fasting that are pleasing to God. The results of the study indicate that the practice of prayer and fasting in the Book of Esther is not merely ritualistic, but an expression of faith, self-denial, and communal solidarity that leads to personal transformation and strengthened social sensitivity. The implication of this study is that the principles of prayer and fasting in the Book of Esther can serve as a model for the spiritual formation of the modern church, fostering intimacy with God and a commitment to addressing surrounding social issues. These findings contribute to the development of practical theology and contemporary Christian spirituality studies.

This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT Mayora Indah Tbk using the Du Pont System approach. This method decomposes Return on Equity (ROE) into three main components: Net Profit Margin (NPM), Total Asset Turnover (TATO), and Equity Multiplier (EM). The research employs secondary data from the company’s 2023 and 2024 financial statements. The findings reveal that despite an increase in net sales, the company experienced a decline in net profit, asset efficiency, and ROE. ROE decreased from 21.29% in 2023 to 17.84% in 2024, influenced by a reduction in NPM and TATO, along with a rise in EM. This decline indicates pressures on profitability and asset efficiency. Therefore, the company should enhance operational efficiency and manage its capital structure effectively to sustain optimal financial performance.

Domestic helpers (DWs) play a vital role in sustaining household life in urban areas, yet their legal position in the Indonesian labour system remains marginal and vulnerable, without adequate legal protection. This research aims to analyse juridically normatively the legal position of domestic workers within the framework of national labour law and identify regulatory gaps and structural barriers that hinder the protection of their basic rights. Using a literature study method and a normative juridical approach, this research examines legislation, legal doctrine, and recent scientific literature. The analysis shows that Law No. 13 Year 2003 does not recognise domestic workers as formal workers, and Permenaker No. 2 Year 2015 is non-binding, creating a legal vacuum that results in vulnerability to exploitation, discrimination, and human rights violations. The absence of special regulations such as the PPRT Bill and the non-ratification of ILO Convention No. 189 exacerbate structural injustice against domestic workers. This research concludes that the legal protection of domestic workers is very weak normatively and practically, so regulative reform is needed through the enactment of special laws and harmonisation of national laws with international human rights standards in order to create a fair, inclusive and social justice-based employment system.

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has led to the adoption of hydroponics, a method of growing plants in nutrient-rich solutions without soil. This method is particularly effective in controlled environments where resource efficiency is paramount. However, the success of hydroponic systems depends heavily on precise nutrient management, especially for micro-nutrients, which are crucial for plant health and productivity. Traditional methods of nutrient monitoring are often labor-intensive and lack the real-time responsiveness needed for optimal nutrient control. This study addresses the challenge of real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems by developing a miniature sensor system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed system is designed to detect micro-nutrient concentrations accurately and transmit data in real-time to a cloud platform for continuous monitoring and automated control. Advanced algorithms are employed for data processing and calibration, ensuring high accuracy in detecting micro-nutrient levels. The system was tested in a controlled hydroponic environment, where it demonstrated high accuracy with minimal error margins, validated by a consistently low Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The integration of IoT allowed for seamless data transmission and real-time analysis, enabling immediate adjustments to nutrient levels as needed. This research contributes to the advancement of precision agriculture by providing an effective solution for real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems, potentially improving crop yields and resource efficiency.

Urban street art has become a significant visual medium reflecting identity, resistance, and cultural memory within Southeast Asian cities. This study explores how street art in urban environments such as Jakarta, Bangkok, and Manila serves as a visual narrative, embedding local symbolism and identity expression into public space. The objective is to analyze how visual elements in street art communicate social, cultural, and political messages. A qualitative method is employed, utilizing visual semiotics and ethnographic observation to examine selected murals and graffiti. The findings reveal that recurring motifs, such as traditional symbols, mythological figures, and vernacular language, function as tools of cultural assertion and urban storytelling. These visual narratives not only document community histories but also challenge dominant urban narratives, reclaiming marginalized voices. The study highlights the role of street artists as agents of social commentary and urban transformation. Implications suggest that recognizing street art as a form of visual narrative contributes to a broader understanding of cultural identity construction in urban Southeast Asia.

The participation of Muslim families in Indonesia’s capital market remains relatively low despite increasing access to financial instruments. This low level of stock ownership highlights the need to analyze the influencing factors. This study aims to examine the effect of socio-economic factors and religiosity on stock ownership decisions among Muslim families in Indonesia. The data used are panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) for the years 2007 and 2014, consisting of 32,074 observations from 16,037 household heads. The independent variables include gender, age, household size, income, education level, marital status, social expenditures, area of residence, employment status, and religiosity. The analysis was conducted using probit regression, supported by likelihood ratio tests, goodness-of-fit measures, and marginal effects analysis. The results show that most socio-economic and religiosity variables significantly influence stock ownership decisions. These findings indicate that the investment behavior of Muslim families is shaped by a combination of structural characteristics and religious values. The implications of this study may serve as a foundation for developing contextual and inclusive financial literacy policies.  

