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Masculinity is a social construct often internalized in society through various forms, including literary works. This study aims to analyze the representation of masculinity in Boy Candra's novel Trauma, particularly through male characters interacting with the protagonist, Kimara. This research employs the approaches of literary sociology, gender theory, and trauma theory to understand how masculinity is depicted. Data were collected through a critical reading technique applied to the novel's text. The analysis reveals that masculinity is represented in various forms, ranging from emotional dominance to expressions of affection, as well as the influence of trauma in shaping gender dynamics. These findings emphasize that masculinity in Trauma is not an innate trait but a social construct influenced by emotional and social contexts. The study contributes to gender studies and Indonesian literature, while also enhancing readers’ understanding of the complexity of masculinity in literary works.

Masculinity is a social construct often internalized in society through various forms, including literary works. This study aims to analyze the representation of masculinity in Boy Candra's novel Trauma, particularly through male characters interacting with the protagonist, Kimara. This research employs the approaches of literary sociology, gender theory, and trauma theory to understand how masculinity is depicted. Data were collected through a critical reading technique applied to the novel's text. The analysis reveals that masculinity is represented in various forms, ranging from emotional dominance to expressions of affection, as well as the influence of trauma in shaping gender dynamics. These findings emphasize that masculinity in Trauma is not an innate trait but a social construct influenced by emotional and social contexts. The study contributes to gender studies and Indonesian literature, while also enhancing readers’ understanding of the complexity of masculinity in literary works.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

The purpose of this study is to look at the morphology of affixation on vocabulary in Almaira's noveltoon ‘Behind Aisha's Veil’, especially in the third chapter with the theme ‘Love?’. The method used is qualitative. The data were collected through literature research and descriptive analysis that experienced affixation. This study found that the novel uses affixation, a linguistic process that involves adding affixes to the base form to produce new meanings. The study found that the use of affixes in the novel not only improves character descriptions but also increases the emotional depth of the story. The analysis results show that morphology plays an important role in shaping the meaning and characters in the story. It also shows that morphology reflects the social and cultural dynamics that women face in modern society. It is hoped that this research will enhance our understanding of how morphology is used in modern literary works.

Racism took a different turn in the 16th century, impacting this generation's society. Through racist beliefs and thoughts, people divided society into divisions. This study was based on racism and white people's historical oppression of black people. In this study, we examined two novels that help to analyze racism in society, and the impact of these novels on culture was also addressed. The study described slavery in the 19th century and the colonial times of Nigerian tribes. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn offered an American perspective on racism vs. the African setting of Things Fall Apart. During the 19th century, Nigerian people faced colonization that impacted the culture and behaviour of indigenous people. In this study, different aspects of racism and the effects of racism on black people were examined. This study also showed that the British invasion forced marginalization in every element of Igbo society, ranging from traditional values to religious and gender roles; this study aims to discuss the differences in the perspective of racism by analyzing Things Fall Apart and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. These two pieces of literature helped to develop better concepts and aspects of racism in the social setting and highlighted the racism between white and black people.

Racism took a different turn in the 16th century, impacting this generation's society. Through racist beliefs and thoughts, people divided society into divisions. This study was based on racism and white people's historical oppression of black people. In this study, we examined two novels that help to analyze racism in society, and the impact of these novels on culture was also addressed. The study described slavery in the 19th century and the colonial times of Nigerian tribes. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn offered an American perspective on racism vs. the African setting of Things Fall Apart. During the 19th century, Nigerian people faced colonization that impacted the culture and behaviour of indigenous people. In this study, different aspects of racism and the effects of racism on black people were examined. This study also showed that the British invasion forced marginalization in every element of Igbo society, ranging from traditional values to religious and gender roles; this study aims to discuss the differences in the perspective of racism by analyzing Things Fall Apart and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. These two pieces of literature helped to develop better concepts and aspects of racism in the social setting and highlighted the racism between white and black people.

Human nature, social life, requires humans to socialize with and interact with other humans for survival. There are the five important elements of socialization: social, cultural, social institutions, social stratification or the final grouping of society: power and authority. The study was done to identify social differences and factors that contributed to social differences. The study used qualitative descriptive methods with an objective approach to literature. Well-illustrated social differences in the background of both mice (country mouse) and (city mouse), they had conflicting backgrounds. The cause of these differences is that they live in different neighborhoods.    

