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Article 20 of the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) normatively regulates the protection of data subjects and constitutes a key provision emphasizing the principle of consent as the legal basis for the processing of personal data for commercial purposes. This norm safeguards individual privacy rights, including the validity of explicit consent, the right to withdraw consent, and the responsibility of data controllers. Furthermore, Articles 65–70 of the UU PDP substantively regulate various forms of criminal violations in the context of personal data protection, including the acquisition, disclosure, processing, falsification, and illegal use of personal data, demonstrating the state’s commitment to providing criminal law protection against personal data breaches. This study employs doctrinal legal research with a descriptive-normative approach to address two main issues. First, it aims to examine and identify the legal protection of personal data trading under the UU PDP. Second, it seeks to analyze and identify the legal certainty of personal data trading as regulated by the UU PDP. Although Article 20 of the UU PDP is intended to provide strong protection against the commercial use of personal data, the provision still gives rise to legal uncertainty due to the lack of clear regulation of several crucial aspects. Similarly, Articles 65–70 contain significant legal uncertainties, particularly with regard to the elements of criminal offenses, forms of harm, corporate criminal liability, overlap with other regulations, and the absence of clear enforcement mechanisms and implementing institutions.  

The rapid development of digital technology has encouraged local governments to reform public service delivery in order to become more effective, transparent, and responsive to community needs. Pandeglang Regency, as a region that is gradually implementing digital-based public service innovations, faces both challenges and opportunities in this transformation process. This study aims to analyze the role of local government in improving public services through digital innovation in Pandeglang Regency by examining the forms of innovation implemented, the implementation process, and the perceived impacts on the community. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings indicate that the local government plays a crucial role in promoting digital innovation through policy formulation, institutional coordination, and the provision of supporting resources. The implementation of digital innovation has contributed to improved service efficiency, increased access to information, and enhanced service transparency. However, the effectiveness of these innovations remains uneven due to limitations in human resource capacity and varying levels of digital literacy among citizens. The implications of this study suggest that successful digital innovation in public services requires sustained commitment from local governments, continuous capacity building for public officials, and inclusive service strategies to ensure that the benefits of digital transformation are equitably experienced across different segments of society.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the SOSEK MALINDO (Malaysian-Indonesian Socio-Economic) regional collaboration program in addressing human trafficking, coordinated by the Regional Border Management Agency (BPPD) of the Riau Islands Province (Kepri). The Riau Islands Province, which borders Malaysia and Singapore, is a strategic entry point vulnerable to transnational crimes, including human trafficking. The main factors driving the people of Kepri to choose illegal routes to become Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) to Malaysia are economic pressure, limited job opportunities, attractive promises from brokers (tekong), complex and expensive official bureaucracy, and a lack of accurate information about official procedures. This situation is exploited by human trafficking networks through hidden routes, illegal ports, and methods of illegal labor and sexual exploitation. Although SOSEK MALINDO aims to improve the socio-economic welfare of communities in border areas and indirectly functions to reduce vulnerability to human trafficking, this program does not specifically make human trafficking its main focus. The BPPD plays a very important role as a liaison in cooperation with the Indonesian National Police, Immigration, and BP3MI for prevention and supervision. However, the BPPD faces challenges such as limited funding, overlapping authority between institutions, and a lack of accurate data on human trafficking. Strategic recommendations include making human trafficking a primary focus of the SOSEK MALINDO forum agenda, establishing a dedicated cross-border human trafficking task force, strengthening the BPPD's role in coordination and information gathering, and involving local communities, NGOs, and international organizations in mitigation efforts.

