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Heat stress is a major constraint in broiler production systems located in humid tropical climates, where high ambient temperature and relative humidity impair growth performance, feed efficiency, and animal welfare. This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed studies published between January 2015 and December 2025 evaluating environmental housing designs and cooling strategies for mitigating heat stress in broiler chickens. This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and synthesized peer-reviewed studies retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect, published between January 2015 and December 2025. From 500 records initially identified, 26 studies fulfilled the predefined eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The findings demonstrate that evaporative cooling systems, tunnel ventilation, and automated climate control technologies consistently reduced indoor temperature (2–6°C) and improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality rates under hot-humid conditions. However, cooling efficiency was strongly influenced by ambient humidity, necessitating integrated and adaptive environmental control approaches. Smart sensor-based systems further enhanced microclimate stability and thermal uniformity within broiler houses. Beyond performance improvements, optimized environmental management reduced physiological stress indicators, including heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and corticosterone levels. Overall, integrated, humidity-adaptive, and energy-efficient cooling strategies are essential to sustain productivity, welfare, and climate resilience in tropical broiler production systems.

Digital technology advancements have greatly changed how small businesses manage their finances. This change is not only about recording transactions, but it also affects financial control, report preparation, and business decision making. Accounting Information System (SIA) came about as a solution to help small and medium businesses easily, organize, and accurately record their finances, as well as provide reliable financial information. This study aims to explain the role of the Accounting Information System in making it easier to manage the finances of small and medium businesses in the digital age, the benefits gained from using it, and the challenges faced during its implementation. The method used in this research is a literature review, which involves examining books, journals, and other related scientific publications, followed by analysis using a descriptive qualitative approach. Research findings show that using a digital-based Accounting Information System can improve business efficiency, speed up financial reporting, increase transparency, and make it easier for small and medium-sized businesses to get funding access. However, the implementation of the Accounting Information System still faces challenges such as a lack of technological understanding, limited infrastructure, and high implementation costs. Therefore, collaboration and support from various parties are needed to ensure the accounting information system is implemented effectively and sustainably in small and medium businesses.

The rapid development in the field of information and communication technology currently requires students to master Microsoft Word. This skill becomes a crucial asset, both to support academic activities and as early preparation before entering the workforce. One of the applications frequently used in document preparation is Microsoft Word. Observation data at SMK Ibrahiny 1 Sukorejo indicate that the utilization of Microsoft Word features by some students is not yet optimal. This is evident in the students' limitations in configuring layouts, margins, as well as creating headers and footers in documents. In order to achieve efficiency and speed in the creation of administrative documents, this training is focused on enhancing students' competencies in exploring the features of Microsoft Word. This training was conducted on June 1, 2026, in the computer lab of SMK Ibrahimy 1 Sukorejo, involving 15 students from the 10th grade forestry department as participants. The method used during the training included the delivery of basic material followed by direct practice and the use of a system roll method on each computer to identify obstacles or challenges in preparing administrative documents, as well as direct assistance to students to quickly resolve any issues and ensure no one misses the material. The purpose of this training is to improve efficiency in properly and accurately preparing administrative documents. Therefore, the organization of Microsoft Word training can be categorized as a strategic step in boosting the digital skills of the students.

This study examines the financial performance of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk during the 2023–2025 period by evaluating key financial indicators, namely the Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Return on Assets (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE). The study aims to assess the company's financial condition and analyze the impact of its business transformation strategy on financial performance. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed using secondary data obtained from the company's published annual financial reports. Data analysis focused on comparing financial ratio trends over the three-year period to evaluate liquidity, solvency, and profitability performance. The findings indicate that the company's financial performance experienced fluctuations during the business transformation process. Liquidity and solvency gradually improved toward the end of the observation period, reflecting stronger short-term financial capability and a healthier capital structure. Profitability also demonstrated increased efficiency in utilizing company assets, although changes in equity returns indicated adjustments in capital management during the transformation process. Overall, the implementation of the company's transformation strategy contributed positively to strengthening financial performance and improving resilience in responding to changing business conditions and market competition. This study provides useful insights for management, investors, and other stakeholders in evaluating the effectiveness of corporate transformation strategies through financial ratio analysis and highlights the importance of maintaining financial stability to support sustainable business growth.

