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The risk of accidents in the school environment is quite high, but the ability of the School Health Business Team (UKS) to handle emergencies is often still limited to theoretical knowledge without adequate practical skills. This study aims to analyze the influence of the Role Playing and Emergency Simulation (RANGGA) method on the improvement of the knowledge and skills of the UKS Team in junior high school. This study used a quasi-experiment design with a pre-post test with control group design. The research sample amounted to 60 respondents which were taken by purposive sampling technique. The intervention group was given RANGGA training, while the control group was given conventional education. The data were analyzed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test because the data distribution was abnormal. In the intervention group, there was an increase in the average knowledge score from 88.7 to 97.9 and the skill score from 87.99 to 97.98. The results of the Wilcoxon test showed a significance value of p<0.001 for both variables in the intervention group, indicating a very strong influence of the RANGGA method. In contrast, although the control group experienced an improvement, the variation in scores remained higher and the improvement was not as significant as the intervention group. The RANGGA method is significantly effective in improving the emergency competence of the UKS Team through an experiential learning approach. It is recommended for school institutions to integrate simulation and role play methods in the UKS training curriculum to ensure optimal emergency response readiness.

This study analyzes the strategic role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in managing Indochinese refugees namely from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos on Galang Island during the period 1979–1996. The “boat people” crisis at that time required a multisectoral response that was not only emergency-based but also sustainable, linking Indonesia’s transit policies with applicable international protection standards. Using a literature review method of international journal articles and program technical documents, this study finds that NGOs performed crucial functions beyond mere logistical assistance, particularly through structured educational planning such as the Overseas Refugee Training Program (ORTP). Recent literature indicates that NGO consortia such as SCF and EIL, along with faith-based organizations such as JRS, YCK, and ICMC, played a significant role in fostering refugee self-reliance through cultural orientation curricula and work simulation programs (Work Orientation). Despite various structural challenges and resource limitations, the experience on Galang Island demonstrates the effectiveness of partnerships between NGOs and the government in supporting adaptive and sustainable regional humanitarian diplomacy.

This community service activity aims to improve the First Aid Awareness of students at SMAN 5 Tegal through health education and first aid simulation for accident management. The background of this program is based on the high potential for mild to moderate emergency incidents in the school environment, such as fainting, open wounds, nosebleeds, choking, and seizures, as well as the limited knowledge and practical skills of students in providing appropriate initial assistance. The implementation method consisted of three stages: preparation, delivery of health education using presentations and demonstrations, and hands-on simulation, followed by evaluation through knowledge assessment and skills observation. The participants were 54 students representing three grade levels. The expected outcomes of this activity include an improvement in students’ conceptual understanding and practical ability to perform first aid quickly, correctly, and safely before professional medical help arrives. In addition, this program is expected to foster emergency responsiveness, increase students’ confidence in handling accident situations at school, and contribute to the development of a safer and more prepared school environment. The outputs of this activity include increased knowledge and skill scores, documented implementation, and publication of a community service article in a SINTA-indexed journal.

Aceh Tamiang Regency is one of the regions in Aceh Province that is highly vulnerable to annual flooding due to river overflow and high rainfall intensity. Flood disasters often cause significant material and non-material losses, which are exacerbated by the limited public understanding of flood mitigation, early warning signs, and appropriate self-rescue procedures. This community service activity aims to increase public awareness, knowledge, and preparedness in facing flood threats through disaster mitigation socialization programs. The method applied in this activity includes participatory socialization, interactive discussions, and simulations of emergency response actions involving local communities, village officials, and volunteers. The program emphasizes recognizing early signs of flooding, understanding emergency evacuation routes, and improving coordination during disaster response. The results indicate a significant improvement in community knowledge regarding flood risks, early warning indicators, and emergency measures that should be taken before and during flooding events. Furthermore, the activity successfully strengthened coordination between village authorities and local volunteers in managing emergency response posts and distributing aid effectively. Through this socialization program, the community of Aceh Tamiang is expected to develop greater disaster resilience and preparedness. Increased awareness and coordinated response mechanisms are anticipated to minimize the adverse impacts of future flooding events, thereby reducing potential losses and enhancing community safety.

