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Education functions as a central pillar in shaping the quality of human capital, encompassing knowledge, skills, and health, and thus plays a significant role in influencing Indonesia’s Human Development Index (HDI). This study employs a qualitative literature review by examining key theoretical frameworks in the economics of education, such as Becker’s Human Capital Theory and Schultz’s investment model, supported by relevant national empirical data. The findings indicate a very strong relationship between education and HDI improvement. This is reflected in a correlation coefficient of 0.943 between education expenditure and Indonesia’s HDI during the 2004–2023 period. The results suggest that an increase in education spending of IDR 1 trillion has the potential to raise the HDI by approximately 0.002 points. These findings confirm that investment in education not only enhances the quality of human resources but also directly contributes to sustainable national development. Despite the positive trend and the achievement of an HDI score of 75.02 in 2024, several challenges persist, particularly regional disparities, unequal access to education, and quality gaps between urban and rural areas. Therefore, more inclusive education policies, equitable access, and strengthened vocational education and training are essential to ensure that the benefits of human capital development are distributed evenly across all regions of Indonesia.

Background: The rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts has fundamentally transformed contractual relationships by shifting the role of human interpretation and enforcement toward automated, code-based, and decentralized systems. This transformation generates complex legal implications, particularly regarding the evolution of contractual liability, which is increasingly distributed and no longer centered on a single legal subject. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evolution of contractual liability in smart agreements and examine how such transformation affects the fundamental principles of traditional contract law within modern legal systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and conceptual legal approach, supported by an analysis of blockchain regulations across multiple jurisdictions, case studies of smart contract implementation, and a comparative legal analysis between civil law and common law systems, complemented by a multidisciplinary literature review. Results: The findings indicate that contractual liability in smart agreements has evolved from a centralized fault-based liability model to an algorithmic, distributed, and code-dependent liability structure within blockchain ecosystems. This evolution creates new legal challenges concerning the attribution of liability, legal certainty, and the limitation of judicial intervention in automated contractual arrangements. Furthermore, the study identifies a tension between technological efficiency and substantive legal justice, highlighting the need for adaptive legal frameworks capable of accommodating decentralized technologies while ensuring the protection of legal rights and accountability of involved parties.

This study is entitled “The Ecofeminist Movement of Mollo Indigenous Women in Rejecting Marble Mining (study: Rejection of Marble Mining in Fatumnasi Village, South Central Timor Regency)” which aims to understand and analyze the ecofeminist movement carried out by Mollo indigenous women in rejecting marble mining activities in Fatumnasi Village. The presence of marble mining in the Mollo indigenous area has posed a threat to Environmental sustainability, water sources, and cultural values that have long been the identity of the community. Through a descriptive qualitative approach, this study describes the role and form of resistance of Mollo indigenous women based on the ecological relationship between women and nature. Data were obtained through in-diepah interviews, field observations, and documentation of the head of Fatumnasi Village, traditional women’s figures, religious figures, community leaders, and youth leaders. The results of the study indicate that the movement to reject marble mining is not merely a form of protest against environmental damage, but also a form of ecofeminist awareness that emphasizes that women’s bodies and the body of nature are an inseparable whole. This movement is expressed through various acts of resistance such as traditional rituals, weaving, demonstrations, and customary deliberations, each carrying symbolic meaning about the harmony between humans and nature. Based on Françoise d’Eaubonne’s theory of ecofeminism, the Mollo women’s movement reflects critical awareness toward patriarchal and capitalist systems that exploit both women and the environment. Thus, it can be concluded that the ecofeminist movement of Mollo indigenous women in rejecting marble mining is a form of women’s struggle to maintain environmental sustainability and maintain cultural identity through loclah wisdom practices.Ecofeminism, Mollo Indigenous Women, Marble Mining, Fatumnasi Village, Environment

In the current era of digital transformation, organizations are increasingly turning to Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance the precision and agility of managerial decisions. This study investigates how AI adoption within management accounting systems influences decision-making efficiency and managerial performance. Using survey data collected from managers and accountants in medium-to-large firms across Central Java, the research applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the hypothesized relationships. The results reveal that AI adoption significantly improves decision-making efficiency, which in turn enhances managerial performance. Furthermore, leadership support strengthens the relationship between AI adoption and decision-making efficiency, indicating that human and organizational factors remain critical for realizing technological benefits. The findings contribute to management accounting literature by elucidating the mechanism through which AI technologies create managerial value specifically, by accelerating analytical processes and improving the quality of managerial judgments. Practically, the study suggests that firms should focus on leadership involvement, data governance, and employee training to ensure that AI systems complement, rather than replace, human judgment. Overall, this study highlights that successful AI adoption in management accounting is not merely a technical transition but a strategic and cultural evolution toward evidence-based decision-making.

