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This study aims to examine the judge's considerations in rendering decisions in aggravated theft cases at the Medan District Court, with an emphasis on the balance between legal and non-legal aspects in realizing substantive justice. The issue of disparate sentencing that frequently arises is the main background of this study. The methods used are an integrated normative legal approach and an empirical legal approach. The normative approach is used to examine the provisions of Article 363 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and the legal principles that govern the judge's considerations, while the empirical approach is carried out through direct observation of the trial process and analysis of the judge's decision. The results of the study indicate that the judge in case Number 1110/Pid. B/2025/PN Medan not only complied with legal aspects such as fulfilling the elements of the crime, evidence, and the application of the principle of legality, but also considered non-legal aspects such as the socio-economic conditions, age, and motives of the defendant. These considerations demonstrate the application of the principles of criminal individualization and proportional justice. In addition, the judge also considered moral values ​​and social benefits in his decision, which is in line with Gustav Radbruch's theory of three basic legal values: justice, legal certainty, and utility. This study concludes that the thinking patterns of judges at the Medan District Court reflect a shift toward substantive and restorative justice paradigms. It is recommended that the Supreme Court strengthen integrated sentencing guidelines to avoid disparities in sentencing and encourage the adoption of a rehabilitative approach for offenders with low economic motivations.

The development of Islamic political thought cannot be separated from the historical context and social dynamics surrounding it. One significant period that influenced the direction of this thought is the era of Western colonialism in the 19th to early 20th centuries. During this period, much of the Islamic world was under Western colonial rule, which had a profound impact on the social, political, and intellectual conditions of Muslims. Within the Muslim community itself, various internal issues related to religious understanding arose, causing difficulties in facing the dominance and hegemony of the West. Islamic political thought became one of the fields of study in political science, which is not only relevant today but also gained attention during the classical Islamic period. This study is highly significant, both in the development of knowledge and as a framework for political practice. Therefore, it is important to study Islamic political thought, as it provides deep insights into political dynamics and Islam’s contribution to shaping existing political systems, as well as offering perspectives that are useful in facing contemporary global challenges.

Drug abuse among adolescents in Jayapura City is a pressing issue with significant repercussions for health, society, and the future of younger generations. Due to Jayapura's strategic position as a border city with Papua New Guinea, it faces a heightened risk of cross-border drug trafficking, making it particularly vulnerable. This study explores the various factors contributing to the rise in drug abuse among adolescents, including individual, family, and peer group dynamics, socio-economic conditions, weak legal enforcement, and the influence of globalization. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach is essential in addressing the problem. Repressive measures alone are insufficient, and should be complemented by preventive, rehabilitative, and educational strategies. Such approaches must emphasize child protection principles and ensure justice that is both substantive and forward-thinking. Progressive and responsive legal frameworks, aligned with the goals of criminal punishment, are necessary to effectively combat drug abuse in Jayapura. Moreover, these frameworks should prioritize adolescent recovery, recognizing that these individuals are the future of the nation.

This study aims to explore the implementation of the concept of tawakal and sabar in former drug addicts in dealing with social stigma. The method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach, involving three main subjects who have undergone rehabilitation and reintegration for one year and three supporting subjects. Data were collected through interviews and non-participatory observations, then analyzed by data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions through source triangulation. The results of the study showed that the subjects implemented sabar and tawakal in real terms. The aspect of sabar is seen in the steadfastness of worship, self-control, acceptance of destiny, positive thinking, and holding back complaints. While the tawakal aspect includes belief in Allah's provisions, maximum effort, dependence on Him, and pleasure in the results.

This research analyzes the adaptive capabilities of Ponggok Village Government in responding to the changes brought by Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages, using the Dynamic Governance framework developed by Neo and Chen. Employing a qualitative method through focus group discussions, interviews, and document analysis, the study investigates the village government’s capacity in thinking ahead, thinking again, and thinking across. Findings show that Ponggok Village successfully adapted to legal reforms by implementing participatory planning, institutional innovation through BUMDes, human resource development, and digital governance. These adaptive efforts demonstrate a responsive and future-oriented local governance model supported by competent actors and agile processes. The case of Ponggok Village illustrates how dynamic capabilities can transform regulatory changes into opportunities for sustainable development.

This research explores the institutional capabilities of Local Government and BUMDes Tirta Mandiri in managing the tourism potential of Umbul in Ponggok Village, Klaten Regency. It aims to assess the extent to which local actors demonstrate capacity in the dimensions of thinking ahead, thinking again, and thinking across, as conceptualized within the dynamic governance framework. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, this research adopts a case study method through field observations, in-depth interviews, and analysis of village planning documents. The findings indicate that the success of Umbul Ponggok’s tourism development is not merely attributable to its natural endowments, but also to the capacity of the village government and BUMDes to formulate long-term policy directions, critically review and refine existing initiatives, and foster cross-sectoral collaboration. These results highlight the critical importance of strengthening village institutional capabilities and human resources as a foundation for implementing adaptive and forward-looking policies.

