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This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study examines the denotative and connotative meanings in Mahmoud Darwish's poem "Fakkir Bighairik" using a semantic approach. Language as a sign system has a primary function in conveying meaning, and poetry is the medium of linguistic expression richest in such meaning. Darwish's poem, through dense diction, depicts empathy, humanity, and the struggle of the Palestinian people by inviting readers to "think of the other." This study uses a descriptive-qualitative method with library techniques, where data is taken from the text of Fakkir Bighairik's poem and analyzed based on the theory of denotative and connotative meaning. The results show that the denotative meaning in this poem conveys a direct and straightforward message, while the connotative meaning provides emotional, social, and moral depth that strengthens the humanitarian message. The combination of these two meanings creates a poetic effect that awakens readers' awareness of solidarity and universal human values. In addition, this poem also invites readers to reflect on their role in the humanitarian struggle and reminds them of the importance of fighting for human rights amidst conflict.

This study examines the denotative and connotative meanings in Mahmoud Darwish's poem "Fakkir Bighairik" using a semantic approach. Language as a sign system has a primary function in conveying meaning, and poetry is the medium of linguistic expression richest in such meaning. Darwish's poem, through dense diction, depicts empathy, humanity, and the struggle of the Palestinian people by inviting readers to "think of the other." This study uses a descriptive-qualitative method with library techniques, where data is taken from the text of Fakkir Bighairik's poem and analyzed based on the theory of denotative and connotative meaning. The results show that the denotative meaning in this poem conveys a direct and straightforward message, while the connotative meaning provides emotional, social, and moral depth that strengthens the humanitarian message. The combination of these two meanings creates a poetic effect that awakens readers' awareness of solidarity and universal human values. In addition, this poem also invites readers to reflect on their role in the humanitarian struggle and reminds them of the importance of fighting for human rights amidst conflict.

This study analyzes the role of families and caregivers at Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Wana Seraya Denpasar in implementing elderly care programs and examines the implications of these programs for the quality of life of older adults. Using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Two theoretical frameworks guided the analysis: Carrolyn Smith-Morris’ Social Support Theory, which highlights the importance of emotional, informational, and instrumental support for elderly well-being, and Robert J. Havighurst’s Activity Theory, which states that active involvement in social, physical, and spiritual activities enhances happiness and life satisfaction in old age. The findings show that families’ involvement remains limited due to time and distance constraints, yet their emotional presence still contributes positively to the psychological comfort of the elderly. Caregivers play a dominant role in meeting the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs of residents. The care program demonstrates positive implications, including improved health stability, increased social interaction, strengthened feelings of appreciation, and enhanced spiritual peace. Additionally, Balinese cultural values such as tatwam asi and menyama braya reinforce empathy, togetherness, and respectful relationships within the care system. The study concludes that synergy between families, caregivers, and local cultural values forms a crucial foundation for a meaningful and humane elderly care system.  

This study analyzes the role of families and caregivers at Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Wana Seraya Denpasar in implementing elderly care programs and examines the implications of these programs for the quality of life of older adults. Using a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Two theoretical frameworks guided the analysis: Carrolyn Smith-Morris’ Social Support Theory, which highlights the importance of emotional, informational, and instrumental support for elderly well-being, and Robert J. Havighurst’s Activity Theory, which states that active involvement in social, physical, and spiritual activities enhances happiness and life satisfaction in old age. The findings show that families’ involvement remains limited due to time and distance constraints, yet their emotional presence still contributes positively to the psychological comfort of the elderly. Caregivers play a dominant role in meeting the physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs of residents. The care program demonstrates positive implications, including improved health stability, increased social interaction, strengthened feelings of appreciation, and enhanced spiritual peace. Additionally, Balinese cultural values such as tatwam asi and menyama braya reinforce empathy, togetherness, and respectful relationships within the care system. The study concludes that synergy between families, caregivers, and local cultural values forms a crucial foundation for a meaningful and humane elderly care system.  

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students caused by the lack of learning activities involving students, as the learning process is still centered on the teacher. This makes students less active in participating in learning. This study aims to describe the improvement in student learning outcomes in Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning using the Inquiry model assisted by audio-visual media in class IV of SDN 16 Padang Besi, Padang City. The type of research used is classroom action research (CAR) with qualitative and quantitative approaches, carried out in two cycles. The research procedure consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The data obtained are related to learning outcomes using the Inquiry model assisted by audio-visual media. Data collection techniques include observation, tests, and non-tests. The research subjects involved class teachers as observers, researchers as practitioners, and 26 class IV students. The results of the study show that: first, the cycle I teaching module obtained an average of 85.3% (B), increasing in cycle II to 95% (SB). Second, the implementation results of the teacher's learning aspects in cycle I reached 82% (B), increasing in cycle II to 96% (SB). Third, the implementation results of the students' learning aspects in cycle I were 82% (B), increasing to 96% (SB) in cycle II. Fourth, the average student learning outcomes in cycle I were 77 (C), increasing to 89 (B) in cycle II. Thus, it can be concluded that the Inquiry model can improve student learning outcomes in Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning.