Significant changes occurring today are characterized by technological disruption, demographic shifts, globalization, and economic instability. The combination of these factors creates complex challenges for human resources (HR) in adapting and enhancing their capabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organizational commitment and perceptions of transformational leadership style with Organizational Citizenship Behavior of teachers in Surabaya. The research subjects were 397 teachers in Surabaya, East Java. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data was collected through scale filling using Google Forms. The measurement instruments in this study were the Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale, the Organizational Commitment Scale, and the Transformational Leadership Style Perception Scale. The data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and perceptions of transformational leadership style with Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The higher the organizational commitment and perceptions of transformational leadership style, the higher the Organizational Citizenship Behavior among teachers. There was a significant relationship between organizational commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and there was also a significant positive relationship between perceptions of transformational leadership style and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The higher the perceptions of transformational leadership style, the higher the Organizational Citizenship Behavior among teachers.

Employee performance is a strategic factor in the success of regional banking organizations that are oriented towards service and achieving business targets. However, empirical evidence at PT Bank Sumut Kantor Cabang Koordinator Medan, indicates that employee performance tends to stagnate in the "Good" category during the 2021–2024 period. This condition is thought to be related to career development that is not yet optimally structured, organizational commitment that has not been fully actualized in work behavior, and inadequate extrinsic motivation. This study aims to analyze the effect of career development and organizational commitment on employee performance through extrinsic motivation as a mediating variable. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey method of employees at PT Bank Sumut Kantor Cabang Koordinator Medan. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that career development and organizational commitment influence extrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation plays a role in improving employee performance and mediating the relationship between variables. These findings strengthen the role of extrinsic motivation as an important mechanism in bridging human resource policies and employee performance in regional banking.

In this study, we will discuss the concept of Islamic education from Buya Hamka's perspective. Buya Hamka was an Indonesian Muslim cleric and scholar with a profound perspective on the relationship between knowledge, faith, and morality. The purpose of this study is to analyze aspects of Islamic education according to Buya Hamka and their relevance to the modern education system. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on relevant academic literature such as journals, books, and articles. This research concludes that Buya Hamka views Islamic education as an effort to shape a holistic human being, balancing spiritual, intellectual, moral, and social aspects. Hamka emphasized that education is not only intended to cultivate the intellect but also to purify the heart and develop noble character. According to Hamka, Islamic education must be grounded in monotheism, direct educators as role models of morality, and integrate religious and intellectual knowledge for the benefit of the community. Buya Hamka's perspective is sufficient to address the challenges of modern education, which tends to focus on academic values ​​without considering the instilling of moral and spiritual values.

This study discusses the role of FoGuangShan Humanistic Buddhism in building compassion-based communities through education in Indonesia. As one of the schools of modern Buddhism, FoGuangShan transmits the values of compassion, wisdom, and humanity in educational practices, both formal and informal. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study explains how these values are applied in curriculum, learning activities, and social programs involving interfaith and cultural communities. The results of the study show that education based on Humanistic Buddhism plays an important role in fostering tolerance, strengthening moral character, and encouraging social solidarity in Indonesia's multicultural environment. Furthermore, FoGuangShan managed to create a learning space that not only focuses on academic knowledge, but also on the development of empathy, social skills, and collective awareness for living in harmony. In addition, an inclusive and dialogical approach to education is able to strengthen social relations between individuals and minimize potential conflicts based on religious and cultural differences. These findings confirm that the educational model implemented by FoGuangShan can be a significant contribution to the development of character education, interfaith dialogue, and the strengthening of social cohesion in a pluralistic society in Indonesia, as well as an alternative reference for human values-based educational practices.