Community preparedness for disasters and emergencies is an essential component in reducing morbidity and mortality. This community service program aimed to empower the community in emergency response through optimizing the role of tourism actors based on Tourism Health Nursing in Versel Village, Pasean District. The methods implemented included socialization, risk screening, the establishment of health cadres, the development of an emergency response handbook, creation of health education media, as well as training and simulation activities. The training covered topics such as recognizing emergency conditions, management of cardiac arrest and respiratory failure, choking, first aid (P3K), utilization of household materials in emergency response, management of febrile seizures, and stress management. The results showed a significant improvement in cadres’ understanding, where prior to education, training, and simulation, most participants (60%) had low comprehension, while after the intervention, almost all (90%) demonstrated good understanding. These findings indicate that the program successfully enhanced the capacity and preparedness of the community—particularly health cadres—in managing emergencies and disasters within the tourism-based community environment.

Reliable and sustainable lighting is crucial for supporting practical activities in a military educational environment, particularly in the Engineering Laboratory Workshop (Labtek) of the Naval Academy. The main problem faced is complete dependence on electricity supply from PLN, which is prone to disruptions and outages, thus impacting the safety and effectiveness of technical activities. Therefore, this research aims to design a solar-powered emergency lighting system as an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative lighting solution. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with a case study approach at the Naval Technology Laboratory (Labtek) of the Naval Academy (AAL). The stages include power requirement analysis, direct observation of building and lighting conditions, selection of solar energy system components, and calculation of solar panel and battery capacity. Based on the analysis results, the total emergency power requirement of 1.96 kW can be met using 100 Wp monocrystalline solar panels and 12V 100Ah batteries for energy storage.The system design consists of solar panels, a solar charge controller, batteries, and LED lights that automatically turn on when the power goes out. Simulation results show that the system is capable of providing emergency lighting for 6–10 hours, depending on sunlight intensity and battery capacity. The implementation of this system not only improves the reliability of Labtek facilities but also supports nat ional clean energy policies and long-term operational cost efficiency.

Oil spills in port waters are one of the serious threats to the marine environment and port operations. This study aims to simulate the level of preparedness of oil spill response equipment available at the Oil Base Jetty of PT Pertamina Port Panjang Lampung. Simulations were conducted based on three scenarios, namely a medium-scale spill at Jetty 1 (10,000 liters), a large spill at Jetty 2 (50,000 liters), and a combined maximum spill (60,000 liters). Evaluation was conducted on three main types of equipment: oil boom, skimmer, and dispersant, by considering their effectiveness and adequacy based on the Minister of Transportation Regulation No. PM 58 Year 2013 and guidelines from the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The simulation results show that the oil boom has high effectiveness in all scenarios, demonstrating maximum readiness in the initial containment of the spill. However, the effectiveness of skimmer and dispersant is still low, especially in large-scale scenarios, so they are not able to handle the spill volume optimally. From these results, it can be concluded that although the containment aspect is adequate, there is still a need for improvement in spill recovery facilities, both in terms of the number of units and equipment capacity. This research is expected to be a reference in planning the strengthening of the oil spill emergency response system in the port area.

Efficient management of patient queues is essential in healthcare systems to ensure timely care, optimize resource utilization, and enhance patient satisfaction. Mathematical programming, particularly when applied in conjunction with queuing theory and optimization models, provides a rigorous framework for analyzing and improving healthcare service delivery. This approach involves modeling arrivals and service processes, applying queuing models (such as single-server, multi-server, and priority queues), and formulating optimization objectives—often to minimize total costs, patient waiting times, or resource idling. Recent research demonstrates that combining queuing theory with mixed-integer programming and simulation techniques enables healthcare managers to allocate resources dynamically, set staffing levels, and assign priorities among different patient categories. For example, the use of mixed-integer programming can determine the optimal number of servers, beds, and service rates based on patient flow and priority needs, striking a balance between reducing waiting times for critical cases and controlling operational costs. These mathematical models also account for practical constraints and stochastic variability inherent in clinical settings. Applications span emergency departments, outpatient clinics, and even pharmacy and blood service centers—showing significant improvements in system efficiency, reduced patient wait times, and enhanced overall care quality. Thus, mathematical programming is a powerful decision-support tool for queue management, offering evidence-based strategies to address congestion and resource allocation challenges in complex healthcare environments.

