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Criminal acts of assault against children constitute a serious violation of human rights that requires optimal legal protection by the state. As legal subjects, children are entitled to security, protection from violence, and guarantees for proper growth and development, as mandated by Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and relevant child protection legislation. This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the legal considerations applied by judges in Decision Number 83/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Kot concerning the criminal offense of assault committed against a child, as well as to assess their conformity with criminal law principles, child protection law, and the objectives of sentencing. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings reveal that although the legal basis applied refers to Law Number 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, the judicial considerations have not been comprehensively formulated, as they insufficiently incorporate sociological, criminological, and child-centered protection perspectives. Consequently, the sentence imposed is relatively lenient and fails to fully reflect the objectives of punishment, particularly deterrence and sustainable protection for child victims. Therefore, strengthening the quality of judicial reasoning and ensuring the optimal application of relevant legal provisions are essential to achieve legal certainty, justice, and effective protection for children as victims of violent crimes.

Illegal logging is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia due to its direct impact on forest destruction, biodiversity loss, and increased carbon emissions. The Indonesian government has established various public policies and legal instruments to address illegal logging practices, such as the Forestry Law, the licensing system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains a concern, given that illegal logging cases continue to occur in various regions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of public policies in enforcing environmental law, focusing on illegal logging cases in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a normative juridical approach by examining regulations, government policies, and secondary data from reports from relevant institutions and previous research results. Analysis shows that despite comprehensive public policy design, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as weak oversight, poor coordination between institutions, limited human resources, and corrupt practices. Furthermore, social and economic factors in communities surrounding forests also influence the success of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening law enforcement agencies, transparency and accountability, and active community involvement in forest management are essential. With these improvements, public policy is expected to be more effective in preventing and combating illegal logging for the sake of environmental sustainability in Indonesia.

Population administration services are essential public services that fulfill the civil rights of the community. However, the process of changing Family Card (KK) data at the village level often faces problems, such as complicated procedures and limited access to services. With the development of information technology, village governments are required to implement digital-based service innovations through a digital governance approach. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of digital governance implementation in population administration services through the LAPAK SARAH application for Family Card data changes in Dayu Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Research informants included village officials and community members as service users. The results showed that the use of the LAPAK SARAH application could improve the performance of population administration services, as indicated by faster service times, easier access, and increased service transparency and accountability. From a digital governance perspective, the role of village officials, cooperation with the Population and Civil Registration Office, and community participation improved service quality. However, this study also found obstacles such as limited digital literacy among the community, differences in village device capacity, and technical infrastructure constraints. The success of digital population administration services at the village level is not only determined by the use of technology, but also by the quality of governance and the readiness of the parties involved.

In social practice, land sale and purchase transactions are still frequently conducted through private agreements, mainly driven by mutual trust between the parties, cost considerations, and the perception that such procedures are simpler and faster. From the perspective of civil law, such sale and purchase agreements remain valid and legally binding as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, within the national land law system, land sale and purchase agreements executed under private deeds cannot serve as a legal basis for the transfer of land rights because they are not made before a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) as required by statutory regulations. This divergence in legal regulation gives rise to legal uncertainty, particularly for buyers acting in good faith. On the one hand, the agreement creates rights and obligations under civil law; on the other hand, it fails to provide legal certainty over land rights due to its inability to be registered. This condition reflects a tension between the civil law regime and the land law regime, while also indicating the weak legal protection afforded to good-faith buyers. These issues constitute the basis and urgency of this research.

Air quality in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta has shown a concerning decline in recent years, largely due to high emissions from motor vehicles as the main source of pollution in urban areas. The Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta issued Governor Regulation Number 66 of 2020 concerning Exhaust Emission Testing for Motor Vehicles as a public policy instrument aimed at controlling air pollution. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the regulation from a public policy perspective and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its execution. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of policy documents and reports on the implementation of emission testing. The results reveal that the implementation of the regulation has not been optimal due to limited emission testing infrastructure, low levels of public awareness and socialization, and inconsistent enforcement of administrative sanctions. Nevertheless, there are opportunities to improve policy effectiveness through strengthened inter-agency coordination, digitalization of monitoring systems, and increased environmental literacy among the public. Therefore, the success of emission control policy implementation is highly dependent on resource support, regulatory consistency, and community awareness, necessitating a comprehensive and continuous multi-stakeholder improvement strategy and stronger commitment.