This Community Service Program (PkM) aims to enhance character, life skills, and family capacity in supporting youth development in Parangloe District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. The family entrepreneurship training activity was conducted through an educational approach, skills training, family workshops, and structured mentoring by involving youth as agents of change. Implementation methods included material presentations on the dangers of drugs, socialization of youth-family collaboration, exposition of entrepreneurship concepts, and hands-on practice in making handicrafts (mini brooches from felt fabric). The activity results demonstrated increased knowledge and understanding among youth regarding positive character values such as discipline, responsibility, and effective communication. Skills training had a significant impact on youth abilities in critical thinking, collaboration, and creativity development. Family empowerment through parenting pattern workshops yielded positive outcomes in parent-child relationships. This program is expected to serve as a model for human resource development at the local level and can be replicated in other regions to create a young generation with excellent character and competitive edge.

The ecological crisis affecting Central Kalimantan reveals systemic environmental degradation, ranging from deforestation and river pollution to peatland destruction caused by massive extractive activities. The impact of this crisis extends beyond ecological damage, disrupting the social, cultural, and spiritual order of the Dayak Indigenous communities. This article aims to reflect on Dayak communal spirituality as a path toward ecological conversion in the light of the encyclical Laudato Si’. Employing a qualitative approach through theological–contextual hermeneutics and library research, this study examines the dialogue between Dayak cosmology, communal life values, and the Catholic Church’s vision of integral ecology. The findings indicate that Dayak communal spirituality affirms a reciprocal relationship among humans, nature, the community, and the Creator, which resonates with the call for ecological conversion articulated in Laudato Si’. This article argues that integrating Dayak communal spirituality into the Church’s pastoral praxis holds transformative potential in fostering ecological awareness, strengthening the inculturation of faith, and encouraging the active participation of the faithful in caring for our common home in a sustainable manner.

Land cover change is one of the most critical environmental issues affecting the stability of watershed (DAS) ecosystems. This study aims to explore the existential nature of land cover through an ontological approach as a conceptual foundation for sustainable environmental management. A descriptive qualitative method was applied using literature analysis, conceptual mapping, and environmental philosophy interpretation. The results reveal that land cover change not only reflects ecological dynamics but also represents a transformation in the ontological relationship between humans and nature. Within the framework of ecological ontology, land is understood as a living entity possessing intrinsic value and existential function within the web of life. This interpretation is supported by recent studies (2015–2025) demonstrating significant links between land cover change, hydrological responses, and the decline of ecosystem service quality across Indonesia and Southeast Asia (Basuki et al., 2022; Supangat et al., 2023; Locke, 2024). Ontological awareness thus serves as a philosophical foundation for watershed management policies that are ecologically ethical, holistic, and sustainable.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code brought fundamental changes to the regulation of the crime of adultery in Indonesia. The expansion of the scope of criminalization, including regulations regarding extramarital relationships, has given rise to debate regarding its compliance with the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and its impact on criminal law enforcement. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the adultery article in the new Criminal Code from the perspective of the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and assess its implications for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Legal materials were obtained through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The results show that the regulation of the crime of adultery in the new Criminal Code has a clear normative purpose, but still leaves issues regarding the clarity of formulation, legal certainty, and potential human rights violations. Furthermore, the application of the adultery article has the potential to create obstacles in law enforcement practices, particularly related to evidence, caseload, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Therefore, further evaluation is needed to ensure that these regulations align with the principles of sound legislative development and ensure legal justice.

Indonesia’s civil dispute resolution system remains dominated by an adversarial litigation model that prioritizes legal certainty but often neglects the relational and emotional dimensions underlying conflicts. Yet, in many cases such as family, inheritance, or neighborhood disputes the restoration of social relationships is as crucial as formal legal resolution. This study explores the potential integration of restorative justice principles into Indonesia’s civil procedural law as an alternative approach centered on dialogue, accountability, and reconciliation. Employing a normative-juridical approach and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal sources, the research finds that restorative justice values align not only with Indonesia’s living law traditions such as musyawarah (deliberative consensus) and customary dispute resolution but also with existing provisions in civil procedure codes. Accordingly, the study proposes the Structured Restorative Mediation (SRM) Model, a procedural framework that embeds restorative principles into both court-annexed and community-based mediation. This model prioritizes relational healing while upholding legal certainty and procedural fairness. Its successful implementation requires regulatory support, enhanced mediator training, and institutional strengthening of community-based dispute resolution bodies. Thus, integrating restorative justice is not merely an innovation but a structural necessity for a more humane, inclusive, and holistically just legal system.