Children are one of the most vulnerable groups during disasters due to their limited physical and psychological resilience. Therefore, providing disaster mitigation education to children is essential to enhance their awareness, preparedness, and response capabilities in the face of potential disasters. This community service activity aims to increase children's understanding of disaster mitigation through both theoretical education and participatory simulations that reflect real-life scenarios. The activities were carried out using a cooperative-participatory approach in collaboration with the local Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) in Tanah Karo and members of the surrounding community. The stages of implementation included conducting a site survey, securing necessary permits, determining the time and location, coordinating with local stakeholders, and executing the service program. The educational activities covered disaster phases, including pre-disaster, during disaster, and post-disaster, with a focus on practical and age-appropriate learning strategies. The educational team involved an interprofessional group of facilitators who delivered the material through socialization and counseling sessions. The sessions were enthusiastically received by the children, indicating a high level of engagement and interest. However, findings revealed that children's knowledge of disaster mitigation was still minimal, emergency response plans were underdeveloped, and community involvement in disaster preparedness training remained low. This highlights the need for continuous and sustainable disaster education efforts, especially for children and communities in disaster-prone areas. By fostering early awareness and preparedness through ongoing education and simulation-based activities, it is expected that children will be better equipped to respond effectively and safely during disaster situations. Long-term, this approach also aims to build a more resilient and disaster-aware community.

This community service program aimed to enhance the safety compliance and service quality of gas station (SPBU) operators in Semarang through a structured refresher training initiative. The training was conducted over eight days and involved 120 participants from eight different SPBU locations. The program adopted a comprehensive approach by combining theoretical sessions, practical simulations, and role-playing exercises tailored to address real-world scenarios faced by SPBU personnel. Key training components included emergency response protocols, customer service excellence, complaint management, and adherence to safety procedures. The outcomes of the program showed measurable improvements. Post-training evaluations revealed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge and understanding of operational safety and service standards. Additionally, a notable reduction in emergency response times was observed during simulated drills. Feedback collected from the participants indicated enhanced confidence in handling routine operations, responding to customer complaints, and executing emergency procedures. This reflects the program’s success in not only increasing technical competence but also in boosting the professional demeanor of SPBU staff. Despite its success, the program encountered challenges, particularly in aligning the training schedule with participants’ daily work commitments, which occasionally hindered full attendance. To ensure long-term impact and continuity, the program recommends implementing annual refresher training sessions in collaboration with local safety and regulatory authorities. This would foster a culture of continuous improvement and compliance among SPBU operators, ultimately contributing to safer and more efficient fuel service operations in the region. Overall, the initiative highlights the critical role of ongoing professional development in enhancing service delivery and maintaining high safety standards in the fuel retail sector.

Splinting training aims to improve everyone's ability to perform emergency care. The purpose of this study was to analyze the extent to which splinting training influences the ability to manage upper extremity injuries in adolescents using the splinting simulation method. This study was a quantitative study using a one-group pretest-posttest design with a sample of 40 adolescent medical students using a purposive sampling approach. Data were analyzed using the T-test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the skill level of the simulation group between pre and post (p <0.005). So it was concluded that splinting training using direct simulation can improve the ability to manage upper extremity injuries. Therefore, it is hoped that training using this simulation method can be used for all topics, learning types, and every domain; cognitive, affective, psychomotor and interpersonal.

Cardiac arrest is a critical medical emergency with a high mortality rate that requires immediate and appropriate action to increase the chances of survival. One key factor in improving survival outcomes is the involvement of bystanders, particularly young people, in providing Basic Life Support (BLS). This community service activity was carried out to improve the knowledge and practical skills of youth organization members (Karang Taruna) in Kota Bambu Subdistrict, West Jakarta, in recognizing and responding to cardiac arrest using BLS procedures. The activity adopted the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) approach. The planning stage involved the preparation of materials and training tools for both theoretical and practical learning. The implementation phase included a 45-minute health education session covering the basics of BLS, especially cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), followed by hands-on training. Participants were divided into small groups and guided through practical CPR simulations using manikins, facilitated by six trained nursing students. The activity was conducted on June 14, 2025, and attended by 57 participants, with 27 actively participating in the CPR practice session. The evaluation stage revealed a notable increase in the participants’ understanding and ability to perform CPR effectively. This indicates that community-based BLS training can be a powerful tool in improving emergency response at the grassroots level. In addition to raising awareness, the activity also empowered the youth as first responders in their community, strengthening their role in emergency preparedness and response. The follow-up stage emphasized the importance of sustainability through continued collaboration between local health professionals and community organizations. In conclusion, BLS education and training programs for youth can significantly enhance community resilience and are recommended for broader implementation in other regions.

This literature review aims to explore the transformation of community-based emergency response systems in the digital era, with a focus on technological innovation, social preparedness, and adaptive intervention models. Using a systematic review approach, 38 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were analyzed from databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The findings indicate that digital applications, AI-based early warning systems, and virtual reality-based emergency training have significantly enhanced community responsiveness. Moreover, social factors such as local leadership, solidarity, and participatory simulation play a vital role in strengthening adaptive capacity. This review proposes an integrative socio-technical model that combines digital tools with community participation to improve preparedness and resilience. The implications suggest the need for inclusive and sustainable community disaster response frameworks supported by policy and cross-sectoral collaboration.