This research aims to critically examine the ethical integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education through the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, emphasizing the alignment between technological innovation and Islamic moral principles. The methods used are a systematic literature review and thematic content analysis against peer-reviewed publications for the period 2015–2025, which discuss the application of AI in primary, secondary, and higher education. The study identified dominant ethical issues, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, accountability, human agency, and moral development, which were then mapped to Islamic ethical goals, including ʿadl (justice), amānah (belief), karāmah al-insān (human dignity), and ḥifẓ al-ʿaql (protection of reason). The results of the analysis show that the adoption of AI in education often emphasizes efficiency, personalization, and predictive analytics, but has the potential to reduce learners' autonomy and ethical reasoning. The mapping of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah shows a strong normative conformity, so that Islamic principles can be a moral foundation as well as a practical guide for AI governance. The research contribution is theoretical by bridging the literature on AI ethics and Islamic educational philosophy, as well as practical by offering an integrative framework for AI policymakers, educators, and developers. The integration of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah in AI governance ensures justice, trust, inclusivity, and the development of the whole human being (insān kāmil).

Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) program is a national policy designed to improve the nutritional quality of children and support human resource development. However, its implementation at the regional level still faces various institutional and coordination issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meals program in Jambi City, focusing on the dynamics of program implementation and the inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with policy implementers and  documentation with informants determined through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Merilee S. Grindlee policy implementation theory through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the MBG program in Jambi City has not been running optimally. This condition is characterized by the strong dominance of the central government in the decision making process, weak coordination between actors at the regional level, and inadequate readiness of supporting institutions, especially in aspects of human resources, monitoring system, and clarity of operational standards for implementation.

Public street lighting (PJU) is an important infrastructure in supporting the safety and comfort of road users. The provision of PJU is the responsibility of the Sukabumi Regency Transportation Agency, which must be carried out in accordance with Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 47 of 2023 concerning Street Lighting Equipment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Sukabumi Regency Transportation Agency in providing PJU in the Kadudampit District. The research method used was qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out through field observations, interviews, and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that the provision of PJU in Kadudampit Subdistrict is not yet fully effective, as indicated by the existence of PJU that is not functioning optimally and uneven distribution. The main obstacles faced include budget and maintenance limitations. Nevertheless, the implementation of street lighting provision has been in accordance with the provisions of Permenhub No. 47 of 2023. Therefore, improved planning and supervision are needed to increase the effectiveness of street lighting provision.

This study examines the legal protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) following the revocation of the moratorium on deployment to Saudi Arabia. Using a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical specification, the research explores the effectiveness of Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the impact of the moratorium revocation on the rights and security of PMI, and the implementation of bilateral cooperation through the Indonesia–Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The findings reveal that although the existing legal framework is comprehensive, its implementation remains weak, particularly regarding supervision and law enforcement in destination countries. The study identifies a gap between administrative regulations and substantive protection, as reflected in the persistent cases of violence, delayed wages, and exploitation in the domestic sector. Strengthening the effectiveness of PMI protection requires synergy between legal reform, digital-based monitoring systems, and human rights–based diplomacy. Therefore, Indonesia must reinforce its political commitment, institutional coordination, and bilateral mechanisms to ensure the fulfillment of migrant workers’ fundamental rights and dignity abroad.

The E-Kinerja Program is a policy innovation developed by the Madiun City Government to support the digitalization of civil servant performance management as part of bureaucratic reform and the implementation of the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE). This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the E-Kinerja Program in Madiun City using six policy evaluation criteria proposed by William N. Dunn, namely effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, direct observation of the E-Kinerja application usage, and documentation review of related policies. The findings indicate that the E-Kinerja Program is relatively effective and efficient in supporting the monitoring of civil servant attendance and daily activities through features such as QR Code-based attendance, photo documentation, and daily activity reporting. However, several challenges remain, including unstable GPS accuracy, limited internet connectivity, and the practice of non real time input of daily activities. In addition, differences in digital literacy levels and device compatibility among civil servants affect the equitable utilization of the application. Overall, the implementation of the E-Kinerja Program is considered appropriate as part of bureaucratic digital transformation in Madiun City, although further improvements in technical aspects and human resource capacity are required to optimize its implementation.