Drug abuse and trafficking are transnational issues that require serious attention from various countries. Indonesia and the Philippines, two countries in Southeast Asia, have developed different institutional approaches in combating drugs through the Badan Narkotika Naional (BNN) and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA). This study aims to compare both institutions from the cultural-cognitive pillar based on William Richard Scott’s institutional theory. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a literature study approach. The results show that BNN prioritizes rehabilitative and educational approaches that are increasingly accepted as a reasonable treatment pattern in Indonesia. Meanwhile, PDEA implements a repressive approach that is supported by most of the Filipino society, despite being accompanied by human rights violations. These findings indicate that collective thinking frameworks and public legitimacy play a crucial role in shaping institutional strategies and impacts in each country. This study provides significant implications regarding how societal mindsets influence the effectiveness of drug eradication efforts.

Kupang City is the capital of East Nusa Tenggara province which is inseparable from the case of rape of a father against a biological child. There are several cases including a minor being a victim of sexual violence. Tragically, a student of a junior high school in Kupang became a victim of rape committed by her biological father. The case of adultery committed by the father to his biological child was handled by the PPA Unit of the Kupang City Police Satreskrim in 2019. The results of this study show that (1) the causative factor for children as victims of rape by biological fathers in Kupang City is the influence of lack of religious understanding in the family environment that causes the perpetrator to commit crimes. The actions carried out by the perpetrator were carried out repeatedly without thinking about the mental and physical influence of the victim. For this reason, it is hoped that religious understanding can be applied in the family environment so that it becomes a moral benchmark for one's life as well as the cases researched by the author. (2)) The impact on children as victims of rape by biological fathers in Kupang City is the physical and social impact experienced by the victim after the incident that befell the victim. (3) Legal Protection Efforts for Children as Victims of Rape by Biological Fathers in Kupang City In particular, Indonesia has its own law regarding the protection of children, namely Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning Child Protection. In Articles 81 and 82 of the Law on Child Protection, it is stipulated that the perpetrator of sexual abuse of children is sentenced to a maximum of 15 years in prison.

This study will describe the legal character of the new Criminal Code in the perspective of legal politics, as for the problem in the research, namely how politics is very influential in producing a legal product. this research method uses normative legal research where in this case it examines legal issues and examines norms, as for what is studied in this study is the new Criminal Code Law. This research aims to answer how the politics of law on criminal law reform in indonesia and how the political configuration and legal character of the new Criminal Code. the conclusion of this research is the politics of law in the Criminal Code Update is the politics of criminal law, which is basically a form of policy that responds to the development of human thinking about crime. political configuration that has a major influence on the formation of rules. Legal products that are responsive in character, the process of making them is participatory, which invites as much community participation as possible through social groups and individuals in the community. In relation to the new Criminal Code, it is not responsive or democratic in nature, and it is also born through an authoritarian political configuration because of the lack of popular participation in its design.

The role of the TNI is very important in creating and maintaining the security of the community in fulfilling human rights, but based on the long history in Indonesia, it is suspected that there has been violence and serious human rights crimes committed by state apparatus and security actors. The principle of command responsibility for military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors is at least three reasons that underlie the thinking of military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors, namely the commander or superior who has the power to give orders and is responsible for the failure to control or control his subordinates. This research examines the following issues: 1) How is criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP); 2) Which court is authorized to try the case of crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP). This type of research is normative legal research using the approach method used, namely the statutory approach and concept approach. Source of legal material. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Legal material search techniques are carried out by literature study or document study. 

The use of AI is seen as aiding the learning process, and students have used AI for various purposes in their coursework. This article aims to investigate the impact of AI use on their innovation and creativity, as well as the possibility of AI replacing lecturers. A qualitative study was conducted with 53 student respondents. Questions were asked about the definition of AI, the applications of AI they use, whether AI can enhance creativity and innovation, and whether AI will one day replace lecturers. The findings indicate that AI is artificial intelligence that serves as an aid in the student learning process. The majority of students use ChatGPT, and 37 students stated that AI can enhance their innovation and creativity by providing inspiration and initial ideas. AI is also a tool that accelerates the learning process and facilitates creative work, as well as AI as a means of developing skills such as critical reasoning and data analysis. However, the majority also stated that dependence on AI can actually reduce critical thinking and creativity. Regarding the role of lecturers, 41 students stated that AI cannot replace them. The implication of these findings is that AI can be used wisely while still being aware of its limitations and ethical use. The role of lecturers must be further enhanced to ensure that student learning processes address AI's limitations and allow students to further enhance their innovation and creativity, while simultaneously mitigating the associated risks.