This systematic literature review examines queue system simulation in hospitals across four key service areas: emergency departments, outpatient clinics, laboratories, and pharmacies. Following PRISMA methodology, 72 relevant studies (2015-2020) were analyzed to identify simulation models, software tools, performance parameters, and emerging trends. Findings reveal Discrete-Event Simulation dominance (59.7%), with increasing hybrid model adoption integrating System Dynamics and Agent-Based approaches. Emergency departments remain the primary application focus (52.8%), while Arena and AnyLogic emerged as predominant simulation platforms. Patient waiting time (91.7%) and resource utilization (77.8%) constitute the most evaluated performance metrics. Technological convergence trends demonstrate integration of real-time data analytics, machine learning, and digital twin concepts into traditional simulation frameworks. This review contributes methodological insights for optimizing hospital queueing systems while identifying research gaps in cross-departmental model interoperability and comprehensive value-based performance evaluation within contemporary healthcare systems.  

Obstetric emergencies are a major cause of maternal mortality, most of which can be prevented through prompt and appropriate treatment. Midwives, as health workers assigned to the Emergency Department (ED) of PONEK, play a strategic role in early detection and initial management of obstetric emergencies, thus their knowledge level is an important factor in determining preparedness for treatment. This study aims to analyze the relationship between midwives' knowledge level regarding obstetric emergency management and their preparedness for handling obstetric emergencies in the Emergency Department (ED) of PONEK of Muara Teweh Regional Hospital. This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 28 midwives selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to measure their knowledge level and preparedness for handling obstetric emergencies. Data analysis was performed descriptively and inferentially using the Fisher's Exact Test. The results showed that more than half of the midwives had a good level of knowledge and preparedness for handling obstetric emergencies. Inferential analysis showed a highly significant relationship between midwives' knowledge level and their preparedness for obstetric emergencies (p < 0.001). It was concluded that midwives' knowledge level was closely related to their preparedness for obstetric emergencies in the PONEK Emergency Department of Muara Teweh Regional Hospital. This finding underscores the importance of strengthening midwives' knowledge through ongoing training, clinical simulations, and routine supervision to improve clinical preparedness and ensure the safety of mothers and babies in emergency obstetric care.

Shortness of breath or dispnea is one of the respiratory emergencies that is often encountered in society, including in the school environment. Students need to know first aid for shortness of breath so they can handle it well in the pre-hospital phase. The aim of this community service activity is to form a cadre of students who are able to educate themselves on first aid for shortness of breath through simulations and for service participants to know first aid for shortness of breath. The method of implementing this activity was carried out through lecture and simulation methods involving 4 cadres and 21 student participants from Hasanuddin Pare Vocational School. This activity was carried out on 10 - 12 October 2024. The service activities were carried out in 2 sessions where the first session was cadre empowerment through cadre training activities regarding first aid for shortness of breath and the second session was the presentation of material by trained cadres which was delivered to community service participants. The results of this community service activity were that trained cadres were able to deliver the material well and there was an increase in participants' knowledge and ability to provide first aid for shortness of breath after simulation education was carried out by trained cadres. Education using a simulation approach can increase students' understanding of the management of aid for shortness of breath so that they are able to provide first aid appropriately. The educational method with a simulation approach can be used as a medium for delivering information in pre-hospital first aid for cases of shortness of breath in students.

 Central Java was recorded as the area with the highest fire rate in the period from January 1 to July 24 2023, with 637 cases recorded. In 2018, a fire hit Agustinus Junior High School, at Semarang City. The aim of the research is to determine the effect of implementing a fire disaster preparedness simulation in increasing the knowledge and attitudes of Agustinus Middle School residents regarding fire disasters. The research design used was a quasi experiment with a quantitative approach. This research used a one group pretest-posttest design. In this research design, the entire population is used as research respondents. The pretest was given before the fire disaster simulation activity began and the posttest was given after all respondents carried out the fire disaster simulation activity. The research instrument used a questionnaire sheet. Data were analyzed with wilcoxon test. The results of the research show that there is an effect of implementing a fire disaster preparedness simulation on the knowledge and attitudes of Agustinius Junior High School residents with a wilcoxon p value of 0.000 and there is an increase in the knowledge of the school community by 24.3% and the attitude of the school community by 34% compared to before the simulation. This research suggests that schools should hold regular disaster preparedness simulations at least once a year and collaborate with related professional institutions to increase the capability and effectiveness of school emergency response teams in handling emergency situations.