This study aims to analyze and test the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between career development and job stress on employee loyalty at BPR Agung Sejahtera. This study used a quantitative methodology to collect primary data from 90 employees of BPR Agung Sejahtera through questionnaires. Partial Least Squares (PLS) with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationship between latent variables. Data testing included validity, reliability, bootstrapping , Adjusted R-Square, Path Coefficient, and Specific Indirect Effects . The results showed that career development had a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Conversely, job stress was found to have a negative and significant effect on job satisfaction. Career development also had a positive and significant effect on employee loyalty. Job stress had a negative and significant effect on employee loyalty. Job satisfaction had a positive and significant effect on employee loyalty. However, the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between career development and job stress on employee loyalty proved to be insignificant. This finding indicates that employee loyalty is more influenced by good career development and low levels of job stress than the mediating role of job satisfaction. Overall, these findings conclude that managing career development and work stress through job satisfaction is crucial for increasing employee loyalty. It is hoped that these research findings will help BPR Agung Sejahtera's management better manage its human resources to achieve the company's goals.

This study aims to answer the following questions: First, what are the concepts of the rule of law and democracy, and how are they related? Second, what is the concept of human rights and how does it relate to the rule of law and democracy in Indonesia? The method used in this study is normative legal research, focusing on the study of legislation and scientific literature on the rule of law, democracy, and human rights. The approaches used include a legislative approach to examine the provisions of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and related regulations; a conceptual approach to examine the theory of the rule of law, the theory of democracy, and the theory of human rights; and a historical approach to trace the development of these three concepts in the Indonesian context. The research data was obtained from primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the concepts of the rule of law and democracy are two interrelated and inseparable principles. Both in the traditions of the rechstaat and the rule of law, respect for human rights is placed as a key pillar, which is now understood more broadly to include issues of freedom, social justice, and protection from arbitrariness. The relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law affirms that the law must be the highest authority, with the constitution as its highest foundation. The supremacy of law is an important element in the practice of democracy because the constitution functions as a social contract that regulates power and guarantees the protection of human rights.

This study aims to examine the effect of employee competence, behavioral control, and trust on employee performance at the Bojonegoro District Health Office with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as an intervening variable. The background of this study is related to the importance of employee performance in achieving public service organizational goals, particularly in the health sector. This study uses an explanatory quantitative method with a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach. The research sample consisted of 100 employees at the Bojonegoro District Health Office. The results of the analysis show that the influence of employee competence on employee performance is not significant, but employee competence has a significant influence on OCB. Behavioral control has a significant effect on employee performance, but its effect on OCB is not significant. Trust has a significant effect on OCB, but its direct effect on employee performance does not. OCB is proven to have a significant effect on employee performance. Therefore, OCB plays an important role as a mediator in improving employee performance. This study provides a theoretical contribution by clarifying the relationship between variables in the context of public service-based government organizations. In practical terms, the results of this study are expected to form the basis for recommendations to improve the quality of human resources and develop managerial strategies at the Bojonegoro District Health Office in order to support the effectiveness and efficiency of public services.

The development of philosophy from the classical to the contemporary era shows fundamental changes in the way humans understand reality with the emergence of various schools of thought that address epistemological, ontological, and ethical issues in an increasingly complex social context. This study aims to examine the contributions of key concepts from rationalism, empiricism, idealism, materialism, positivism, pragmatism, phenomenology, existentialism, Marxism, Islamic existentialism, and neopositivism, as well as assess their relevance to modern dynamics such as identity crises, technological advances, and changes in socio-economic structures. Using a conceptual approach to literature review, various previous studies were analyzed to build an integrated understanding of the position of each school of thought in the development of science and social practice. The findings show that rationalism and empiricism continue to underpin scientific methods, idealism and materialism offer different perspectives on social construction, phenomenology and existentialism deepen the understanding of subjective experience, while Marxism and pragmatism provide an analytical framework for power relations and practical action. Neopositivism continues to influence quantitative methodology, while Islamic existentialism provides a contextual moral perspective. This study emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach because no single philosophical school of thought is capable of explaining reality in its entirety.

