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This study analyzes the minimum age of marriage in Islamic jurisprudence and compares it with the positive law regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using a normative legal method with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study draws on primary sources, including the Qur'an, hadith, Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage in Indonesia, and the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on how Islamic legal principles concerning marriage eligibility are interpreted and incorporated into contemporary legal frameworks in both countries. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) associates marital readiness with the concept of baligh (puberty) without prescribing a specific numerical age, whereas state law establishes fixed minimum age requirements to safeguard the rights and welfare of women and children. Indonesia sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years for both males and females, while Malaysia prescribes 18 years for males and 16 years for females, with judicial dispensation available in both jurisdictions under certain circumstances. These legal arrangements demonstrate each country's effort to harmonize classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary social protection objectives through institutional ijtihad, reflecting a balance between religious principles, legal certainty, and public welfare in regulating marriage.

In contemporary legal systems, social conflict between the state and indigenous communities is a complicated matter, especially when it comes to the acknowledgement and defense of indigenous peoples' rights to land, natural resources, and cultural identity. Indigenous peoples' rights, which before the establishment of the modern state, are frequently disregarded by imbalances in official policies that prioritize development interests. In this context, legal reconciliation is a relevant approach to resolving these conflicts in a just and sustainable manner. Legal reconciliation emphasizes the integration of customary law into the national legal system and the harmonization of state policies and the interests of indigenous peoples to create a more inclusive legal order. The study of legal standards relevant to resolving disputes between the state and indigenous peoples is the main emphasis of this research, which employs a normative juridical approach. The approach used in this research includes an analysis of national legislation, international legal instruments related to indigenous peoples' rights, and relevant legal doctrines. Using a statute approach and a conceptual approach, this research explores how legal reconciliation can be implemented in resolving social conflicts. Furthermore, this research highlights the role of legal principles such as restorative justice, legal pluralism, and recognition of indigenous peoples' rights in developing more effective conflict resolution mechanisms. This analysis is expected to establish a strong legal foundation for promoting more inclusive and socially just legal policies for indigenous peoples.

Discrimination in the workplace is a problem that can hinder the creation of a fair and inclusive work environment. Discrimination can take the form of differential treatment of employees based on gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors unrelated to individual performance and competence. To address this issue, the law plays a crucial role in providing employee protection to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the workplace. Various legal instruments, both national and international, regulate employee protection from discrimination, including the Employment Law, the Human Rights Law, and conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, the effective implementation of these regulations remains a challenge, particularly in terms of implementation, enforcement, and employee awareness of their rights. This study aims to analyze the role of law in protecting employees from discrimination in the workplace by examining applicable regulations and the challenges in their implementation. The research method used is a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of relevant laws and legal principles. The analysis is conducted on national legal provisions and international legal instruments as references for protecting workers from discrimination. Furthermore, this study identifies barriers to legal implementation and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of legal protection for employees. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the urgency of regulatory reform and strengthening so that the law can play an optimal role in creating a fairer and more discrimination-free work environment.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a fundamental paradigm reconstruction to the Indonesian criminal justice system through the explicit recognition of the "living law" (hukum yang hidup di masyarakat). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of living law within the Indonesian legal system and examine the juridical and sociological implications of integrating these unwritten norms from the perspective of Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results indicate that the positioning of living law holds a strategic standing rooted in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is further reinforced by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. Following the promulgation of Law Number 1 of 2023, Article 2 paragraph (1) formally deconstructs the rigidity of the colonial-inherited formal legality principle (Wetboek van Strafrecht) and transforms it toward a material legality principle. Consequently, living law is now recognized as a valid basis for criminal liability and acts as a complement to national law, manifested through additional criminal penalties in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations to support restorative justice. Nonetheless, the state imposes limitations through a codification mechanism into Regional Regulations guided by Government Regulations, which must be aligned with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Human Rights, and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations to prevent legal uncertainty and subjective interpretations of the law.

This study examines the foundational framework and evolving dynamics of Indonesian civil procedural law (Hukum Acara Perdata) amid its transformation from colonial legal heritage toward a modern, digitalized justice system. Using normative-doctrinal legal research methodology combined with empirical court statistics from 2022–2024, the study analyzes four dimensions: (1) core procedural principles rooted in the HIR and RBg; (2) the mandatory mediation framework under PERMA No. 1 of 2016; (3) the evolution of evidence law toward electronic evidence under the amended UU ITE (Law No. 1 of 2024); and (4) mechanisms of judicial decisions and legal remedies. Findings show that e-court implementation has dramatically increased efficiency minutasi productivity rose from 64.35% (2022) to 96.50% (2024)—while 594,816 users registered through e-court by 2023. The study concludes that Indonesia’s civil procedural law is actively adapting to technological disruption, though structural challenges such as digital inequality, electronic evidence authentication gaps, and regulatory harmonization remain unresolved.

