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Islamic education in the digital era faces significant challenges in improving the quality of learning and developing students' critical thinking skills. One promising solution is the implementation of deep learning-based Islamic education, which can facilitate the teaching of religious material more effectively and easily accessible via the internet. Deep learning has the potential to strengthen students' critical thinking skills and understanding of Islamic values ​​in a more interactive and personalized manner. This study used a literature review method to analyze various relevant literature sources. The results indicate that deep learning can increase student engagement, enable personalized learning, and provide real-time evaluation of learning progress. However, the implementation of this technology also faces challenges, particularly related to the availability and quality of relevant data. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve data quality and develop learning models tailored to student needs to achieve optimal results in technology-based Islamic education.

The urgency to strengthen the pedagogical competence of Islamic Elementary Teacher Education (PGMI) teachers has increased in line with 21st-century learning demands, which emphasize critical thinking, collaboration, and meaningful learning. However, in practice, many PGMI teachers still face significant gaps in understanding and applying constructivist approaches effectively. This article aims to analyze these gaps and evaluate the potential for developing pedagogical competencies within the framework of constructivist theory. This study adopts a qualitative approach using library research methods, gathering secondary data from scholarly literature, educational policies, and previous relevant studies. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis, applying the Miles and Huberman model. The findings reveal a persistent reliance on conventional teaching methods, limited pedagogical literacy regarding constructivism, and insufficient integration of theory into teacher education curricula and training. The study concludes that systemic reforms are required in curriculum design, teacher training, and institutional partnerships to bridge these pedagogical gaps. This article contributes both conceptually and practically to the development of constructivist-based learning models in Islamic elementary education. Field-based follow-up research is recommended to empirically strengthen these findings.

Education is the forerunner of the birth of an intelligent generation. Education does not only take place at one moment, but education continues without knowing the age called lifelong education. In the teaching and learning process it is necessary to create comfortable conditions for students to learn. Therefore, today many learning models are applied in the learning process. This classroom action research aims to apply the Team Games Tournament (TGT) learning model in the teaching and learning process by optimizing the active role of students in the classroom and providing evaluations to measure student understanding of the material through the Team Games Tournament (TGT) learning model. The subjects of this study were junior high school students. The estimated duration of the study lasted at least one month. The timing of research refers to the school's academic calendar, because PTK requires several cycles that require an effective teaching and learning process in the classroom. In the learning process, there are several improvements that occur in students where based on the results of observing student attitudes in class during learning activities through the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) method it turns out to be able to change student learning attitudes and can improve student mindsets and learning activities and foster a sense of mutual cooperation between students.