Discretion exercised by election management bodies constitutes an administrative instrument that is functionally necessary to prevent stagnation in electoral processes under conditions of legal vacuum, normative ambiguity, or extraordinary circumstances. However, in practice, discretionary decisions often generate public concern and expose election officials to the risk of criminalization, particularly when such discretion is assessed through a formalistic and result oriented criminal law paradigm. This study aims to analyze the construction of criminal liability of election administrators for the use of discretion in conditions of electoral stagnation, by examining the paradigm shift from the old Indonesian Criminal Code to the new Criminal Code and its implications for criminal law enforcement under the Criminal Procedure Code. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that the old Criminal Code tended to facilitate policy criminalization by emphasizing formal violations and objective consequences, whereas the new Criminal Code introduces a substantive approach centered on subjective fault, official purpose, and rationality of action. Nevertheless, the lack of synchronization with the Criminal Procedure Code which remains focused on conventional evidentiary standards causes discretionary actions of election administrators to remain legally ambiguous. Therefore, harmonization between substantive criminal law and criminal procedure law, along with a transformation in law enforcement reasoning, is essential to ensure that discretion exercised by election officials is assessed proportionally, contextually, and in line with democratic principles.

This study examines the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice from a comparative perspective between Civil Law and Common Law systems as a reflection of the transformation of criminal law policy. The Civil Law system, rooted in legal positivism, emphasizes formal legal certainty through codification, whereas the Common Law system allows broader judicial discretion and judge-made law. These differing paradigms significantly influence the development and implementation of restorative justice. Indonesia, as a Civil Law country, has demonstrated a shift toward a hybrid legal policy by incorporating Common Law values into its criminal justice reforms, particularly through the National Criminal Code. This research employs a normative juridical method using conceptual, statutory, and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice represents a strategic legal policy choice aimed at harmonizing legal certainty and substantive justice in accordance with the Pancasila legal ideals.

This study examines in depth the responsibility of the Pangkalpinang City Government in maintaining environmental cleanliness. Such responsibility is not merely an administrative obligation but a constitutional mandate as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Every citizen, including the people of Pangkalpinang, has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment, while the local government is obliged to ensure the fulfillment of this right. This research analyzes the extent to which the local government has carried out its responsibilities through preventive measures (such as formulating regulations and supervising permits) and enforcement actions (including imposing sanctions and restoring the environment). The findings reveal several obstacles, such as limited budget, weak inter-agency coordination, and low public awareness regarding environmental cleanliness. Therefore, although the legal framework is well established, strong commitment, synergy, and continuous efforts from all stakeholders are required to realize a clean and sustainable Pangkalpinang City.

The implementation of a reward and punishment system is considered capable of improving employee work discipline. Rewards are given to encourage employee morale, while punishments are given as a reminder of the consequences of misconduct. This study aims to describe the implementation of the reward and punishment system in the Civil Service. Through a qualitative approach with in-depth observation, structured interviews with employees, and documentation studies. The results of the study found that the implementation of the reward and punishment system has been carried out well, with rewards given based on the level of discipline and performance of employees, while punishments are given based on the type of violation committed. The rewards given include Additional Employee Income, the Satyalancana Karya Satya award, exemplary employee awards, internship certificates, and retirement awards. Meanwhile, the punishments given include verbal warnings, written warnings, deductions from Additional Employee Income, and severe sanctions for employees with serious violations.  