This study aims to examine the position of Pancasila as a grundnorm within the Indonesian constitutional system and the role of Islamic Religious Education as an ethical foundation in strengthening constitutional principles from the perspective of Islamic sociological legal theory. The methodology employed is a qualitative approach using library research, involving the analysis of various relevant literature sources. The findings indicate that Pancasila plays a fundamental role in the Indonesian legal system, serving as the highest norm in the hierarchy of laws, while also functioning as an ethical guideline in the life of the nation and the state. Islamic Religious Education plays a significant role in shaping the moral constitution through the understanding of values such as honesty, justice, responsibility, and trustworthiness, in line with the principles of Pancasila. The integration of Pancasila values and Islamic teachings, viewed through the lens of sociological law, demonstrates that effective law is not merely normative but also responsive to social realities. Therefore, Islamic sociological legal theory can strengthen the Indonesian constitutional system through the integration of normative, moral, and sociological values, resulting in a more responsive, just, and contextually relevant legal system.

This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the legal reasoning used by judges in the Administrative Court (PTUN) in annulling State Administrative Decisions (KTUN), as well as to examine the legal implications for the parties involved and the overall system of government administration. This research employs a normative juridical method with three approaches: statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by studying reference books and reviewing court decisions. The study shows that the annulment of KTUN by PTUN judges is based on three important factors, namely lack of authority (ultra vires), procedural defects, and substantive defects in the decision. In addition, violations of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB), such as the principles of legal certainty, prudence, and proportionality, also constitute important considerations for judges. In the judicial process, judges not only consider the formal aspects of the law, but also take into account substantive justice in order to protect citizens’ rights from improper governmental actions. The implications of the annulment of KTUN include the restoration of the plaintiff’s rights through the process of restitutio in integrum, the obligation of administrative officials to revoke or correct the issued decision, as well as the potential impact on third parties involved in the decision. In general, the annulment of KTUN serves as a legal control mechanism over government administration while also encouraging the realization of good and transparent governance within a state governed by the rule of law.

This study examines the systemic transformation of Japan’s refugee and immigration policy from 2021 to 2025, exploring how humanitarian paradigms have been superseded by state security considerations. The research aims to analyze how Japan constructs refugees as an existential threat to legitimize its restrictive reception regime, synthesizing Realism and Constructivism to explore the intersection of securitization, national interest, and identity. Methodologically, this paper employs a qualitative interpretive case study by integrating Ruth Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) and Interpretive Process Tracing (IPT) to examine government texts, policy documents, and parliamentary debates. The findings reveal a profound policy asymmetry driven by intersubjective threat framing and institutionalized topoi (abuse, threat, law and order). Ukrainian displaced persons are positively categorized as evacuees (hinanmin) to align with G7 geopolitics, whereas traditional asylum seekers are pejoratively labeled as "repeated applicants" and framed as threats to public order, social harmony (wa), and ethnic homogeneity (tan’itsu minzoku). This discursive construction successfully legitimizes extraordinary measures within the 2023 amendment of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (ICRRA), including the abolition of automatic deportation suspensions and the expansion of a surveillance state via alternative monitoring (kanri sochi). Ultimately, this study demonstrates that international norm compliance is deeply mediated by domestic cultural appropriateness (nihonjinron). It implies the necessity for future ethnographic research on grassroots impacts and suggests transparent asylum evaluation metrics aligned with non-refoulement principles.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal responsibility by goat farmers in managing waste from Etawa goat farming based on a circular economy model at Nusantara Farm, Sidoarjo. The study employs both normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches, with data collection techniques including literature review, interviews, and field observations.The results indicate that waste management is carried out through direct utilization, such as using livestock manure as organic fertilizer, selling waste, and distributing it to the surrounding community. These practices demonstrate that waste is not disposed of carelessly but rather reused, thereby creating economic and functional value.From a legal perspective, this condition reflects the fulfillment of the farmers' responsibilities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, particularly in efforts to prevent environmental pollution. Furthermore, these waste management practices partially embody the principles of the circular economy, especially in terms of reuse.However, the current waste management practices remain conventional and are not yet optimally integrated. Therefore, there is a need to develop a waste management model based on an integrated closed-loop system to enhance the economic value of waste while ensuring more effective environmental sustainability.