This study aims to analyze financial statements as a tool to assess the financial performance of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk for the period 2020–2023. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this research calculates key financial ratios, including liquidity ratios (current ratio), solvency ratios (debt to equity ratio), activity ratios (total asset turnover), and profitability ratios (net profit margin). The results show that the current ratio experienced a declining trend from 66.09% in 2020 to 55.16% in 2023, reflecting a weakening ability of the company to meet its short-term liabilities. The debt to equity ratio increased from 315.90% in 2020 to 392.85% in 2023, indicating a high dependence on debt financing. Meanwhile, the total asset turnover improved from 315.90% in 2020 to 392.85% in 2023, suggesting better efficiency in utilizing assets to generate sales. However, the net profit margin declined from 16.42% in 2020 to 12.26% in 2023, signaling a decrease in the company's effectiveness in converting sales into net profit. Based on these findings, PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk is advised to enhance the management of current assets, strengthen its capital structure by reducing reliance on debt, and thoroughly evaluate cost control and marketing strategies to improve profitability and ensure business sustainability in the future.   

This study aims to reveal the value of struggle in the novel The Darkest Side of Heaven by Brian Khrisna through a sociological literary approach. This novel reflects the lives of lower-class people in Jakarta who live under social, economic, and cultural pressures. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Data are analyzed based on the content of the text that describes the values of the struggle of the characters in the novel. The results of the study show that there are two main values of struggle, namely the value of being willing to sacrifice and the value of never giving up. The value of being willing to sacrifice is reflected in characters such as Sobirin, Juleha, Kuncahyo, and a father who is willing to put aside self-esteem, comfort, and personal needs for the sake of his family. Meanwhile, the value of never giving up is seen from Juleha and Tomi's persistence in facing poverty, as well as Kuncahyo's spirit who continues to work hard even in inhumane conditions. This novel illustrates that the struggle of marginalized people is not only about survival, but also shows strong social values, such as love, sacrifice, solidarity, and optimism. This study confirms that literature functions as a mirror of social reality and a means to foster empathy and social awareness towards the lives of marginalized communities in big cities.

This study examines how colonial power is articulated through the form, spatial layout, and symbolism of Bogor Palace, and how post-independence transformations in function and discourse shape its new identity. As a colonial architectural legacy, Bogor Palace holds historical significance and reflects power dynamics, cultural representation, and spatial acculturation in both colonial and postcolonial contexts. The research highlights the importance of reassessing colonial architecture as a medium for representing power and ideology, especially in buildings that remain national symbols. Using a qualitative approach with literature review and visual analysis, the study applies Michel Foucault’s theory of power and discourse to reveal embedded power structures, and Erwin Panofsky’s iconography and iconology to decode visual symbols and meanings. Findings show that the neoclassical European style of the palace reflects colonial dominance, yet its adaptation through local materials, construction techniques, and climate-responsive elements indicates a complex process of acculturation. Initially marginal, local culture becomes integrated into the building’s design. After independence, the palace was resemanticized from a colonial icon to a national emblem, illustrating a shift in identity and power narratives. Today, restoration efforts not only preserve its historical value but also reaffirm role as a dynamic cultural space shaping Indonesia’s collective memory.

This study investigates how Islamic da’wah can serve as a strategic instrument in strengthening civic engagement within democratic societies. Civic engagement is the active participation of citizens in public life, including policy-making, government oversight, and involvement in solving social problems. It is a crucial element in maintaining a fair and participatory democratic system. In the context of Muslim communities, Islamic da’wah not only aims to convey religious teachings but also seeks to instill universal values such as justice, equality, consultation (shura), empathy, and social responsibility—principles that form the foundation of democratic life. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach. Data were gathered from secondary sources such as books, academic journals, and relevant articles related to Islamic da’wah, civic engagement, and democracy. This method was chosen to allow for a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the social function of da’wah without conducting field observations or direct interviews. The results of this study show that Islamic da’wah, when practiced contextually and inclusively, can build critical social awareness, encourage public participation, and strengthen constructive social dialogue. Digital da’wah, Islamic value-based social campaigns, and the proactive role of preachers as agents of change become key elements in bridging Islamic teachings with democratic values. Furthermore, participatory da’wah empowers marginalized groups to become more involved in public discourse. Therefore, Islamic da’wah emerges not only as a spiritual medium but also as a cultural force that supports the development of a just, democratic, and civilized civil society.