Human nature, social life, requires humans to socialize with and interact with other humans for survival. There are the five important elements of socialization: social, cultural, social institutions, social stratification or the final grouping of society: power and authority. The study was done to identify social differences and factors that contributed to social differences. The study used qualitative descriptive methods with an objective approach to literature. Well-illustrated social differences in the background of both mice (country mouse) and (city mouse), they had conflicting backgrounds. The cause of these differences is that they live in different neighborhoods.    

This research conducted on the ganjuran ds ngambeg tradition in Puncak, Lamongan Regency, namely to find out and explain clearly. The research uses folklore theory, namely the concept of Danandjaja. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative with interview, observation and documentation techniques. The research instrument is a researcher, a list of questions and an observation sheet. The aim of this research is 1) to explain the origins of the ganjuran tradition in Ngambeg village, Puncak district, Lamongan district. 2) Explain the procedures for the Ganjuran tradition. 3) Explain the ubarampe and its meaning in the Ganjuran tradition. 4) Explain the benefits or uses of the ganjuran tradition. 5) Explain how to preserve the ganjuran tradition. The results of research on the ganjuran tradition in Ngambeg Village can be seen that the origins of Ngambeg Village are from Panji Laras and Panji Liris which are loved by Dewi Andanwangi and Dewi Andansari. The procedures for this tradition consist of the preparation and closing stages. Ubarampe from the ganjuran tradition is 1) Sugar and Coffee 2) tetel 3) lemet 4) Wingko 5) Krecek 6) Sticky Rice Salak 7) Side dishes 8) Bananas 9) Bongko 10) Bread 11) Kalender. The uses of the Ganjuran tradition are 1) as a projection system 2) as a system of rules for cultural institutions 3) as a tool for education 4) as a tool for monitoring society, then other uses are 1) for economic activities 2) religious or religious 3) social. The way to preserve the ganjuran tradition is by passing it down from generation to generation and utilizing social media.

This research conducted on the ganjuran ds ngambeg tradition in Puncak, Lamongan Regency, namely to find out and explain clearly. The research uses folklore theory, namely the concept of Danandjaja. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative with interview, observation and documentation techniques. The research instrument is a researcher, a list of questions and an observation sheet. The aim of this research is 1) to explain the origins of the ganjuran tradition in Ngambeg village, Puncak district, Lamongan district. 2) Explain the procedures for the Ganjuran tradition. 3) Explain the ubarampe and its meaning in the Ganjuran tradition. 4) Explain the benefits or uses of the ganjuran tradition. 5) Explain how to preserve the ganjuran tradition. The results of research on the ganjuran tradition in Ngambeg Village can be seen that the origins of Ngambeg Village are from Panji Laras and Panji Liris which are loved by Dewi Andanwangi and Dewi Andansari. The procedures for this tradition consist of the preparation and closing stages. Ubarampe from the ganjuran tradition is 1) Sugar and Coffee 2) tetel 3) lemet 4) Wingko 5) Krecek 6) Sticky Rice Salak 7) Side dishes 8) Bananas 9) Bongko 10) Bread 11) Kalender. The uses of the Ganjuran tradition are 1) as a projection system 2) as a system of rules for cultural institutions 3) as a tool for education 4) as a tool for monitoring society, then other uses are 1) for economic activities 2) religious or religious 3) social. The way to preserve the ganjuran tradition is by passing it down from generation to generation and utilizing social media.

This study aims to describe the meaning of denotation, meaning of connotation, and myth in the traditions of Ngulihi Tudung in the Karo tribe. This study is a qualitative descriptive study by applying a semiotic approach developed by Roland Barthes to uncover aspects of sign communication in the marriage tradition of Karo Ngulih Tudung which later differed from the public view of marriage traditions that began to be distorted. The data obtained in this study is a sentence, dialogue or sign that can communicate the message to be delivered to the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung tribe Karo. The data analysis technique is to carefully identify signs and symbols in the Tudung Tradition, divide them into markers and markers, analyze the relationship of signs to form more complex meanings, analyse the meaning of denotations, analyse meaning of connotations based on cultural historical context to mythology as ideology based on the study of Roland Barthes' Semiotics, and write the conclusions of the research. The results of the study show that the meaning of the denotation in the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung seeks to show the most tangible meaning in the sign. In other words, the Denotation of Roland Barthers in the sentence found in the Marriage tradition is what is described by the sign against an object. Connotation is expressive, involving more subjective and objective experience. In the marriage tradition Ngulihi Tudung invites the public to criticize as sharply as myths can see certain values or norms that work in society.