The escalation of negative sentiment in the digital space towards Rohingya refugees in Indonesia throughout 2023-2026 has reflected a shift in public perspectives, from humanitarian principles to restictive rejection. This study aims to analyze how digital discourse on TikTok dan Instagram platforms frames the Rohingyan refugee issue as a national security threat through the lens of Barry Buzan`s Securitization Theory and Ruth Wodak`s Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK). This study uses qualitative methods with note-taking techniques and filtering hastag-based viral data related to refugee rejection. The results show that the securitization process was successfully driven by three main typologies of netizen narratives: domestic socio-economic jealousy, delegetimization of Internasional authorities (UNHCR) by referring to popular legal discourse on the 1945 Constitution, and demands for an active role for the military (TNI AL) and Polair at maritime borders. The accumulation of speech acts that have gone viral on social media is evidence of the creation of strong horizontal pressure, thus urging the Indonesian goverment to review its policies towards a more restrictive direction (viral-based policy) to prioritize national soverignity and security over global humanitarian commitments.

This study analyzes the reconstruction of Human Rights (HR) in Indonesia through the integration of Pancasila values and Islamic Religious Education (IRE) within the framework of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence. In the Indonesian context, human rights are not merely perceived as universal individual liberties, but are understood within broader philosophical, religious, and socio-cultural dimensions. Pancasila functions as the foundational framework that harmonizes individual rights with social responsibilities, while Islamic teachings provide normative and theological foundations through principles such as maqasid al-shari‘ah, justice (‘adl), and human dignity (karamah insaniyyah), as well as Qur’anic values of tolerance and moderation (tasamuh and wasatiyyah). This research adopts a qualitative method with a descriptive approach based on literature review, drawing upon various scholarly sources related to human rights, Islamic education, and sociological jurisprudence. The findings reveal that the integration of Pancasila and Islamic Religious Education generates a comprehensive understanding of human rights that is both normative and contextual. Moreover, empirical findings indicate that a deeper comprehension of Qur’anic teachings on tolerance is positively correlated with the development of moderate and inclusive attitudes, thereby highlighting the significant role of education in internalizing human rights values. Additionally, the historical transition from pre-Islamic (Jahiliyyah) society to the Islamic era demonstrates that Islamic teachings function as an agent of social transformation by promoting justice, equality, and the protection of marginalized groups. From the perspective of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence, law is viewed as a dynamic system that must remain responsive to evolving social conditions, ensuring that the reconstruction of human rights remains relevant and adaptable. In conclusion, the synergy between Pancasila values, Islamic teachings, and sociological legal approaches contributes to the formation of a more inclusive, balanced, and culturally grounded human rights paradigm in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between legal compliance and the internalization of the constitution in strengthening the concept of the rule of law through a constitutional rights approach and the theory of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence. The main issue addressed is the low level of legal compliance, which is often caused by a weak understanding and internalization of constitutional values in society. This research employs a normative juridical method with conceptual and sociological approaches, supported by an analysis of Islamic legal theory that emphasizes the interconnection between legal norms, social values, and morality. The findings indicate that legal compliance does not solely depend on formal law enforcement mechanisms, but also on the process of internalizing constitutional values as part of public legal awareness. The constitutional rights approach positions individuals as primary subjects who possess awareness of their rights and obligations, while the theory of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence reinforces the moral and social dimensions in the formation of legal compliance. The integration of these two approaches can create a legal system that is not only normative in nature but also responsive to the social and religious values of society. Therefore, strengthening the rule of law requires a comprehensive strategy through legal education, the internalization of constitutional values, and the enhancement of moral awareness based on Islamic principles. This study is expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to the development of integrative and contextual legal studies in Indonesia.

The waste problem in Indonesia has now reached a critical stage and has become an increasingly serious environmental issue. The ever-increasing volume of waste is not being managed effectively, leading to various negative impacts, particularly environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the state of waste management in Indonesia and its impact on water pollution from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The method used is descriptive qualitative research through a literature review utilizing various sources such as journals, official reports, and legislation. The results indicate that the majority of waste originates from household activities, while management practices remain rudimentary, such as the “collect-transport-dispose” method and open dumping. This situation leads to waste accumulation, which contributes to water pollution, deteriorating environmental quality, and increased health risks for the community. Furthermore, suboptimal waste management also poses a challenge in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly regarding responsible consumption and access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, improved efforts are needed through the application of the reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) principles, increased public awareness, and the active role of the government and the private sector in providing a sustainable waste management system. With the right measures, it is hoped that the waste problem in Indonesia can be reduced and the environment preserved.