Changes in labor regulations through the Job Creation Law have brought significant changes to the employment system in Indonesia, particularly in terms of labor flexibility. This study aims to analyze labor flexibility after the implementation of the Job Creation Law from the perspective of Human Resource Management (HRM). The research method used is a qualitative approach through a literature study with thematic analysis of 16 scientific journals, books, and regulations related to labor flexibility and strategic Human Resource Management (HRM) practices. The results show that labor flexibility has positive impacts on companies in improving operational efficiency, productivity, and adaptability to market changes. However, on the other hand, such flexibility also creates several challenges, including job uncertainty, decreased job security, and reduced protection for contract and outsourced workers. From the HRM perspective, companies are required to create a balance between business interests and labor protection in order to maintain harmonious industrial relations. This study is expected to provide a more comprehensive understanding of labor flexibility as part of human resource management strategies in the post-labor deregulation era in Indonesia.

The Rumah Padat Karya Program in Surabaya City is one of the local government policies to reduce poverty through job creation and empowerment of low-income communities (MBR). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rumah Padat Karya Program in reducing poverty rates in Surabaya and to assess its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). The study employs a formal evaluation approach with a formative evaluation type, given that the program is still ongoing. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, and analyzed qualitatively. The evaluation was conducted using William N. Dunn’s (2003) criteria, comprising effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriateness. The results indicate that the program is fairly effective in reducing poverty and unemployment through local workforce absorption and the productive utilization of previously idle government assets. However, limitations remain, including budget constraints, inter-district facility disparities, weak inter-agency coordination, and suboptimal business mentoring and market access. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the mentoring system, equalize facilities, and enhance cross-sector collaboration so that the program can run more optimally and sustainably.  

The development of digital technology has driven significant economic transformation in various countries, including Muslim countries. Economic digitalization offers various opportunities, such as increased transaction efficiency, expanded market access, and strengthened financial inclusion. However, this development also presents various challenges, such as low Islamic financial literacy, the risk of technology misuse, and the emergence of economic practices inconsistent with Islamic principles. This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic economic values ​​in supporting the economic resilience of communities in Muslim countries in the digital era. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with library research methods. Data were obtained from various literature sources, such as scientific journals, books, academic articles, and reports relevant to Islamic economics, economic resilience, and the digital economy for the 2021–2026 period. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results show that Islamic economic values, such as justice, honesty, trustworthiness, and the prohibition of riba (usury), gharar (gharar), and maysir (gambling), play a crucial role in creating more transparent, ethical, and sustainable digital economic activities. Furthermore, the development of Sharia-compliant fintech, Sharia-compliant digital financial services, and Sharia-compliant business platforms also supports increased financial inclusion and community economic resilience. Therefore, integrating digital technology and Islamic economic values ​​can be a strategy for strengthening the economic resilience of communities in Muslim countries.

This research was conducted to examine the implementation of the Accurate system in recording cement purchase transactions at PT. XYZ and to evaluate its effectiveness in supporting the company's operational activities. A qualitative approach was employed, emphasizing the analysis of descriptive data in the form of words and documents. The study was carried out using a case study method to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon being investigated. During the internship period, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation techniques. Research shows that the Accurate system helps companies record purchases in a more organised, faster and more accurate way than the manual method using Microsoft Excel. The Accurate system can automatically record purchase invoices, business debts, suppliers and the inventory of goods. This makes the accounting department more efficient. Accurate helps to reduce the risk of recording errors and makes it easier to find transaction data. However, when it is being used, there are still several problems, such as delays in entering transaction data, mistakes when entering names or account numbers, and being unable to change invoices after a certain amount of time. To get around these problems, the company checks the transaction data again and makes sure that the recording process is more consistent. Research results show that the Accurate system is effective in PT. XYZ can help make sure that the process of recording cement purchases is effective and efficient. It can also help make sure that financial information is more accurate and joined up.