This study aims to describe the meaning of denotation, meaning of connotation, and myth in the traditions of Ngulihi Tudung in the Karo tribe. This study is a qualitative descriptive study by applying a semiotic approach developed by Roland Barthes to uncover aspects of sign communication in the marriage tradition of Karo Ngulih Tudung which later differed from the public view of marriage traditions that began to be distorted. The data obtained in this study is a sentence, dialogue or sign that can communicate the message to be delivered to the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung tribe Karo. The data analysis technique is to carefully identify signs and symbols in the Tudung Tradition, divide them into markers and markers, analyze the relationship of signs to form more complex meanings, analyse the meaning of denotations, analyse meaning of connotations based on cultural historical context to mythology as ideology based on the study of Roland Barthes' Semiotics, and write the conclusions of the research. The results of the study show that the meaning of the denotation in the marriage tradition of Ngulihi Tudung seeks to show the most tangible meaning in the sign. In other words, the Denotation of Roland Barthers in the sentence found in the Marriage tradition is what is described by the sign against an object. Connotation is expressive, involving more subjective and objective experience. In the marriage tradition Ngulihi Tudung invites the public to criticize as sharply as myths can see certain values or norms that work in society.

Social conflict usually occurs because competition in the economic field, such as competition for resources or jobs, can cause conflict between competing groups. This research explains the forms, causes and impacts in the short story "Last Stage" by M Rasyid Hw. The objectives of this research are: (1) Describe the form of social conflict; (2) analyzing the causes of social conflict; and (3) explain the negative and positive impacts of social conflict. This research method uses qualitative descriptive methods and literature. The primary data source is the short story "Last Stage" and secondary data sources are articles and theoretical books. Data collection techniques use reading and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research are (1) a picture of social conflict in the form of arrogance, arrogance and nepotism; (2) the causes of social conflict are differences in individual character and differences in interests; (3) the negative impact of social conflict can lead to being hated by someone, the division of society, and a struggle for power.    

. Discussion of the basic principles of muamalah in Islam includes learning about the rules that regulate relationships between humans regarding property, rights and obligations. The aim of the basic principles of muamalah is to create justice and benefit in social life. This research aims to review further the basic principles of muamalah in Islam which serve as guidelines for Muslims in carrying out economic and social activities. By applying these principles, it is hoped that a just, prosperous and blessed society can be achieved. This research uses a qualitative approach with the library search method. The descriptive qualitative approach used aims to explore and explain existing phenomena by relying on sources of information from various sources such as books, journals, digital databases and other literature. The main aim of this research is to provide insight that the basic principles of muamalah in Islam do not only limit halal and haram rules in economic activities, but also guide Muslims in building economic interactions that are fair, blessed, and in line with Islamic values.    

. Discussion of the basic principles of muamalah in Islam includes learning about the rules that regulate relationships between humans regarding property, rights and obligations. The aim of the basic principles of muamalah is to create justice and benefit in social life. This research aims to review further the basic principles of muamalah in Islam which serve as guidelines for Muslims in carrying out economic and social activities. By applying these principles, it is hoped that a just, prosperous and blessed society can be achieved. This research uses a qualitative approach with the library search method. The descriptive qualitative approach used aims to explore and explain existing phenomena by relying on sources of information from various sources such as books, journals, digital databases and other literature. The main aim of this research is to provide insight that the basic principles of muamalah in Islam do not only limit halal and haram rules in economic activities, but also guide Muslims in building economic interactions that are fair, blessed, and in line with Islamic values.    

Social conflict usually occurs because competition in the economic field, such as competition for resources or jobs, can cause conflict between competing groups. This research explains the forms, causes and impacts in the short story "Last Stage" by M Rasyid Hw. The objectives of this research are: (1) Describe the form of social conflict; (2) analyzing the causes of social conflict; and (3) explain the negative and positive impacts of social conflict. This research method uses qualitative descriptive methods and literature. The primary data source is the short story "Last Stage" and secondary data sources are articles and theoretical books. Data collection techniques use reading and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research are (1) a picture of social conflict in the form of arrogance, arrogance and nepotism; (2) the causes of social conflict are differences in individual character and differences in interests; (3) the negative impact of social conflict can lead to being hated by someone, the division of society, and a struggle for power.    