The use of synthetic pesticides in the agricultural sector remains the primary choice for farmers in Indonesia due to their high effectiveness, but their massive use has negative impacts on human health and the environment. Therefore, there is a need for environmentally friendly and sustainable pesticide innovations. Red onion peel waste with the addition of TiO₂ nanotechnology is a strategic development step as a solution to the dangers of synthetic pesticides. Red onion peel contains bioactive compounds such as acetogenin, squamocin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid, which have the potential to be natural pest control agents. The process of making organic pesticides is carried out through the maceration of onion skins, followed by the addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles that act as photocatalytic catalysts to increase pesticide effectiveness and degrade synthetic pesticide residues. The development of these organic pesticides is in line with the principles of Green Chemistry, particularly designing safer chemicals, catalysis, design for degradation, and real-time pollution prevention. Through the implementation of strategic steps such as research, testing, socialization, and continuous evaluation, TiO₂ nanotechnology-based organic red onion peel pesticides have the potential to become a safe, effective, and environmentally friendly alternative in supporting sustainable agriculture in Indonesia.

This study examines the integration of Sound Governance principles within the sustainable tourism policy cycle to address institutional fragmentation and evaluation inefficiencies in developing economies. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, the research develops a multidimensional evaluation framework aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), analyzing policy performance across five strategic domains: Economy, Social-Welfare, Culture-Education, Environment, and Governance. The quantitative phase utilizes 17 adapted SDG indicators to measure policy efficacy, while the qualitative phase employs semi-structured interviews and stakeholder mapping to deconstruct power dynamics in multi-actor co-management structures. The findings reveal that Sound Governance—specifically transparency and accountability—serves as a critical catalyst for policy effectiveness, significantly influencing destination sustainability through an input-process-output-outcome-impact pathway. Empirical evidence from the case of Penglipuran Village, Bali, corroborates these results, demonstrating that indigenous institutional legitimacy enhances social responsiveness but remains vulnerable to overtourism-driven economic dependency. Notably, the study demonstrates that integrating SDGs into the policy evaluation cycle transforms assessments from mere administrative formalities into strategic instruments for long-term demand stability and ecosystem preservation. These findings position Sound Governance as a strategic intangible asset, offering theoretical contributions to development administration and practical guidance for policy-makers navigating the complexities of sustainable destination management in competitive global markets

The implementation of civil justice in Indonesia is fundamentally guided by the principles of simplicity, speed, and low cost. However, in practice, the regulation concerning the time limits for summons and the determination of trial schedules remains inadequate, leading to legal uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of time limits in summons and trial scheduling within civil procedural law, as well as to examine its implications for the effectiveness of case resolution. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by a descriptive-analytical design. The findings indicate that existing regulations, particularly those derived from the Herzien Inlandsch Reglement (HIR) and Rechtsreglement voor de Buitengewesten (RBg), only provide minimum standards for summons but do not comprehensively regulate the timeframe for determining the first hearing or intervals between subsequent hearings. As a result, there is broad discretion in judicial practice, which leads to inconsistencies among courts, repeated trial delays, increased litigation costs, and reduced access to justice. Although recent reforms through electronic court systems have improved the mechanism of summons delivery, they have not sufficiently addressed the issue of time management in trial proceedings. This study concludes that the absence of clear and comprehensive regulations on trial timeframes weakens legal certainty and hinders the realization of efficient judicial processes. Therefore, strengthening normative regulations on trial scheduling is essential to support a more effective, predictable, and equitable civil justice system.

