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This study examines the increasing incidence of land disputes in Indonesia, particularly those arising from unlawful acts in the form of unauthorized land occupation, which generate legal uncertainty and result in both material and immaterial losses for rightful landowners. The growing number of such cases highlights the urgent need for fair and firm legal protection, especially when land occupation has occurred over a long period and complicates the recovery of ownership rights. This research specifically analyzes Decision Number 267/Pdt.G/2020/PN Kpg, a case involving the occupation of part of the plaintiff’s certified land by the defendant. The general objective of the study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the legal mechanisms for restoring land rights affected by unlawful land occupation, while the specific objectives are to identify the form of the unlawful act committed and to analyze the legal process used to recover the disputed land rights. The research employs a normative legal method based on the analysis of secondary data, including legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The approaches applied consist of statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, using juridical-descriptive analysis techniques. The findings are expected to identify unauthorized land occupation through boundary expansion as a form of unlawful act and to explain the recovery mechanism through civil litigation and the validation of land boundary re-measurement reports. This study is expected to contribute theoretically to agrarian and civil law development and practically to improving land dispute resolution procedures and public legal awareness.

This article analyzes the application of the hierarchy of norms in the decisions of the Constitutional Court concerning Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health using the perspective of Hans Kelsen’s Stufenbau theory. The enactment of the Health Law has generated significant legal debate and several constitutional review petitions submitted to the Constitutional Court, raising questions about the consistency between statutory norms and constitutional principles. This study aims to examine how the Constitutional Court applies the principle of hierarchical norms in reviewing the constitutionality of the Health Law and to assess the relevance of Stufenbau theory in explaining the interpretation of legal norms in constitutional adjudication. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions, supported by secondary legal materials from academic literature and legal studies. The findings show that the Constitutional Court consistently positions the 1945 Constitution as the highest norm within the Indonesian legal system and uses the hierarchy of norms as the basis for evaluating the validity of statutory provisions. The Court maintains the legal force of the Health Law when no normative conflict with the Constitution is identified, while in certain cases it provides constitutional interpretation to ensure the compatibility of statutory norms with constitutional principles. This study demonstrates that Stufenbau theory remains relevant as an analytical framework for understanding the hierarchical structure of legal norms and the operation of constitutional review within the Indonesian legal system.

This research is motivated by the importance of business licensing in the trade of goods and services sector as an instrument of legality, supervision, and legal protection; however, its implementation still faces gaps between normative regulations and practices in the field. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of business actors’ compliance with licensing obligations, identify obstacles in the implementation of risk-based licensing policies, and evaluate their impact on compliance. The method used is library research with a normative juridical approach, through an examination of primary legal materials in the form of laws and related regulations, as well as secondary and tertiary legal materials from scientific literature. The results show that the effectiveness of risk-based licensing policies has not been optimally achieved due to low legal literacy, limited digital understanding, and the perception that licenses are merely a formality, causing many business actors to neglect administrative obligations. This condition illustrates the existence of a gap between regulatory objectives and implementation practices. These findings emphasize the need for procedural simplification, intensified socialization, and strengthened technical assistance so that licensing policies become more responsive to the needs of business actors, while simultaneously encouraging compliance and enhancing national economic competitiveness.

This research is entitled "Socialization of the General Election Commission in Increasing Voter Participation in the 2024 Regent and Deputy Regent Election of Ciamis Regency (Case Study in Ciamis District)". The focus of this research is to determine how the implementation of socialization carried out by the General Election Commission (KPU) of Ciamis Regency in an effort to increase public participation in the 2024 Regent and Deputy Regent Election, especially in the Ciamis District area. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews with related parties, direct observation of socialization activities, and collection of supporting documentation. The data obtained are analyzed qualitatively through the process of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that the Ciamis Regency KPU carried out socialization by referring to the Theory of Three Elements of Socialization proposed by Haryanto (2018) in the book Political Socialization: An Initial Understanding. The three elements include: Socialization Agents, namely parties who play a role in conveying information, such as KPU officers, District Election Committees (PPK), and community leaders, Socialization Materials, including information regarding election stages, voting procedures, the importance of voting rights, and the role of the community in maintaining democracy, Socialization Methods, which are carried out through face-to-face meetings, leaflet distribution, banner installation, social media, and community-based activities. Although socialization activities have been carried out in a planned manner and involved various media, research results indicate that their implementation has not been optimal. Some obstacles found include limited reach to all levels of society, minimal participation in socialization activities, and a lack of innovation in information delivery methods. In conclusion, the socialization carried out by the Ciamis Regency KPU for the 2024 Regent and Deputy Regent Election has been running but needs to be increased in intensity, creativity, and equal distribution of targets so that voter participation can be maximized.

The research aims to find out the role of Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn) teachers in increasing student awareness of the impact of bullying behavior at SMA Negeri 1 Pebayuran, Bekasi Regency, West Java. The research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation and in-depth interviews. The informants in this study consisted of six people, namely the deputy principal for curriculum, two PPKn teachers, and three students (one male and two female). The interviews were conducted directly to obtain in-depth information about the role of PPKn teachers in educating and forming students' awareness of the negative impact of bullying. The results of the study show that PPKn teachers have an important role in improving students' understanding of human values, tolerance, and justice. These values are the basis for responding to and preventing bullying behavior in the school environment. PPKn teachers not only convey material theoretically but also instill moral values in students' daily lives.

Lack of understanding of basic social science concepts at secondary school level is a serious challenge in developing students' knowledge and skills in society, nation and state. The basic concepts of social science, which include aspects such as social processes, social interaction, and social contact, are an important foundation in Social Sciences (IPS) in schools. The interdisciplinary approach to social studies covers various points of study, such as basic concepts of sociology, history, geography, economics, anthropology and political science. However, along with the complexity of the material, there are factors that cause students' lack of understanding of basic social science concepts at the secondary school level. Causative factors include teaching methods that are less effective, such as using only discussion methods without adequate explanation of the material.