This study aims to analyze the profitability ratios of PT Blue Bird Tbk during 2021-2024 to evaluate its financial performance. The method used is ratio analysis, including Gross Profit Margin (GPM), Net Profit Margin (NPM), Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE). The results of the analysis show that all profitability ratios have increased significantly. GPM increased from 22.24% in 2021 to 32.33% in 2024, indicating efficiency in managing production costs. NPM also increased from 0.39% to 11.8%, indicating the company's ability to maintain higher net income. In addition, ROA and ROE increased from 7.48% to 19.30% and from 9.59% to 29.12%, respectively. These findings indicate that PT Blue Bird Tbk has successfully recovered from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and has positive growth potential in the future

This research aims to examine how the predicted years in school and the unemployment rate influence labor force participation (TPAK) in Aceh Province. Across several cities and communities in Aceh, it employs secondary panel data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS).  Panel regression analysis is done using the Random Effect Model (REM) approach in this study. The results show that TPAK is negatively and substantially affected by the unemployment rate, while the projected years of schooling have no significant statistical impact. TPAK changes are generally only marginally affected by either of these causes. The coefficient of determination reveals that the model explains only 8. 3% of the TPAK swings. Although education and unemployment are components of labor market behavior, other, more important variables are more crucial in influencing labor force participation in Aceh, as these results suggest.

The objective of this study is to examine and compare the financial performance of Islamic banks and conventional banks in Indonesia during the 2019–2023 period. This research is motivated by the rapid growth of the Islamic banking industry; however, its market share remains relatively small compared to conventional banks. The study evaluates various financial ratio indicators, including Return on Assets (ROA), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), BOPO, Non-Performing Loans (NPL), and Non-Performing Financing (NPF), using a quantitative approach and comparative method. Data were collected from the annual financial reports of several major banks selected through purposive sampling. The results of the analysis indicate that conventional banks generally outperform in terms of profitability and operational efficiency, as reflected in the ROA and BOPO ratios. On the other hand, Islamic banks demonstrate more stable financing quality and liquidity, as indicated by relatively stable NPF and FDR ratios. These performance differences stem from the distinct operational principles of the two banking systems: interest-based operations for conventional banks and profit-sharing principles for Islamic banks. The study concludes that a more comprehensive evaluation method, integrating both sharia compliance and financial elements, is essential to provide a fair and accurate assessment of bank performance. The findings are expected to be valuable for regulators, academics, and industry practitioners in formulating policies that support a more inclusive and sustainable banking system.

The National Strategic Projects (PSN) launched by the Indonesian government aim to accelerate development and drive national economic growth. However, in practice, many of these projects overlap with customary territories that lack formal legal certainty. This legal uncertainty gives rise to various problems, such as agrarian conflicts, criminalization of indigenous peoples, and the loss of living space and cultural identity of local communities. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal uncertainty experienced by indigenous peoples in the implementation of PSN and its impact on the protection of their collective rights. Additionally, this study explores the relevance of the principle of legal pluralism as a normative foundation for reforming national development policies to be more inclusive and ensure legal certainty for indigenous peoples. The approach used is normative qualitative with a literature study of regulations, court decisions, and reports from civil society organizations. The results of the analysis show that the legal imbalance between state law and customary law is the root cause of the marginalization of indigenous peoples in large-scale national development projects. The principle of legal pluralism, which recognizes the existence of customary law as a legitimate legal system, can be an alternative approach in formulating future development policies. The application of legal pluralism enables the state to build a development model based on social justice, participation, and respect for legal and cultural diversity. Thus, policy reform based on legal pluralism is an urgent necessity in addressing the challenges of structural justice for indigenous communities amid the tide of national development.

This article discusses the profit-sharing system as one of the main pillars in Islamic economics, focusing on its ideal concept, implementation, challenges, and development opportunities in Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia. This system is based on the principles of justice, partnership, and shared responsibility through mudharabah and musyarakah contracts. Although normatively acknowledged and regulated by Islamic finance fatwas and regulations, its practical application still faces various obstacles such as low Islamic financial literacy, weak supervision, and the dominance of fixed-margin-based products. Nevertheless, digital technology development, the potential of the MSME sector, and the strengthening of Islamic financial regulations and education provide significant opportunities to promote transformation toward a more inclusive and just financial system. Therefore, synergy among financial institutions, regulators, and society is required to optimally realize the implementation of the profit-sharing system in Islamic economic practices.