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Attractive teaching methods and materials in the 21st century are very necessary to increase students' active role and interest in learning. One approach that has been integrated is the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) learning model. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of implementing a STEM learning model based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in increasing students' understanding of the human respiratory system. The research method used was experimental, with practicum related to the dangers of smoking as part of the learning implementation. The research subjects involved 23 grade 8 students at SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Bandung. The experimental class was given PjBL-based STEM learning with an interactive practicum approach. The research results showed a significant increase in understanding in the experimental class based on pretest and posttest analysis using statistical tests. This research reveals that this approach is effective in increasing student engagement, facilitating holistic understanding of concepts, and motivating students to think critically about the negative impacts of smoking on the respiratory system. Hands-on experimental activities also strengthen the connection between theory and practice. Thus, the application of the PjBL-based STEM learning model through practicum on the dangers of smoking has proven to be effective in increasing students' understanding of the respiratory system. This research recommends using a similar model in the curriculum to optimize student learning outcomes, especially in the field of science.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of intellectually disabled 11th-grade students at SLB Negeri Sukapura, Kiaracondong District, Bandung City, in science subjects. The study involved two students with IQ ranges between 40-67. A collaborative approach was used, involving researchers and teachers to observe students' activities during problem-based learning sessions. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and learning outcome tests. The results indicated that implementing PBL positively influenced students' engagement and understanding, particularly among students with higher IQs. However, challenges persisted for students with lower IQs, requiring adjusted teaching methods for greater effectiveness. The application of PBL demonstrated an average improvement in learning outcomes, although some students did not meet the minimum mastery criteria. This study suggests further enhancements in the implementation of PBL to optimize learning experiences for intellectually disabled students.

The implementation of technology in educational supervision is an important step to improve the quality of education and the effectiveness of managing the teaching and learning process. The purpose of this study is to analyze how technology-based supervision strategies can be effectively implemented in an educational environment, by reviewing the extent to which technology can improve the quality of teaching and learning. This research uses the literature study method to analyze technology-based supervision strategies in modern education. The desk study was conducted by collecting and reviewing various literatures from scientific journals, books, articles and research reports relevant to the topic. These sources were obtained from reputable academic databases such as Google Scholar, JSTOR, and ProQuest, as well as credible educational websites. The results of this study show that the implementation of technology in educational supervision has been shown to improve effectiveness through increased accuracy, transparency and efficiency in data collection and analysis. Digital tools allow supervisors to provide prompt feedback to teachers and improve collaboration between supervisors, principals and teachers, creating a more integrated learning environment. However, challenges such as lack of technical skills and resistance to change can hinder this process. Therefore, top management support, adequate training and proper infrastructure are essential to optimize the use of technology in educational supervision, so that the overall quality of education can be improved.

The Merdeka Curriculum is a curriculum with intracurricular learning that is more optimized for varied learning content. Provide sufficient time for students to explore knowledge concepts and strengthen their competencies. Learning with the concept of independent learning prioritizes students' interests and talents, so that learning outcomes can foster creative attitudes and the learning process becomes more enjoyable. The formulation of the problem in this research is the role of the independent curriculum to increase civic disposition and its level of success as well as supporting and inhibiting factors for implementing the independent curriculum through Civics learning. The aim of this research is to determine the level of success of implementing the independent curriculum in improving civic disposition and what supporting and inhibiting factors exist. The research method used is a qualitative method with a qualitative descriptive approach. The instruments used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this research are that the implementation of the independent curriculum to improve the civic disposition of class VII students can be said to be quite good because it has implemented the independent curriculum in accordance with the curriculum objectives and succeeded in increasing students' understanding of character and moral values, as well as making a positive contribution to the formation of students' character. Although there are still some things that need to be improved, such as teaching materials to provide wider sources of information and using more varied learning strategies to increase students' active participation in Civics learning, especially for students who are still passive. Thus, the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum at Wahidiyah Karangrejo Middle School has provided positive benefits in improving students' character and morals through Civics learning.

The importance of land transportation services such as PT. Indonesian Railways are increasing among the public lately, especially in Binjai City. Therefore, this study aims to try to model and forecast the number of passengers of PT. Indonesian Railways in the region. In this study, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used which has proven effective. For research in Binjai City, the ARIMA(1,1,1) model showed good results. The data used in this study includes the number of passengers of PT. Binjai City Railway from January 2022 to December 2022. The forecasting accuracy rate was evaluated using MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), which reached a value of 4.437%. This figure shows that forecasting has an error rate of less than 10%, so it can be categorized as excellent forecasting. The results of this study provide valuable insights for PT. Binjai City Railway to plan resources and optimize their passenger services. However, further research can still be done to improve forecasting methods and expand the reach of research to other regions.