This research is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students caused by the lack of learning activities involving students, as the learning process is still centered on the teacher. This makes students less active in participating in learning. This study aims to describe the improvement in student learning outcomes in Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning using the Inquiry model assisted by audio-visual media in class IV of SDN 16 Padang Besi, Padang City. The type of research used is classroom action research (CAR) with qualitative and quantitative approaches, carried out in two cycles. The research procedure consists of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The data obtained are related to learning outcomes using the Inquiry model assisted by audio-visual media. Data collection techniques include observation, tests, and non-tests. The research subjects involved class teachers as observers, researchers as practitioners, and 26 class IV students. The results of the study show that: first, the cycle I teaching module obtained an average of 85.3% (B), increasing in cycle II to 95% (SB). Second, the implementation results of the teacher's learning aspects in cycle I reached 82% (B), increasing in cycle II to 96% (SB). Third, the implementation results of the students' learning aspects in cycle I were 82% (B), increasing to 96% (SB) in cycle II. Fourth, the average student learning outcomes in cycle I were 77 (C), increasing to 89 (B) in cycle II. Thus, it can be concluded that the Inquiry model can improve student learning outcomes in Pancasila and Citizenship Education learning.

This study aims to find the values ​​contained in the novel shown through the characterization of the characters. These characterizations are related to the values ​​that occur in the lives of the characters in the novel Simfoni Persahabatan by Fakhri Violinist. This study uses a qualitative method with a structural approach that focuses on characterization and its relationship to educational values. Data were collected through document study techniques by carefully reading the novel and noting parts related to characterization, then analyzed using content analysis techniques to draw conclusions about the values ​​and messages contained in the novel. The results of the study show that the author successfully presents the characterization of two main characters, namely Nancy who has an arrogant nature and often insults others, and Bintang who is humble and always prays to God. Through the characterization of these two characters, the author conveys various educational values ​​including the value of simplicity, the spirit of pursuing ideals, moral education such as diligent study and humility, character education regarding respect for parents and teachers, the value of hard work, responsibility, patience in facing trials, the importance of admitting mistakes and forgiveness, and friendship. This research contributes to the world of education in utilizing children's literature as a medium for character formation, and provides references in selecting reading materials that suit the needs of children's character development.

This study aims to find the values ​​contained in the novel shown through the characterization of the characters. These characterizations are related to the values ​​that occur in the lives of the characters in the novel Simfoni Persahabatan by Fakhri Violinist. This study uses a qualitative method with a structural approach that focuses on characterization and its relationship to educational values. Data were collected through document study techniques by carefully reading the novel and noting parts related to characterization, then analyzed using content analysis techniques to draw conclusions about the values ​​and messages contained in the novel. The results of the study show that the author successfully presents the characterization of two main characters, namely Nancy who has an arrogant nature and often insults others, and Bintang who is humble and always prays to God. Through the characterization of these two characters, the author conveys various educational values ​​including the value of simplicity, the spirit of pursuing ideals, moral education such as diligent study and humility, character education regarding respect for parents and teachers, the value of hard work, responsibility, patience in facing trials, the importance of admitting mistakes and forgiveness, and friendship. This research contributes to the world of education in utilizing children's literature as a medium for character formation, and provides references in selecting reading materials that suit the needs of children's character development.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

The Independent Curriculum is the latest education policy designed to provide students with learning freedom with a focus on developing competencies that are more flexible and student-centered. This study explains the implementation of the Independent Curriculum at SMP Negeri Satu Atap 1 Dolat Rayat, a rural school with various resource limitations. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers, field observations, and school documentation. The results of the study based on the results of in-depth interviews with teachers, found the main challenges such as the low basic literacy skills of students, the limited facilities of learning support infrastructure, the low active participation of students, and the diversity of student backgrounds that affect the implementation of learning. In addition, limited support from parents and education policies are also obstacles. To optimize implementation, teachers implement strategies to strengthen literacy, continuous training, use contextual media, and build cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study confirms that the success of the Independent Curriculum in rural schools requires an adaptive contextual approach and synergy of all related parties.

This research examines the role of Pura Siwa Jagat Karana as the orientation center of the Balinese Hindu community in Ternate City, functioning not only as a place of worship but also as a hub for social and cultural activities. The study aims to describe the role of Pura Siwa Jagat Karana in the religious, social, and cultural life of the Balinese Hindu community and to analyze the challenges faced in sustaining its existence within a multicultural society. The research employs Emile Durkheim’s Structural Functionalism theory, emphasizing the role of religious institutions in maintaining social integration. A qualitative approach was applied, using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that Pura Siwa Jagat Karana functions as a spiritual center, a medium for preserving Balinese culture, and a means of strengthening solidarity and identity of the Balinese Hindu community. Nevertheless, the temple faces several challenges, including limited accessibility for worshippers, changes in management, insufficient ritual facilities, dynamics in priest leadership, and constrained resources. Despite these obstacles, the temple continues to serve as a symbol of harmony and a space for interfaith dialogue that fosters peace in the heterogeneous society of Ternate.

This research examines the role of Pura Siwa Jagat Karana as the orientation center of the Balinese Hindu community in Ternate City, functioning not only as a place of worship but also as a hub for social and cultural activities. The study aims to describe the role of Pura Siwa Jagat Karana in the religious, social, and cultural life of the Balinese Hindu community and to analyze the challenges faced in sustaining its existence within a multicultural society. The research employs Emile Durkheim’s Structural Functionalism theory, emphasizing the role of religious institutions in maintaining social integration. A qualitative approach was applied, using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that Pura Siwa Jagat Karana functions as a spiritual center, a medium for preserving Balinese culture, and a means of strengthening solidarity and identity of the Balinese Hindu community. Nevertheless, the temple faces several challenges, including limited accessibility for worshippers, changes in management, insufficient ritual facilities, dynamics in priest leadership, and constrained resources. Despite these obstacles, the temple continues to serve as a symbol of harmony and a space for interfaith dialogue that fosters peace in the heterogeneous society of Ternate.

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.