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Customer satisfaction is a central issue in marketing management, as it plays a crucial role in determining customer loyalty amid increasingly intense business competition. A comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing customer satisfaction is essential not only for academics in strengthening marketing theory but also for practitioners in designing effective service and product strategies. This article aims to address two research questions: (1) what are the dominant factors influencing customer satisfaction, and (2) how does customer satisfaction relate to customer loyalty? The study employed a qualitative literature review method. The data consisted of scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025, accessed through Google Scholar and Publish or Perish (PoP) using the keyword “customer satisfaction.” From an initial selection of 30 articles, 27 were identified as relevant, and 5 core articles were further analyzed. The findings reveal three main themes: product and service quality as the dominant determinants of customer satisfaction; price, brand image, and promotion as supporting factors; and customer trust as an important mediating variable in building loyalty. This study concludes that customer satisfaction serves as a strategic link between service quality and customer loyalty. Future research is encouraged to explore the roles of digitalization, customer experience, and sustainability in shaping long-term customer satisfaction.

Customer satisfaction and loyalty are central issues in marketing management, as both play crucial roles in ensuring business sustainability amid increasing competition. Satisfied customers tend to make repeat purchases, provide positive recommendations, and build long-term relationships with the company. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence customer satisfaction and loyalty has become an important agenda for both academics and practitioners. This study aims to address two main questions: (1) What factors influence customer satisfaction? and (2) How does satisfaction contribute to the formation of customer loyalty? The method used is a literature review, selecting articles from various online databases such as ResearchGate, Academia, and open-access journals using the keywords customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Of the 45 identified articles, 20 were selected for in-depth analysis. The review results reveal three main trends: first, service and product quality are the most consistent determinants of satisfaction; second, price, promotion, and brand image play significant roles; and third, customer trust is an essential variable that strengthens the satisfaction–loyalty relationship. Overall, satisfaction functions as the main mediating variable in the formation of customer loyalty.

This study examines the positive factors of Western culture that contribute to enhancing Islamic religious education. Western culture brings forth various influences that can positively impact the development of Islamic religious education. The study explores factors such as increased access to information, innovative educational approaches, critical thinking, and the promotion of pluralism and tolerance. These factors provide opportunities for Muslims to broaden their knowledge and deepen their understanding of Islamic teachings through wider access to information, engaging educational methods, and the development of critical thinking skills. Additionally, Western culture's emphasis on pluralism and tolerance can contribute to fostering a more inclusive and harmonious environment within Islamic religious education. By analyzing and utilizing these positive factors, Islamic religious education can be enriched and made more relevant in the context of contemporary challenges while upholding the core values of Islam.

The study discussed in this study is a library study that seeks to present descriptively with methods of qualitative and library research, i.e. library-based research, in the process of data collection, researchers conduct research and analyze library sources obtained from the theories of literary books. (library research). The result of the study of the library obtained there was a gap between the desired idealism and the reality in its implementation; 1) Islamic law idealism offers principles that are fair, fair, and based on Islamic moral values. However, in the reality of its implementation, there are challenges that result in the gap between such idealism and reality. Factors such as varied social, political, cultural, and interpretation of Islamic teachings affect the gap between idealism and the reality of the Islamic law. These factors can hinder the implementation that corresponds to the desired idealism. 3) The impact of the gap between idealism and the reality of Islamic law is visible in societies, where there is sometimes an inconsistency between public expectations of fair implementation and realities that do not meet those expectations. This can lead to dissatisfaction, injustice, and social tension. 4) To overcome this gap, efforts involving various parties are needed, including religious leaders, Islamic law scholars, legal practitioners, and the general public. In this regard, a deeper understanding of Islamic teachings, the strengthening of justice institutions, the involvement of society in the process of law-making, and the promotion of dialogue and understanding between groups can be effective measures. Building understanding and cooperation between religious leaders, Islamic law scholars, and legal practitioners with the general public is key in strengthening the implementation of Islamic Law in accordance with desired idealism. It is essential for the implementation of Islamic law to justice, sustainability, and well-being for society.