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The phenomenon of authority trap occurs when local governments are burdened with achieving SDG 7 (“Affordable and Clean Energy”) targets without being granted adequate authority and resources. This study examines the context of West Java Province and Bandung City, which face complex clean energy governance due to fragmented authority across levels of government. At the national level, Government Regulation No. 40/2025 reinforces emission reduction and the transition toward Net-Zero Emissions by 2060. West Java has established RUED No. 2/2019, which sets a minimum renewable energy share of 17% by 2025. However, the technical responsibilities for implementation (such as electrification and energy conservation) lie at the regency/municipal level. The analysis highlights fiscal disparities, PLN’s dominance, and national regulations that override local authority. Local innovations such as rooftop solar PV, solar-powered street lighting, the Green Building Mayor Regulation, and PPP schemes are evaluated for their effectiveness. This qualitative study combines policy document analysis and literature review. The findings show that the absence of strong local regulation (regulatory void) and the central dominance of PLN reinforce the authority trap, hindering synergy among stakeholders. The recommendations emphasize strengthening institutional collaboration, aligning local and national regulatory frameworks, and promoting innovative financing mechanisms to enable Bandung City to break free from the authority trap in achieving SDG 7 targets.

The development of digital technology has provided convenience in various aspects of life, but also presents new challenges in the form of cybercrime. One of the increasingly widespread modes in Indonesia is the spread of APK (Android Package Kit)-based malware via short messages offering fake job vacancies or fictitious package notifications. When the victim downloads and installs the application, the perpetrator gains access to personal data and banking accounts, which are then used for criminal acts. This phenomenon causes great financial and emotional losses for the community and tests the effectiveness of criminal law in dealing with technology-based cybercrime. This study uses a normative juridical approach with an analysis of laws and regulations, scientific literature, and actual case studies. The results of the study show that the perpetrators can be charged with Articles 30, 32, and 35 of the ITE Law, as well as provisions in the new Criminal Code. However, the implementation of law enforcement still faces challenges, such as digital evidence, limited investigator capacity, and minimal cross-country cooperation. Therefore, cyber law policy reform, increasing digital literacy in the community, and strengthening coordination between law enforcement agencies are needed.

The phenomenon of victim blaming remains a serious issue in various cases of violence, including family conflicts. Children who experience physical, psychological, or neglect-related abuse often face not only violence but also social stigma that blames them for their circumstances. From a victimology perspective, victim blaming against children in family conflicts occurs due to factors such as patriarchal culture, power imbalances within the family, and a lack of legal awareness regarding children's rights. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach to examine the phenomenon of victim blaming against children in family conflicts based on victimology theory. The findings reveal that victim blaming in family conflicts manifests in various forms, including justification of violence against children, minimization of the harm caused, and denial of the perpetrator's role. The psychological and social impacts of this phenomenon are extensive, leading to anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and difficulties in forming healthy social relationships. To address this issue, active involvement from families, educational institutions, and child protection organizations is crucial in providing education and advocacy for children's rights. Additionally, victimology perspectives can be utilized to develop policies that support victims, prevent the recurrence of family violence, and minimize the practice of victim blaming against children.

Fenomena yang terjadi banyak sekali kasus yang telah terungkap bahwa makanan dan/atau minuman yang beredar di masyarakat, sebagian merupakan “makanan dan/atau minuman yang berbahaya atau mengandung zat kimia yang secara aturan melebihi takaran/porsi di luar aturan yang telah ditentukan, sehingga hal tersebut berbahaya bagi orang yang mengkonsumsinya. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan penegakan hukum   pidana terhadap penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia berbahaya dalam makanan yang beredar. Jenis penelitiannya yaitu penelitian hukum normatif dimaksudkan untuk menelaah ketentuan-ketentuan hukum positif, dan perangkat hukum positif yang diteliti secara normative digunakan sebagai sumber bahan hukum. Pelaku diduga melanggar pasal 196 dan 197 Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan dengan ancaman hukuman penjara paling lama 15 tahun dan denda paling banyak 1,5 miliar rupiah. Selain itu, dalam Pasal 64 angka 19 UU Cipta Kerja yang mengubah Pasal 140 ayat (1) UU Pangan diatur bahwa setiap orang yang memproduksi dan memperdagangkan pangan yang dengan sengaja tidak memenuhi standar keamanan pangan yang mengakibatkan timbulnya korban gangguan kesehatan manusia dipidana dengan pidana penjara paling lama 2 tahun atau denda paling banyak Rp 4 miliar. Namun, perlu diperhatikan, ketentuan pidana di atas dikecualikan terhadap setiap orang yang melakukan usaha dan/atau kegiatan berisiko rendah atau sedang.