Maritime safety is a critical aspect of military ship operations, where mastery of Ship Salvage Equipment (PEK) becomes a fundamental competency for cadets of the Indonesian Naval Academy (AAL). This research aims to identify and analyze the benefits of knowledge of Ship Salvage Equipment (PEK) for AAL cadets in the context of professional competence development, operational readiness, and leadership character formation. Using a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, this study involved 312 AAL cadet respondents from three batches (2022-2024) selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, participant observations, and focus group discussions. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics for quantitative data, as well as thematic analysis for qualitative data. The research results show that AAL cadets have a good level of PEK knowledge (score 78.6/100), high self-efficacy (3.68/5), and good operational readiness (3.72/5). As many as 85.6% of cadets acknowledge the very high benefits of PEK learning. The five main themes of benefits identified include: the development of operational technical competencies (37.2%), the enhancement of leadership abilities in critical situations (24.8%), the formation of mental resilience (18.9%), the development of quick decision-making skills (11.4%), and the improvement of a sense of responsibility for safety (7.7%). Cadets with good PEK knowledge demonstrate superior performance with a response speed 32 seconds faster, an error rate 23.4% lower, and an emergency communication score 18.2% higher. Factors influencing the effectiveness of PEK learning include the quality of instructors and teaching methods (β = 0.34), the frequency and variety of emergency simulations (β = 0.28), which together can explain 74.8% of the variance in learning effectiveness. This study provides recommendations for intensifying practical training, improving instructor quality, standardizing the curriculum to integrate technical and leadership aspects, and conducting continuous evaluations of the PEK learning program.

Earthquakes are one of the most common and potentially devastating natural disasters, especially in countries located along fault lines. Indonesia, which is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, often experiences earthquakes. Simulations can improve children's disaster preparedness, provide self-confidence, and foster a sense of responsibility. Community service activities were carried out at MTsN Sumba Timur on September 7, 2024 starting at 08.00 -10.00 WITA. The name of the community empowerment program is Earthquake Disaster Preparedness Education and Simulation for MTsN Sumba Timur Students as a form of community service in the East Sumba NTT region, by providing education and understanding of the dangers of earthquakes and how to prevent accidents due to earthquakes, as well as providing simulations to maximize participants' knowledge. The first stage is a pre-test on disaster mitigation. This aims to determine students' initial understanding of earthquake disaster mitigation. There are eight Guttman scale questions containing "yes" and "no" answer choices with one correct answer. Next is the presentation of material on earthquake disaster mitigation supported by the use of power points and animated videos. The material provided is in the form of a disaster preparedness plan that includes an introduction to the types of earthquakes, the impact of earthquakes, what happens when an earthquake occurs, and the stages of efforts to increase preparedness before an earthquake occurs, when an earthquake occurs. and after an earthquake occurs. Community service activities through Earthquake Disaster Preparedness Education and Simulation for MTsN Sumba Timur Students were carried out well and effectively. The suggestions that can be conveyed are 1. Activities like this should be carried out periodically in different locations but are prone to disasters so that Disaster Preparedness efforts can be felt by the community fairly and evenly. 2. Partnerships with other sciences and sectors so that Disaster Preparedness efforts can be evenly distributed in all aspects of community life towards optimal public health.

Indonesia is a country that faces a high risk of multiple disasters, one of which is fire disasters that can be prevented by the community through preparedness and early detection. The community service program, implemented by a team of lecturers and students from the Disaster Management Study Program at Budi Luhur University in collaboration with the Tanjungpinang SAR Office, conducted a basic fire extinguishing training session at SMAN 2 Tanjungpinang. The target audience for this training was students involved in the Scout, Paskibraka, and PKS (School Security Patrol) extracurricular activities, aimed at increasing student preparedness for fire emergencies. The activities included both theoretical materials and practical exercises on extinguishing fires and techniques for victim evacuation. The evaluation results showed an increase in participants' knowledge, particularly regarding the basic concepts of fire and victim movement, with understanding levels ranging from 45% to 100%, depending on the material. Although the results were positive, areas such as the type of fire extinguisher material and victim transfer techniques require further emphasis. This collaboration between educational institutions and disaster response agencies has proven effective in building student awareness to deal with emergency situations. Recommendations for future training include adopting a more interactive approach and incorporating intensive simulations to enhance students' understanding and readiness to face disaster.