A literature review on the implementation and evaluation of Convergence Action to Reduce Stunting in Indonesia was conducted as a comprehensive study to understand national patterns, challenges, and factors determining the success of the program. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of cross-sectoral interventions, identify structural barriers, and formulate strategic recommendations for strengthening stunting reduction governance. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA 2020 model, utilizing Crossref and Google Scholar sources through the Publish or Perish application. Of the articles found, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a thematic approach based on the CIPP framework. The SLR results showed that in terms of context, government regulations and commitment were strong, but there were geographical disparities, poor sanitation, and low nutrition literacy that affected program outcomes. In terms of inputs, limitations in nutrition human resources, facilities, funding, and the quality of e-PPGBM data were the main obstacles. In terms of process, the implementation of the 8 Convergence Actions has been carried out but remains partial, with suboptimal integration between OPDs and monitoring that has not yet produced adequate feedback. In terms of output, service coverage has increased, but the decline in stunting rates has been inconsistent across regions. The research results emphasize the importance of strengthening human resource capacity, data integration, cross-sectoral coordination, and adapting programs based on local contexts to ensure the accelerated and sustainable reduction of stunting.

Minister of Culture Fadli Zon's controversial statement, casting doubt on the existence of mass rape in the May 1998 Tragedy, sparked a strong public reaction, particularly from victims and human rights activists. This study aims to analyze Fadli Zon's statement as a form of identity politics in the context of contemporary Indonesian politics. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a discourse analysis approach to public statements, media coverage, and official documents such as reports from the National Commission on Violence Against Women and the Joint Fact-Finding Team (TGPF). The results show that Fadli Zon's statement is not merely a personal view, but rather a representation of identity politics that has the potential to obscure historical truth and reinforce social polarization. The identity politics that emerged in this discourse demonstrates how political power can influence the construction of national history and marginalize minority groups, particularly Chinese women victims of sexual violence. This study emphasizes the importance of historical honesty and the moral responsibility of political elites in preserving the nation's collective memory.

Article 20 of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) normatively regulates the protection of data subjects and constitutes a pivotal provision that underscores the principle of consent as the legal basis for the processing of personal data for commercial purposes. This normative framework safeguards individuals’ right to privacy, encompassing the validity of explicit consent, the right to withdraw such consent, and the accountability of data controllers. In parallel, Articles 65 to 70 of the PDP Law substantively establish various categories of criminal offenses within the context of personal data protection. These include the unlawful acquisition, disclosure, processing, falsification, and utilization of personal data. Collectively, these provisions reflect the State’s commitment to ensuring criminal legal protection against violations of personal data.This research adopts a doctrinal legal methodology with a descriptive-normative approach to address two primary issues: First, to examine and identify the scope of legal protection concerning the trade of personal data under the PDP Law; and Second, to assess and determine the degree of legal certainty afforded to the trade of personal data within the framework of the PDP Law.Notwithstanding the protective intent embodied in Article 20—particularly concerning the commercial use of personal data—this provision gives rise to legal uncertainty due to the absence of comprehensive regulatory clarity on several critical aspects. Similarly, Articles 65 to 70 continue to exhibit significant legal ambiguities, particularly with respect to the constituent elements of offenses, the definition of harm, corporate liability, regulatory overlap with other legislative instruments, and the lack of clear enforcement mechanisms and implementing institutions.

The obligation to consume halal food is a fundamental right of Muslim consumers, guaranteed by Islamic principles and Indonesian positive law. However, in practice, many food business operators still distribute products that have not obtained halal certification, resulting in legal uncertainty and potential material and immaterial losses for Muslim consumers. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to Muslim consumers regarding food products that are not halal-certified and to examine the responsibility of business actors as well as the role of the government in ensuring halal food compliance in Indonesia, using Sushi Go Restaurant as a case study. This research applies a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach, supported by library research of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that legal protection for Muslim consumers has been comprehensively regulated through Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance. Nevertheless, the implementation of these regulations remains inadequate, particularly in terms of supervision and law enforcement against non-compliant business actors. The absence of halal certification and insufficient disclosure of halal information at Sushi Go Restaurant potentially violates Muslim consumers’ rights to legal certainty and accurate information. Therefore, stronger regulatory enforcement, improved supervision, and increased awareness among business actors and consumers are essential to ensure effective legal protection for Muslim consumers.

