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Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an important role in public policy networks as representatives of community interests, government partners, and advocacy actors. This study aims to analyze the role of NGOs in public policy networks in Garut Regency, as well as the challenges faced in increasing their contribution to policy formulation and implementation. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of actors involved in the policy network. The results show that NGO involvement is still symbolic, power relations between actors are not yet equal, NGO institutional capacity is limited, and coordination within the policy network is less than optimal. The lack of regulatory support also weakens the position of NGOs in the public policy process. This study concludes that strengthening the role of NGOs through institutionalizing their involvement, developing regulations, increasing capacity, and establishing equal partnership patterns are important steps to improve the effectiveness of public policy networks in Garut Regency.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

This study focuses on the importance of synergy between village government and communities in supporting local potential-based development. Kampung Nusantara, an innovative program in Cintakarya Village, Parigi District, Pangandaran Regency, requires solid cooperation between the village government and the community for effective and sustainable village development. However, in practice, collaboration between the two parties has not been optimal. The main problem identified in this study is the lack of coordination between the village government and the community. This is due to the absence of regulations that clearly define the roles of each party and the limited capacity of existing human resources. As a result, the existing collaboration has not been systematic and has not fully supported the achievement of Kampung Nusantara's development goals. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study approach in Cintakarya Village. The findings of this study indicate that despite several obstacles, there are still positive efforts to improve collaboration between the village government and the community. Some of these efforts include the establishment of a joint communication forum, capacity building training, and program support from external partner institutions that play a role in supporting village development. This study recommends several steps to improve this collaboration, including increasing communication between the village government and the community, clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each party, and strengthening village institutions. This is expected to foster more effective collaboration, which in turn will support the achievement of sustainable development goals in Kampung Nusantara, Cintakarya Village. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of strengthening human resource capacity at both the village government and community levels.

The People’s Palm Oil Replanting Program (PSR) is a national policy aimed at improving the productivity of smallholder plantations through the replanting of aging and unproductive oil palm trees. This study reviews the implementation of PSR in Indonesia by analyzing ten scholarly articles through a literature study approach. The findings indicate that program effectiveness is significantly influenced by technical support such as training, mentoring, the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and strategic partnerships for harvest absorption. However, implementation faces several challenges, including limited human resources, damaged equipment, inadequate funding, prolonged replanting periods, weak coordination among stakeholders, and lack of policy dissemination. Local institutions such as cooperatives (KUD) and farmer groups (Gapoktan) play crucial roles in ensuring program sustainability and inclusiveness by acting as managers and conflict mediators. Although farmers are generally ready and actively participate, regulatory constraints—particularly the requirement of financial guarantors—remain a barrier. The study recommends strengthening local institutional capacity, enhancing stakeholder synergy, and simplifying financial schemes as strategic steps to improve the long-term effectiveness of the PSR program.

The development of the digital economy has led to a significant increase in the number of freelance workers in Indonesia. Despite their growing contribution to the economy, their legal status within the national employment system remains normatively ambiguous. This research aims to analyze the normative ambiguity of the status of freelance workers in Indonesian legislation and its juridical implications for their legal protection. The research method used is normative juridical with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower in conjunction with Law No. 6 of 2023 does not explicitly define or regulate the category of freelance workers. Consequently, their legal relationship is often positioned in a grey area between a "work relationship" of a subordinative nature and a "partnership relationship" of a coordinative nature based on the Indonesian Civil Code. The implications of this ambiguity are significant, encompassing the absence of normative rights such as minimum wage, social security, severance pay, and uncertainty in dispute resolution mechanisms. This study concludes that normative ambiguity creates legal vulnerability for freelancers and recommends regulatory reform to provide legal certainty and adaptive protection for non-standard work models.

The need for development financing in the regions is increasing, while dependence on the APBN/APBD funds cannot meet all those needs. Therefore, the regional government is starting to explore alternative financing cooperation, including with non-government entities (private and international financial institutions). This article aims to examine the role of national civil law as the legal basis for regulating the relationship between the parties in such cooperation schemes. This research uses a normative juridical method with an approach based on legislation and concepts. It is found that national civil law, particularly agreements in the Civil Code and modern contract law, plays a vital role in determining the rights and obligations of the parties, ensuring legal certainty, and preventing disputes in the implementation of non-APBN/APBD funding cooperation. In addition, the flexibility of civil law allows for adaptation to the needs of the region and funding partners. Strengthening the legal capacity of local governments and harmonizing with sectoral regulations are necessary.

The transformation of settlement patterns in Ciwandan District, Cilegon City, is a consequence of massive industrial expansion over the past two decades. This change has resulted in the conversion of coastal agricultural land into high-density urban-industrial areas with heterogeneous settlement characteristics. This study aims to describe population dynamics, spatial structure changes, and their impact on the quality of life of the community. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with a literature review method. The findings indicate that the increase in population, particularly the working-age population, is accompanied by the growth of informal housing and pressure on basic infrastructure such as sanitation, clean water, and green open spaces. The imbalance between industrial growth and the provision of public services has created various social and ecological challenges. Therefore, there is a need for the integration of spatial planning policies, adaptive infrastructure development, and partnerships between the government, the community, and the industrial sector to create livable and sustainable residential areas.

Article 1 point 5 of Law Number 6 of 2014 defines a village as a legal community unit with the right to its origin. In its implementation, the village government may facilitate the establishment of traditional village institutions (LAD), which function to preserve customs and serve as partners in village governance. Todo Village in Manggarai Regency continues to uphold its traditional values through a functioning customary institution that plays a role as a stakeholder. However, modernization often creates tension between traditional values and modern societal demands. This research is a normative legal study supported by empirical data. The data were analyzed using a juridical-descriptive qualitative method, obtained through field research and other sources.The findings show that the traditional institution in Todo Village has adopted a more modern and administrative structure without losing its core functions in preserving local customs. It maintains a constructive partnership with the village government while each operates independently. Strengthening efforts include providing infrastructure, allocating village funds for traditional house maintenance, and establishing customary organizations to support development. However, challenges remain, especially due to the lack of specific regulations and the fact that Todo has not yet been officially designated as a customary village.