The work behavior of health workers is a key factor in determining the quality of service and patient safety in hospitals. In healthcare organizations with high work demands, feedback and rewards are important instruments of human resource management to form positive work behaviors. However, empirical evidence on the role of rewards as a mediating variable in the relationship between feedback and work behavior of health workers, particularly in Indonesian regional hospitals, is limited. This study aims to analyze the influence of feedback on work behavior through the role of reward mediation in health workers at Konawe Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. Data was collected through a survey using a structured questionnaire based on the Likert scale of 170 health workers with ASN status at Konawe Hospital. The sampling technique used a combination of purposive and accidental sampling. Data analysis was carried out with Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS software version 4.0. The results showed that rewards had a positive and significant effect on work behavior (β = 0.579; t = 10.308; p = 0.000), and feedback had a positive and significant effect on rewards (β = 0.805; t = 25.851; p = 0.000). In addition, feedback also had a positive and significant effect on work behavior through rewards (β = 0.466; t = 8.362; p = 0.000), which confirms the mediating role of rewards. There is an influence of appraisal on work behavior and feedback on awards and awards has been shown to significantly mediate the influence of feedback on the work behavior of health workers. These findings emphasize the importance of effective feedback management and an integrated reward system as a managerial strategy to encourage positive work behavior and improve the quality of health services in regional hospitals.

This study examines human facial proportions through an anthropometric approach based on the Phi value of the Golden Ratio (φ = 1.618) to understand the relationship between mathematical proportionality and visual aesthetics. The analysis focuses on two public figures, Jin and V of BTS, who are widely recognized as visual representatives within contemporary popular culture. Using two-dimensional anthropometric measurements, four primary facial aspects were evaluated: the facial length-to-width ratio, the proportional relationship between the forehead, nose, and chin, the eye–mouth–chin vertical proportion, and the alignment of eye width with interocular distance. Each measurement was compared to the Phi value to assess its degree of proportional conformity. The findings indicate that most facial ratios observed in both Jin and V closely approximate or match the Golden Ratio, with V exhibiting the highest precision in vertical proportional measurements, while Jin demonstrates more consistent overall proportional stability across multiple facial components. These results support the use of the Phi Golden Ratio as a mathematical indicator in assessing facial proportion and aesthetic harmony. Nevertheless, the study acknowledges that visual aesthetics remain inherently subjective and are influenced by cultural context and individual perception. Thus, anthropometric analysis based on the Golden Ratio can serve as a complementary tool in understanding human facial aesthetics.  

This research was conducted based on the importance of the image of educational institutions in gaining public trust, making the role of Public Relations (PR) as a public communication manager highly essential. MTs Fathur Rahman Sukorambi Jember was chosen as the research site because the institution is currently striving to enhance its positive image through the optimization of media and sustainable publicity strategies. The aim of this study is to describe the role of PR in building the image of the madrasah, as well as to analyze the communication strategies employed, the forms of publicity implemented, and the challenges faced in its execution.This research applies a qualitative approach with a field research design. Informants were selected through purposive sampling, involving parties considered relevant and knowledgeable about public relations activities, such as the head of the madrasah, PR staff, teachers, students, and parents’ representatives. Data were collected through observations of madrasah activities, in-depth interviews, and documentation in the form of archives and published media. The data were analyzed descriptively, emphasizing the researcher’s interpretation of communication patterns, publicity strategies, and their impact on public perception of the madrasah’s image.The findings reveal that PR functions as a communicator, mediator, and builder of a positive madrasah image. The use of conventional media and digital platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp Groups has proven effective in reaching a wider community and enhancing public interaction. Documentation of academic and non-academic activities also strengthens the legitimacy of the institution’s achievements. The main obstacles encountered include limited human resources, technological facilities, and consistency in information management. Nevertheless, overall, the role of PR has been proven significant in improving the positive image of MTs Fathur Rahman Sukorambi Jember.