This study aims to analyze the incumbent's advantage in the 2024 Manggarai Regency Legislative Election with a case study of Paulus Peos' victory in Electoral District I. The theory used is David R Mayhew's approach. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that Paulus Peos' success in retaining his legislative seat for four consecutive terms was supported by three main factors, namely name recognition (advertising), credit claiming, and position taking. Through advertising, Paulus Peos built a positive image and connection with the community; through credit claiming, Paulus Peos emphasized his contributions to various development programs; and through position taking, Paulus Peos demonstrated his commitment to the aspirations of the people. These three factors fostered strong voter loyalty and trust, proving that the incumbent's advantage stemmed not only from his political position but also from his ability to build social relationships and his consistent performance in serving the community.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of civil servant discipline enforcement based on Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 44 of 2022 at Gubeng Subdistrict. The research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman within the Context–Mechanism–Outcome (CMO) framework. The findings indicate that the regulation has generally improved civil servant discipline, particularly in attendance, punctuality, administrative compliance, and public service quality. This improvement is supported by organizational context factors such as daily work culture, active leadership, and the integration of digital attendance systems. Key mechanisms driving compliance include layered supervision, persuasive coaching, and the gradual application of disciplinary sanctions. However, challenges remain, including high workloads and limited human resources, which require continuous guidance for certain employees. The study concludes that the effectiveness of civil servant discipline enforcement is largely shaped by the interaction between organizational context and policy implementation mechanisms.

Local government budget management is a crucial element in regional governance, as it directly impacts accountability, transparency, and efficiency in public service delivery. To support effective regional financial management, the Indonesian Government has established the Government Internal Control System (SPIP), as stipulated in Government Regulation Number 60 of 2008. This study aims to examine the role and practical implementation of SPIP in regional budget management through a case study of the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD) of Dumai City. Using a qualitative case study approach, this study analyzes regional financial documents, audit reports from the Regional Audit Agency (BPKAD), as well as laws and regulations and internal policies governing SPIP implementation. The results indicate that SPIP has been implemented in BPKAD Dumai City throughout the budget management cycle, from planning and implementation to reporting and accountability. However, its implementation has not reached an optimal level due to constraints such as limited leadership commitment, inadequate human resource capacity, and suboptimal internal oversight mechanisms. Therefore, improving SPIP implementation is a strategic step to realize accountable, transparent, and performance-oriented regional financial governance.

K-Pop has developed into a key instrument of South Korean cultural diplomacy with global reach, including in Indonesia. Behind its success as a soft power tool, K-Pop harbors complex dynamics of gender representation, particularly regarding the position and role of women. This study aims to analyze women's representation and agency in South Korean cultural diplomacy through K-Pop in Indonesia during the 2022–2023 period. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-interpretive design, combining a poststructuralist feminist perspective and cultural diplomacy theory. Data were collected through a documentary study of K-Pop cultural products and in-depth interviews with K-Pop fans in Indonesia. The results show that women play a central role in K-Pop's global success, both as idols and as active fans. However, women's representation in K-Pop is still dominated by standardized beauty standards and images of femininity. On the other hand, women's agency emerges through fandom practices that allow female fans to actively interpret, critique, and negotiate the meaning of gender representation. This study also found that gender issues have not been explicitly integrated into South Korean cultural diplomacy policies. These findings confirm that cultural diplomacy through K-Pop is dynamic and involves active interaction between the country, industry, and the recipient society.

