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This study aims to identify and analyze forms of gender bias found in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) textbooks at the Senior High School (SMA) level. Using a qualitative approach with content analysis methods, grounded in a critical paradigm and gender perspective, this research found that gender representation in several teaching materials remains unequal. Gender bias in the textbooks is manifested through narratives that position men as dominant in the public sphere, while women are confined to domestic roles. The analyzed materials include topics such as pilgrimage requirements, covering the body and dressing, visiting graves, marriage guardians and witnesses, and family leadership. In these narratives, women are often portrayed as weak, in need of protection, or limited in their roles. This indicates that PAI textbooks continue to reproduce patriarchal values that may reinforce gender-based social inequalities in educational settings. The study recommends that teaching materials be revised to be more inclusive and aligned with gender equality principles as mandated by national education regulations. Thus, education can serve as a fair and equitable instrument for all students, regardless of gender. 

This study explores the concepts of Al-Istikhdam and Al-Istithrad as part of stylistic devices in the Arabic rhetoric discipline (balaghah). Al-Istikhdam refers to the use of a single word with two different meanings in a specific context, while Al-Istithrad involves the insertion of additional sentences or ideas without deviating from the main discussion. The study aims to identify the application of these two concepts in classical Arabic texts, particularly in literary and rhetorical works. The method employed is textual analysis of primary sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and classical poetry. The findings reveal that Al-Istikhdam is used to enrich meanings and refine stylistic expression, whereas Al-Istithrad functions to provide additional explanations that strengthen the main argument without disrupting narrative flow. This research is expected to offer new insights into the beauty and complexity of the Arabic language and its contribution to the development of balaghah studies.