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The culture of patronage is a key characteristic of Indonesian political dynamics, having developed from the pre-colonial era to the contemporary democratic era. Despite decentralization and political reforms in Indonesia, patronage practices persist through relationships between political elites, bureaucracy, business actors, and communities, particularly at the local level. This study analyzes patronage using Pierre Bourdieu's Social Practice Theory framework, which emphasizes the interaction between habitus, capital, and the arena as factors shaping social practices. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through desk studies, which allows researchers to examine various academic literature to build a comprehensive conceptual analysis. The research findings indicate that internalized political habitus, the accumulation of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, and a competitive local political field are key elements in perpetuating patronage. Patronage is not merely a transactional political practice, but a social structure that is continuously reproduced and impacts the politicization of bureaucracy, the strengthening of oligarchy, power inequality, and the vulnerability of the poor to political manipulation. This research confirms that efforts to strengthen democracy in Indonesia require transformation of the political habitus of society, bureaucratic reform, and restrictions on the dominance of economic actors in the political arena to break the entrenched patron-client chain.

Economic empowerment of coastal communities in Indonesia is essential to improve welfare and reduce social inequality. This study explores the role of technology and access to capital in driving economic empowerment in coastal areas. The method used is a literature study to analyze how technology improves productivity, and how access to capital supports business development. The results of the study show that the use of information and communication technology, as well as inclusive savings programs, have made significant contributions to increasing income and quality of life in coastal communities. Challenges such as poor infrastructure and limited education need to be addressed to achieve full potential in economic empowerment.

Internal trafficking or insider trading is a form of prohibited securities transactions in the capital market, because it violates the principle of transparency which is the main basis for capital market activity.  The background of this study is the rise of insider trading practices in securities trading activities.  The main purpose of this study is to analyze how the completion system of the practice of insider trading is running and how legal protection can be given to investors who are victims.  This study uses a normative juridical approach by comparing applicable regulations.  The results of the study show that investors who suffer losses due to insider trading can file a lawsuit against the law as a legal step to obtain legal protection

Indonesia's Sharia capital market has experienced significant growth in the past decade, along with rising public awareness of Islamic economic principles and the adoption of digital technologies. This study aims to analyze the role of digital transformation in supporting the development of the Sharia capital market and to identify structural challenges, particularly in regulatory, financial literacy, and cybersecurity aspects. The methodology used is descriptive qualitative with a literature study approach, drawing on secondary data from reputable journals and official publications from OJK and the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results indicate that while technological transformation has opened significant opportunities such as increased financial inclusion and youth investor engagement, the Sharia capital market still faces serious challenges related to unadaptive regulations, cyber threats and low investor literacy. This study recommends synergy between regulators, industry players and educational institutions to strengthen a sustainable Sharia capital market ecosystem.    

Service quality is the level of excellence or specialty of a service that can meet the needs and expectations of the community. Public service is an activity carried out by the government and other institutions to meet the needs of community services in accordance with laws and regulations. This service can be in the form of public goods, public services, and/or administrative services. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of service in issuing Business Identification Numbers for micro businesses at the Pekanbaru City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office and its supporting and inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use interviews. Data analysis in this study was carried out using qualitative descriptive. The results of the study explain that the quality of service is already in the good category which is assessed from the transparency in the services provided where there is openness in the service process, services that are in accordance with the rules and there is ease in the service process. The principle of accountability in improving service quality to ensure that each service can be accounted for and provide services in accordance with the conditions that have been set. Community participation in improving services has been carried out well by providing services according to rights and balance. Supporting factors in improving service quality include the ability of employees to serve, the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure, and the development of a better service system as part of improving services. While inhibiting factors include increased supervision and complicated bureaucracy in efforts to improve services.