This study examines the contribution of excise revenue from alcoholic beverages to Indonesia’s state revenue during the period 2021–2023. Alcoholic beverages are classified as excisable goods due to their potential negative impacts on public health and social order, making excise duty an important fiscal instrument for both revenue generation and consumption control. The objective of this research is to analyze the trend and magnitude of excise revenue from alcoholic beverages and its role in supporting national income. This study employs a quantitative descriptive method using secondary data obtained from official government publications, including reports from the Ministry of Finance and the Directorate General of Customs and Excise. The data are analyzed by comparing annual excise revenue figures and identifying their contribution to total excise and state revenue over the observed period. The findings indicate that excise revenue from alcoholic beverages showed a fluctuating but generally increasing trend from 2021 to 2023, reflecting post-pandemic economic recovery and adjustments in excise tariff policies. Despite its relatively smaller share compared to tobacco excise, alcoholic beverage excise consistently contributed to state revenue and demonstrated fiscal potential. The study implies that effective excise policy on alcoholic beverages can support state revenue while simultaneously serving as a regulatory tool to control consumption and mitigate social and health risks.

Business judgment rule (BJR) is a principle of protecting directors from suboptimal business decisions that result in company losses. The purpose of this study is to analyze and to explore the legal provisions of BJR and its application principles, which are often related to several cases of directors of companies in making business decisions. The following study uses a normative research method (normative legal research) with a descriptive analytical nature that examines secondary data sources obtained from reading library materials which are finally analyzed qualitatively. Regulations related to BJR can be found in the provisions of the Limited Company Law, the Financial Services Authority Regulation for public companies, and the BUMN Law, as well as the Regulation of the Minister of BUMN in regulating BJR and the application of the principles good corporate governance within the scope of state-owned enterprises. The principle of BJR protection for company directors applies as long as they can prove themselves in managing the company within the corridor fiduciary duty, duty of care, duty of skill, duty of loyalty, and not involved in the practice conflict of interest.

The Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) regulates three types of decisions that may be rendered by judges in criminal proceedings. A legal issue arises in situations where a defendant is proven guilty lawfully and convincingly, yet the imposition of a criminal punishment would create a conflict between legal certainty and legal justice. Article 54 paragraph (2) of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) introduces a new principle known as Rechtelijk Pardon, or what is referred to as a judicial pardon ruling. This provision offers guidelines for sentencing by considering various factors related to justice and humanity. Following the reform of the Criminal Code through the inclusion of this provision, there emerges a need to reform the Criminal Procedure Code as well, specifically by incorporating the judicial pardon decision into Article 191 of KUHAP. This research employs a normative legal research method using primary and secondary data sources. The research approach utilizes statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of the study emphasize the importance of adding the judicial pardon decision to Article 191 of KUHAP so that the reform of criminal law in Indonesia maintains coherence between substantive and procedural legal reforms, thereby creating a criminal justice system that is more just, humane, and responsive to societal needs.

Socio-economic challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) survivors in Indonesia remain substantial, particularly stigma that restricts employment opportunities and hinders social reintegration. This community service program aimed to strengthen the economic capacity of TB survivors through a community-based empowerment approach and health information dissemination via social media. The program involved a TB survivor community in the partner area of the Lampung Sehat Initiative. A participatory method was applied through entrepreneurship training, digital content production assistance, and the distribution of health education materials using Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. The results indicate that social media was effective not only as a platform for health education but also as a promotional tool for participants’ micro-business products. In addition to improving public literacy regarding TB, social media contributed to stigma reduction by delivering positive narratives and reinforcing the collective identity of the survivor community. The program also encouraged behavioral change, supported the emergence of local leadership, and expanded participants’ social and economic networks. These findings suggest that integrating social media into community-based empowerment initiatives can serve as a social transformation strategy that enhances the sustainability of economic development and social support for TB survivors.