Abstract. PT XYZ, a wooden furniture manufacturing company, served as the research site for this study which applied the Theory of Constraints (TOC) method to analyze production performance and identify bottlenecks. The company faces capacity imbalances between workstations, resulting in production targets that have not been achieved optimally. Data collection involved direct observation and interviews with related parties in the production area. The analysis was conducted by comparing the required capacity with the available capacity at each production workstation. The findings reveal that solid processing, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, and packing have sufficient available capacities to meet production requirements, thus categorized as non-bottleneck processes. In contrast, the panel processing station is identified as the main bottleneck due to its highest workload among all processes. By implementing the Theory of Constraints, the company can identify major constraints and establish improvement priorities to enhance production flow smoothness. It is expected that improvements in bottleneck processes will increase production efficiency, balance capacity among workstations, and support more optimal achievement of production targets. Keywords: bottleneck; capacity; manufacturing; production performance; theory of constraints   Abstrak. PT XYZ sebuah perusahaan manufaktur furnitur kayu, menjadi lokasi penelitian ini yang menggunakan metode Theory of Constraints (TOC) untuk menganalisis kinerja produksi dan mengidentifikasi bottleneck. Perusahaan menghadapi ketidakseimbangan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja yang menyebabkan target produksi belum terdengar secara optimal. Pengumpulan data meliputi observasi langsung dan wawancara dengan pihak terkait di area produksi. Analisis dilaksanakan dengan membandingkan kapasitas yang dibutuhkan terhadap kapasitas yang tersedia pada setiap stasiun kerja produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembahanan solid, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, dan packing memiliki kapasitas yang tersedia yang masih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan produksi, sehingga termasuk kategori non-bottleneck. Sebaliknya, stasiun kerja pembahanan panel diidentifikasi sebagai bottleneck utama karena memiliki tingkat beban kerja tertinggi di antara seluruh proses. Dengan penerapan Theory of Constraints, perusahaan dapat mengidentifikasi kendala utama dan menentukan prioritas perbaikan untuk meningkatkan kelancaran aliran produksi. Diharapkan perbaikan pada proses bottleneck dapat meningkatkan efisiensi produksi, menyeimbangkan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja, serta mendukung pencapaian target output perusahaan secara lebih optimal. Kata kunci: bottleneck; kapasitas; kinerja produksi; manufaktur; theory of constraints

Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in wastewater is a major environmental concern due to its toxicity, persistence, and ability to accumulate in living organisms. Adsorption using biomass-based materials has been developed as an alternative treatment method because it is efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the effect of bioadsorbent dosage and contact time on Pb²⁺ removal efficiency and evaluate Pb²⁺ mass distribution using mass balance analysis in a batch adsorption system. Ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) was utilized as a bioadsorbent due to its lignocellulosic content, which provides active sites for metal ion adsorption. The research was conducted experimentally through bioadsorbent preparation, chemical activation, and batch adsorption using artificial Pb²⁺ solutions with variations in bioadsorbent dosage and contact time. Pb²⁺ concentrations before and after adsorption were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The obtained data were used to determine removal efficiency and Pb²⁺ distribution between the liquid phase and bioadsorbent. The results showed that ramie leaf bioadsorbent effectively reduced Pb²⁺ concentration, with the optimum condition obtained at 4 g/L bioadsorbent dosage and 90 minutes contact time, achieving 98.46% removal efficiency. Mass balance analysis indicated that Pb²⁺ ions were successfully transferred from the solution phase onto the bioadsorbent surface. These findings demonstrate that ramie leaf bioadsorbent has potential as a sustainable alternative material for heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment.

Analyzing the freshwater needs on Landing Platform Dock (LPD) type ships in the Amphibious Unit of Koarmada II, with a focus on the implementation of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) system to supply freshwater at sea. The problem faced is the limited supply of freshwater on ships operating far from external freshwater sources. This study uses a qualitative approach with interviews, observations, and documentation as data collection methods. The results of the study indicate that the RO system can improve the efficiency of freshwater supply, although technical challenges such as maintenance and crew training still need to be addressed. Optimal implementation of the RO system can support the logistical independence of the ship during long-term operations in remote waters. This study is expected to serve as a reference for the development of freshwater supply systems on Indonesian warships.

This study examines the phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing in the digital interactions of Indonesian Generation Z on Instagram. Using a sociolinguistic approach with virtual ethnography, data were collected from 1,200 posts and comments published between January and June 2024, complemented by in-depth interviews to explore the factors influencing language choice. The findings reveal that code-switching occurred in 68.4% of the data, with intrasentential switching as the dominant pattern (47.3%), followed by intersentential switching (38.6%) and external switching (14.1%), indicating Generation Z’s high multilingual competence. Code-mixing appeared in 82.1% of the data, primarily through the insertion of English vocabulary into Indonesian (63.2%), followed by regional languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, and Betawi (27.1%), particularly in nostalgic, culinary, and emotionally expressive content. The main factors influencing these practices include social identity, community affiliation, communicative efficiency, emotional expression, and audience context. The study concludes that code-switching and code-mixing function as deliberate communicative strategies that reflect Generation Z’s hybrid identity in digital spaces, offering important implications for digital sociolinguistics, language education, language policy, and digital content development.

