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The development of digital technology, particularly social media, has brought significant changes to human social interaction patterns. Although the ease of digital communication offers various advantages, in reality, it does not always reduce feelings of loneliness. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students in the digital era. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach with a correlational design, involving 120 active students as the sample. To measure the variable of social media use intensity, the Social Media Intensity Scale was used, while loneliness levels were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The data analysis results showed a significant positive relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students. This means that the higher the intensity of students' social media use, the higher the loneliness they feel. These findings provide important insight that, despite social media facilitating easier interactions, excessive use does not always positively affect the quality of social relationships. On the contrary, high social media use intensity can be associated with greater feelings of loneliness, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of the impact of social media use on individuals' emotional well-being.

This study examines the distortion between civil and criminal perspectives in the legal considerations (ratio decidendi) of Judex Juris in Supreme Court Decision Number 121K/Pid.Sus/2020. The decision lacks substantial criminal law considerations regarding the alleged corruption offense. Instead, the legal reasoning focuses on the fault or negligence of company directors, particularly the exception under Article 97 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, which embodies the Business Judgment Rule doctrine. Furthermore, these considerations are distorted by tort (onrechtmatige daad) as regulated in Article 1365 of the Civil Code juncto Article 138 paragraph (1) letter b of the Company Law. This research employs a legislative approach by analyzing various legal instruments, including the 1945 Constitution, the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Limited Liability Company Law, State-Owned Enterprises Law, Judicial Power Law, Supreme Court Law, and the Corruption Eradication Laws. A conceptual approach is also utilized to examine theoretical concepts concerning corporate crime, directors' liabilities, state losses, tort, negligence from criminal and civil perspectives, business judgment rules, collective collegiality principles, and formal-material classification of legislation. The data comprises primary legal materials (legislation and court decisions) and secondary legal materials (legal literature and scientific journals). Analysis is conducted qualitatively by interpreting legal principles and their relevance to the court's considerations in the decision.

The concept of force majeure is essential in business agreements in Indonesia, as it regulates the release of contractual obligations that cannot be fulfilled due to events beyond their control such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, or government policies. This study examines force majeure clauses in business agreements in Indonesia from a normative juridical perspective, focusing on the legal framework, its application practices, and its legal implications for contractual certainty. Using normative juridical qualitative methods, data were analyzed from the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Articles 1244–1245 and 1444–1445, legal doctrine, and literature. The results of the study underlined that the force majeure clause has a strong legal basis in the Civil Code, which exempts the affected party from the obligation of compensation if the failure to perform the obligation is caused by events beyond his control. The application of this clause in the contract allows for the revision, postponement, or termination of a temporary contract, thereby guaranteeing legal certainty and protecting the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. In addition, the formulation of detailed clauses in the contract is crucial to prevent potential legal disputes down the road and ensure fair protection for all parties involved in the business agreement.

This study examines the renewal of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Baru as an effort to synchronize with the Criminal Code (KUHP) 2023, as well as analyzing crucial articles that potentially cause legal uncertainty in the criminal justice process in Indonesia. Using a juridical-normative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that KUHAP Baru successfully addresses some of the mismatches with KUHP 2023 through regulations on alternative punishments, corporate accountability, and protection for vulnerable groups, but still faces conceptual and technical challenges such as legislative disharmony and minimal public participation. On the other hand, crucial articles such as Articles 5, 16, 74, 90, 93, 105, 112A, 124, 132A, and 137A pose risks of legal uncertainty due to the expansion of law enforcement authority without adequate oversight, which can violate the due process principle and human rights. The study's conclusion emphasizes the need for further revisions to strengthen legal certainty and harmonize the criminal justice system.

This study aims to examine the relationship between gullibility and the bandwagon effect among binary option traders. Gullibility is defined as an individual's tendency to trust others excessively, even in the presence of cues suggesting dishonesty. Highly gullible individuals are more likely to follow group decisions without critical verification, making them susceptible to the bandwagon effect—a phenomenon in which people adopt behaviors simply because many others are doing the same. This research employed a quantitative correlational approach with 125 participants who were active binary option traders. Data were collected using validated gullibility and bandwagon effect scales. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between gullibility and the bandwagon effect (r = 0.520; p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the higher an individual's gullibility, the greater their tendency to be influenced by the bandwagon effect in trading decision-making.

Crypto asset transactions in Indonesia have rapidly developed alongside financial technology advancements, yet they pose legal challenges concerning investor protection. Under Indonesian civil law, civil liability for investor losses may be based on Article 1243 and Article 1365 of the Civil Code, depending on whether the loss arises from a breach of contract or an unlawful act. Additionally, the Consumer Protection Act may serve as a legal basis in cases involving violations of consumer rights. However, the application of such liability encounters juridical obstacles, including the absence of specific regulations defining the legal status of crypto assets as legal objects, regulatory gaps regarding business actors’ obligations, and evidentiary difficulties due to the anonymous nature of digital transactions. In this context, regulatory reform is essential to establish legal certainty and effective investor protection. The regulation should include digital security standards, transparent risk disclosures, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Active roles of Bappebti and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in oversight, as well as legal literacy for the public, are critical to creating a responsible and secure crypto asset trading ecosystem.

The Constitutional Court (MK) regarding the Election Law on the presidential and vice presidential nomination threshold. Since the presidential election was held directly, the issue of the threshold for nominating presidential and vice presidential candidates has always surfaced every time a presidential election is held. In 2004, for example, the presidential nomination threshold was 10 percent. This research is a juridical-normative research, namely a process to find legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues faced. The data was analyzed descriptively-qualitatively.The results of this study indicate that the Constitutional Court Decision Number 74/PUU-XVII/2020 concerning the presidential nomination threshold (Presidential Threshold) is one of the important decisions in the discourse of democracy in Indonesia. The following is an explanation of the Ratio Decidendi of the decision in relation to the concept of democracy: Constitutionality of the Presidential Threshold The Constitutional Court (MK) in its decision emphasized that the presidential threshold or presidential nomination threshold is constitutional. This means that the provisions regarding the threshold do not conflict with the 1945 Constitution. The Constitutional Court is of the opinion that the presidential threshold is an open legal policy (Open Legal Policy) which is the authority of the lawmakers, namely the House of Representatives (DPR) and the President. The purpose of the Presidential Threshold, the Constitutional Court explained that the purpose of the presidential threshold is to simplify the party system and the presidential system, as well as to create government stability. The Ratio Decidendi of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 74/Puu-XXII/2024, Number 87/Puu-XXII/2024, Number 129/Puu-XXI/2023, Number 131/Puu-XXI 2023 concerning the Presidential Nomination Threshold is the Presidential Threshold is constitutional and does not conflict with the principles of democracy.