Sustainability issues encompassing economic, social and environmental aspects are driving reform in the global financial sector, including in Indonesia. Although the OJK has published a Sustainable Finance Roadmap since 2015, Indonesia does not yet have comprehensive green finance regulations in the banking sector. This study aims to analyse the state of green finance regulation in the Indonesian banking sector and compare it with China’s Green Credit Guidelines, in order to identify relevant aspects for adoption in strengthening national green finance policy. This study employs a normative legal methodology using a legislative and comparative law approach, alongside a qualitative descriptive-analytical analysis of secondary data. The author found that green finance regulations in Indonesia remain fragmented and scattered across various sectoral legal instruments without adequate integration, thereby creating loopholes for greenwashing practices and the adoption of green principles that are merely administrative in nature. The Sustainable Finance Committee mandated by the P2SK Act has not yet been established, exacerbating the lack of coordination between institutions. In contrast, China, through its 2012 Green Credit Guidelines and 2016 Guidelines for Establishing a Green Financial System, demonstrates a regulatory model that is hierarchical, standardised, and legally binding. A comparison of the two identifies four relevant aspects for Indonesia to adopt: an integrated regulatory approach, standardisation of environmental risk operations, strengthening of oversight mechanisms and due diligence, and cross-sectoral institutional coordination. Consequently, Indonesia requires comprehensive, dedicated green finance regulations and must promptly establish the Sustainable Finance Committee as the sole coordinating authority.

Contract law recognizes the concept of force majeure as a mechanism to address extraordinary circumstances that hinder the performance of obligations, namely unforeseen events beyond the debtor’s control that may result in the release or suspension of obligations. However, this concept has limitations, as it does not encompass situations such as economic or monetary crises. In the development of international contract law, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2016 (UPICC) introduce the concept of hardship as a response to fundamental changes in circumstances that affect the economic equilibrium of the parties. Although hardship has not been explicitly recognized in Indonesian law, it is considered more relevant for addressing such conditions.This study aims to examine the historical development of the concept of hardship and to analyze the implementation of its underlying values in Indonesian legal practice. The method employed is normative legal research, utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that, despite the absence of explicit regulation within the national legal system, the values of hardship have been reflected in several court decisions through approaches grounded in fairness and contractual adjustment.The implication of this study is that the concept of hardship has the potential to be explicitly adopted into Indonesian contract law in order to fill existing legal gaps and provide a more adaptive solution to changing circumstances, particularly in addressing economic or monetary crises that fall outside the scope of the force majeure regime

Digital transformation in public administration has become one of the strategic agendas in modern bureaucratic reform to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, transparency, and quality of public services. This study aims to analyze the digital transformation of public administration through a comparative study between Indonesia and South Korea, particularly in the implementation of digital government. This study uses a qualitative method with a comparative study approach and is supported by library research through secondary data collection from scientific journals, international agency reports, government policy documents, and relevant previous research. The data analysis technique uses descriptive-comparative analysis with the theoretical approaches of Digital Era Governance (DEG), Institutional Theory, New Public Management (NPM), and Socio-Technical Systems Theory. The results of the study show that South Korea has succeeded in developing an integrated digital government because it is supported by consistent national policies, strong data interoperability, high bureaucratic capacity, adaptive organizational culture, and equitable distribution of digital infrastructure. In contrast, Indonesia is still in the transition stage from e-government to digital government and faces various obstacles such as fragmentation of inter-agency systems, low data interoperability, inequality in digital infrastructure, limited ASN competency, and bureaucratic resistance to change. Based on the Digital Era Governance theory, South Korea has successfully implemented the principles of reintegration, needs-based holism, and digitization of changes, while Indonesia remains suboptimal in terms of bureaucratic integration and services based on public needs. This study concludes that the success of digital transformation in public administration is determined more by institutional strength and bureaucratic reform than simply by technology adoption. Therefore, Indonesia needs to prioritize digital transformation as a comprehensive national reform agenda to create a modern, responsive, and service-oriented government.

This study focuses on the elements of gharar (uncertainty), tadlis (fraud), and breach of contract in examining multiple transactions of a single land object from the standpoint of Islamic economic law. The rising frequency of disagreements over land purchases and sales brought on by the same seller engaging in overlapping transactions, unclear ownership status, and a lack of transparency has prompted this research. This study aims to investigate the effects of these activities on Indonesian positive law and Islamic economic law. This case study employed an empirical legal approach and was carried out in Grogol Village, Tulangan District, Sidoarjo Regency. Data was gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation by the buyer, seller, and local authorities. The findings indicate that due to unclear land boundaries and ownership status, the transaction contained significant elements of gharar and tadlis because the seller concealed important information about the previous transaction. Furthermore, the seller's failure to fulfill obligations stipulated in the contract constitutes a breach of contract under positive law. This study demonstrates that these practices not only violate legal regulations but also contradict the principles of Islamic economic law such as justice, transparency, and good faith. According to this study, legal awareness, administrative accuracy, and institutional oversight are vital to prevent such issues in the future.