The implementation of web-based archive digitalization can help improve performance in the field of archive recording, which was previously still manual at the Naval Academy. Some of the obstacles include archiving that is still manual, many files lost due to piled-up storage systems, and human resources in the field of archiving that are still lacking. This study aims to increase time and cost efficiency in archive processing, reduce the risk of loss and damage to archives, and improve the abilities and skills of human resources in the process of using digital archives. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection techniques are interviews, observation, and documentation with respondents as well as appropriate documentation. The data analysis was carried out through the processes of data reduction, data display, as well as verification or drawing conclusions. The research results can help improve the efficiency and security of archiving by minimizing risks, so that archive management can enhance efficiency and effectiveness, focusing on the implementation of web-based applications.


Lead (Pb²⁺) is a hazardous heavy metal commonly found in industrial wastewater and poses serious risks to human health and the environment due to its toxic and non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, an effective and environmentally friendly treatment method is required to reduce Pb²⁺ concentration in wastewater. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration on the adsorption capacity of ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) bioadsorbent activated with NaOH. The adsorption process was conducted using a batch system with pH variations of 4, 5, and 7 and initial Pb²⁺ concentrations of 20, 25, and 30 mg/L. The residual Pb²⁺ concentration was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the adsorption performance was evaluated based on removal efficiency and adsorption capacity (Qe). The results showed that pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration significantly affected the adsorption performance. The optimum adsorption condition was obtained at pH 5, with a maximum removal efficiency of 99.20% and a total adsorption capacity of 18.56 mg/g. The increase in pH from 4 to 5 enhanced adsorption performance due to reduced competition between H⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions for active sites on the adsorbent surface. Increasing the initial Pb²⁺ concentration tended to increase adsorption capacity, although removal efficiency remained relatively stable due to the limited number of active adsorption sites. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values ranged from 1.56% to 3.37%, indicating good precision and repeatability of the experimental data. These findings demonstrate that NaOH-activated ramie leaves have considerable potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly bioadsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from wastewater.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has encouraged military organizations to adopt modern systems capable of supporting operational effectiveness. One of the challenges faced by the Indonesian Marine Corps is the limitation of conventional monitoring methods that still rely on voice reports through tactical radios and manual communication systems. This condition often causes delays in information delivery, inaccuracies in troop positioning data, and difficulties in controlling personnel and logistics in dynamic operational environments. This study aims to formulate a conceptual model for the utilization of a GPS Tracking System integrated with Marine Corps communication equipment to improve troop and material movement monitoring. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature review, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation involving operational personnel and military communication experts. The results indicate that integrating GPS Tracking Systems with communication equipment can provide real-time location information, improve command and control effectiveness, accelerate reporting processes, enhance logistics supervision, and support operational evaluations through recorded movement data. The proposed concept is expected to strengthen situational awareness, increase operational efficiency, and support mission success in future Marine Corps operations.

The development of digital services by BPJS Ketenagakerjaan through the JMO (Jamsostek Mobile) application has triggered a surge in large-scale and unstructured user reviews on the Google Play Store, thereby complicating manual analysis and conventional sentiment analysis in accurately identifying specific issues. This research aims to implement the Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) method to granularly evaluate JMO application reviews based on specific aspects, while simultaneously addressing class imbalance and computational efficiency issues. The proposed method combines the pretrained IndoBERT model as a contextual feature extractor, the SMOTE technique to balance the training data, and an artificial neural network (Neural Network) as the classification layer without performing full fine-tuning. The dataset used consists of 90,268 unique reviews categorized into five main aspects through keyword matching, namely General Satisfaction/Complaints, Performance & Stability, Service & Support, Feature Quality, and UI/UX, with initial lexicon-based labeling using the InSet Lexicon. The research results indicate that the proposed model successfully achieves highly optimal performance with an accuracy rate of 91.81% and a weighted F1-score of 92%. Furthermore, the implementation of SMOTE proved effective in enhancing model reliability on the minority class (negative sentiment), achieving an F1-score of 89%. The implications of this research contribute an accurate and efficient aspect-based sentiment analysis framework for developers, and serve as a strategic evaluation tool for BPJS Ketenagakerjaan in mapping specific user complaints to accelerate continuous improvements in the performance, stability, and service quality of the JMO application.