The use of Javanese in society is an important challenge in an increasingly connected era of globalization. The phenomenon of diglossia, where two or more language variants are used in one language community, is important to research. This research aims to explore the dynamics of diglossia in Javanese-speaking communities using a sociolinguistic approach and literary studies. The literature study method is used to collect data from various relevant literary sources, including books, literature, notes and other sources. The data analyzed includes findings about the use of Javanese in various life contexts, factors that influence diglossia, and the social and cultural impact of changes in language use patterns. The research results show that social and technological changes have brought about a shift in the use of Javanese, with the younger generation tending to switch to Indonesian or foreign languages ​​in daily communication. Factors such as education level, age, social stratification, and family attitudes influence language use preferences in society. In facing these changes, efforts to develop the Javanese language are very important to maintain local language and culture in this era of globalization.

The use of Javanese in society is an important challenge in an increasingly connected era of globalization. The phenomenon of diglossia, where two or more language variants are used in one language community, is important to research. This research aims to explore the dynamics of diglossia in Javanese-speaking communities using a sociolinguistic approach and literary studies. The literature study method is used to collect data from various relevant literary sources, including books, literature, notes and other sources. The data analyzed includes findings about the use of Javanese in various life contexts, factors that influence diglossia, and the social and cultural impact of changes in language use patterns. The research results show that social and technological changes have brought about a shift in the use of Javanese, with the younger generation tending to switch to Indonesian or foreign languages ​​in daily communication. Factors such as education level, age, social stratification, and family attitudes influence language use preferences in society. In facing these changes, efforts to develop the Javanese language are very important to maintain local language and culture in this era of globalization.

The foundation of education is a universal human aspiration; therefore, in addressing educational issues, complex solutions with philosophical foundations are necessary to ensure that the resulting solutions benefit all segments of society. One of the figures with strong philosophical views on education is Ki Hadjar Dewantara. Ki Hadjar Dewantara, a nobleman from the Yogyakarta Sultanate, firmly held a high concern for the development of education. The philosophical views put forward by Ki Hadjar Dewantara have become the basis for educational development in Indonesia. Ki Hadjar Dewantara expressed that the essence of education is an effort to internalize cultural values ​​into the souls of children with the aim of shaping them into complete human beings, both spiritually and mentally. This educational philosophy is known as the "Sistem Among," which emphasizes the basic ability of children to overcome the problems they face by providing them with broad freedom of thought. Ki Hadjar Dewantara formulated his philosophy by applying indigenous Indonesian culture, selectively adopting Western values ​​to fit the trikonic theory, and then adapting them wisely. Ki Hadjar Dewantara also made several contributions to Indonesian education, including the implementation of the leadership trilogy in education, the three educational centers, and the paguron system. Education is an effort to develop the human potential of learners, both physically, intellectually, emotionally, and morally, so that this potential can be realized and beneficial to their lives.

The foundation of education is a universal human aspiration; therefore, in addressing educational issues, complex solutions with philosophical foundations are necessary to ensure that the resulting solutions benefit all segments of society. One of the figures with strong philosophical views on education is Ki Hadjar Dewantara. Ki Hadjar Dewantara, a nobleman from the Yogyakarta Sultanate, firmly held a high concern for the development of education. The philosophical views put forward by Ki Hadjar Dewantara have become the basis for educational development in Indonesia. Ki Hadjar Dewantara expressed that the essence of education is an effort to internalize cultural values ​​into the souls of children with the aim of shaping them into complete human beings, both spiritually and mentally. This educational philosophy is known as the "Sistem Among," which emphasizes the basic ability of children to overcome the problems they face by providing them with broad freedom of thought. Ki Hadjar Dewantara formulated his philosophy by applying indigenous Indonesian culture, selectively adopting Western values ​​to fit the trikonic theory, and then adapting them wisely. Ki Hadjar Dewantara also made several contributions to Indonesian education, including the implementation of the leadership trilogy in education, the three educational centers, and the paguron system. Education is an effort to develop the human potential of learners, both physically, intellectually, emotionally, and morally, so that this potential can be realized and beneficial to their lives.