Diesel engines are widely used in the transportation and industrial sectors due to their high thermal efficiency and good operational durability. However, increased fuel consumption due to inefficiency of the injection system remains a common problem. Injector characteristics, particularly nozzle diameter and injection pressure, are important factors that affect the quality of fuel atomization, air-fuel mixing, and combustion efficiency. An inappropriate combination of parameters can cause suboptimal combustion and increase fuel consumption. This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in nozzle diameter and injection pressure on fuel consumption efficiency in diesel engines. The method used is an experiment with variations in nozzle diameter of 0.150 mm, 0.152 mm, and 0.154 mm and injection pressures of 400 bar, 420 bar, and 440 bar. Tests were conducted at engine speeds of 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1500 rpm with a fuel consumption measurement time of one minute for each parameter combination. Fuel consumption was measured using the volumetric method and analyzed through the fuel volumetric flow rate, fuel mass flow rate, Brake Power (BP), and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC). The results showed that the combination of a nozzle diameter of 0.150 mm and an injection pressure of 400 bar produced the lowest BSFC value, thus providing the best fuel consumption efficiency. Meanwhile, the combination of a nozzle diameter of 0.152 mm and an injection pressure of 420 bar showed the closest condition to optimal because it was able to provide a balance between atomization quality and the amount of fuel injected, resulting in efficient and stable combustion. Thus, the efficiency of a diesel engine is influenced by the balance of nozzle size and injection pressure, not solely by the lowest fuel consumption.

The growth of the nickel mining industry in Indonesia, particularly in Southeast Sulawesi Province, has made this sector one of the main contributors to the Regional Gross Domestic Product (RGDP). However, the development of supporting infrastructure—especially mining haulage roads—still faces various risks that could potentially cause project delays and disrupt operational efficiency. Therefore, a systematic risk identification process is necessary to ensure that project implementation proceeds in accordance with established time, cost, and quality targets. This study aims to identify and assess risks in mining infrastructure development projects using a stakeholder-based approach. This approach is employed to gain an understanding of the risks that arise from the perspectives of the parties involved in the project. The results of this study describe the dominant risks that could potentially occur in nickel mining projects, namely opposition from the local community surrounding the project, conflicts with community organizations, denial of access to project roads, and disruption of project security due to inadequate security measures by authorities. It is hoped that these dominant risks can serve as a basis for developing effective risk mitigation strategies to support the successful and sustainable development of mining infrastructure.

Aerobic capacity, commonly measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), is a key indicator of physical fitness and athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Recent attention has focused on the role of respiratory muscle function in supporting exercise performance, as respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity or prolonged activity may reduce ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance. This literature review aims to examine current evidence regarding the effects of Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT), including Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT), on aerobic capacity in athletes. Relevant studies were identified through electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords related to respiratory muscle training, VO₂max, and athletes. The reviewed studies generally reported improvements in inspiratory muscle strength, reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, and enhanced ventilatory efficiency following RMT interventions. These physiological adaptations may contribute to better exercise tolerance and overall athletic performance. However, evidence regarding direct improvements in VO₂max remains inconsistent across studies. The findings suggest that RMT can be used as a complementary strategy alongside conventional training programs to support aerobic performance. In addition, improved respiratory muscle function may provide benefits in health promotion and rehabilitation by reducing dyspnea and increasing exercise tolerance. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the extent of RMT’s contribution to improving VO₂max in athletic populations.

Aerobic capacity, commonly measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), is a key indicator of physical fitness and athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Recent attention has focused on the role of respiratory muscle function in supporting exercise performance, as respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity or prolonged activity may reduce ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance. This literature review aims to examine current evidence regarding the effects of Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT), including Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT), on aerobic capacity in athletes. Relevant studies were identified through electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords related to respiratory muscle training, VO₂max, and athletes. The reviewed studies generally reported improvements in inspiratory muscle strength, reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, and enhanced ventilatory efficiency following RMT interventions. These physiological adaptations may contribute to better exercise tolerance and overall athletic performance. However, evidence regarding direct improvements in VO₂max remains inconsistent across studies. The findings suggest that RMT can be used as a complementary strategy alongside conventional training programs to support aerobic performance. In addition, improved respiratory muscle function may provide benefits in health promotion and rehabilitation by reducing dyspnea and increasing exercise tolerance. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the extent of RMT’s contribution to improving VO₂max in athletic populations.