This study investigates collaborative governance in road infrastructure repair in Pekanbaru City, Riau Province, driven by the urgent need to address the high number of damaged roads and the limitations of local government capabilities. Utilizing a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, data were gathered from interviews with five stakeholders, field observations, and supporting documents. The study applies collaborative governance theory by Emerson and Nabatchi to analyze road repair efforts in Pekanbaru, highlighting effective collaborative dynamics. Key findings reveal the establishment of a Coordination Team, role clarity, trust, and commitment among stakeholders as factors of success. Essential contributing elements include shared cooperation needs, consequential incentives, leadership support, and sufficient resources. However, challenges such as a volatile political climate, unequal information distribution, and power imbalances pose barriers to collaboration. Overall, the study concludes that collaborative governance in Pekanbaru's road infrastructure enhancement has yielded positive outcomes but calls for improvements in transparency, communication strategies, and the establishment of an integrated information system for effective progress monitoring. Additionally, independent oversight mechanisms are recommended to sustain equitable role distribution and responsibilities among all parties involved.

The reform of Indonesia’s criminal law through Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) marks a fundamental shift in the national criminal justice system, particularly through the formal recognition of the living law as law that lives within society. This article analyzes the correlation between living law and the principle of legality within the context of national criminal law reform. The study employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to examine how the 2023 Criminal Code seeks to balance legal certainty with substantive justice. The findings indicate that the regulation of the principle of legality in Article 1 of the KUHP remains the primary foundation for ensuring the protection of individual rights and preventing arbitrary state actions. However, the recognition of living law under Article 2 of the KUHP expands the sources of criminal law beyond written statutes to include social values living within the community, insofar as they are consistent with Pancasila, general legal principles, and human rights. The relationship between the principle of legality and living law in the 2023 KUHP is not antagonistic but rather complementary and harmonious. Living law enriches the legality principle substantively through moral and social justice dimensions, while the legality principle serves as a normative safeguard to maintain legal certainty and prevent the abuse of power. Therefore, the integration of both principles reflects a new paradigm of Indonesian criminal law that is pluralistic, just, and civilized, reaffirming the nation’s legal politics grounded in Pancasila values and the principles of a democratic rule of law.

This study aims to analyze The Responsibility of the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) TC. Hilers Maumere regarding the practice of burning medical waste and to examine its conformity with the provisions of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and other regulations related to hazardous waste management. Medical waste management is an important issue because improper handling may cause environmental pollution and pose serious risks to public health. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a descriptive approach, examining how the law operates in society through field data collection and analysis of relevant legal regulations.The results show that RSUD TC. Hilers Maumere implements a waste management system that includes the separation of household waste, liquid waste, and hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Medical waste is categorized and packaged according to its type, weighed, temporarily stored in medical waste storage facilities, and then destroyed using an incinerator or transported by authorized third parties. However, the practice of burning medical waste must be strictly supervised to prevent environmental impacts and potential legal violations. Therefore, stronger supervision, compliance with medical waste management standards, and the implementation of firm legal responsibility are necessary to protect public health and environmental sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the regulation and implementation of the authority to test laws and regulations (judicial review) in the Indonesian state system based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study applies a normative juridical method using three main approaches, namely the statute approach, the conceptual approach, and the historical approach. The legal data collected includes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, which are then reviewed through qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that normatively the division of judicial review authority between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court has been expressly regulated in Article 24A paragraph (1) and Article 24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Supreme Court is given the authority to test regulations under the law against the law, and the Constitutional Court is given the authority to test laws against the 1945 Constitution. This division of authority is a manifestation of the principle of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances after the third amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, in practice, this two-roof judicial review system tends to give rise to conceptual and practical problems, such as overlapping authority and differences in decisions between the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court which have the potential to create legal uncertainty and reduce public trust in the judicial institution. Therefore, it is necessary to reorganize the authority of judicial review by strengthening coordination between institutions or unifying the authority of judicial review which is centered on one institution only in order to guarantee legal certainty, harmonization of norms, and supremacy of the constitution in the Indonesian state system.  

Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

This study analyzes the juridical issues related to the implementation of criminal sanctions below the statutory minimum, as reflected in Cassation Decision Number 7853/K/Pid.Sus/2024. The focus of this research centers on the tension between the rigid provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics and the reality of judicial practice, which often deviates from these provisions. This phenomenon raises debates regarding the extent to which the principle of legality can be compromised in pursuit of justice without undermining the pillar of legal certainty within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this study qualitatively analyzes judges’ considerations. The findings indicate that, although the policy of imposing sentences below the minimum carries the risk of creating legal uncertainty, the Supreme Court in this case reinterpreted the principle of legality. Judges tend to prioritize proportionality and substantive justice to avoid purely mechanical punishment. The study concludes that, while judicial discretion represents a concrete expression of judicial independence, such practice requires clearer normative parameters. Without explicit regulation, deviations from the statutory minimum risk widening disparities in judicial decisions. Therefore, standardized sentencing guidelines are necessary to preserve legal integrity while maintaining a sense of justice for defendants.

Competition in the media business is increasingly difficult as the number of online media grow and access to news becomes easier. Each media strives to maintain its existence and remain the public's preferred source of information, including Good News from Indonesia (GNFI). This article discussed GNFI's strategy through the application of search engine optimization (SEO) techniques and the challenges encountered in SEO update. Data were collected through observation, interview, and document review from January to August 2025. The results show that GNFI applied on-page and off-page SEO techniques as a strategy to increase visibility in search engines. The presence of an AI Overview posed a challenge in itself, as it could reduce the number of click view the news portal. The application of SEO techniques was not only a technical optimization strategy but also a form of media adaptation to the changing digital journalism landscape influenced by technological advances. 

The phenomenon of recidivism in narcotics crimes indicates that the rehabilitation and punishment approaches applied have not been fully able to prevent recurrence of crimes. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of law enforcement against recidivists in narcotics crimes in two court decisions, namely Decision Number 154/Pid.Sus/2018/PN Yyk and Decision Number 51/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Tte. Case studies are used to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement, especially against perpetrators who have previously undergone rehabilitation but have re-committed crimes with more complex roles. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach and a case approach, which are analyzed qualitatively based on law enforcement theory and the objectives of punishment. The results show that normatively there are regulations on rehabilitation and increased sentences for recidivists, but their effectiveness is not optimal, partly due to the lack of post-rehabilitation regulations that are expressly regulated in the law and the lack of integrated data systems between rehabilitation institutions and the courts. This condition causes rehabilitation to not fully function as a preventive instrument against recurrence of crimes. This study recommends strengthening post-rehabilitation regulations and integrating information systems between agencies as part of a more preventive and sustainable criminal law policy reform.

The development of digital technology, particularly social media, has brought significant changes to human social interaction patterns. Although the ease of digital communication offers various advantages, in reality, it does not always reduce feelings of loneliness. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students in the digital era. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach with a correlational design, involving 120 active students as the sample. To measure the variable of social media use intensity, the Social Media Intensity Scale was used, while loneliness levels were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The data analysis results showed a significant positive relationship between the intensity of social media use and loneliness levels among students. This means that the higher the intensity of students' social media use, the higher the loneliness they feel. These findings provide important insight that, despite social media facilitating easier interactions, excessive use does not always positively affect the quality of social relationships. On the contrary, high social media use intensity can be associated with greater feelings of loneliness, indicating the need for a deeper understanding of the impact of social media use on individuals' emotional well-being.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) marks a historic milestone in the reform of Indonesia's criminal law system. This study examines the fundamental changes from the old Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht) to the new National Criminal Code, focusing on the paradigm shift from retributive justice to restorative justice as a form of law enforcement reform. Using a normative juridical method with a statutory and comparative approach, the study analyzes the philosophical, structural, and substantive transformation embedded in the new Criminal Code. The findings indicate that the new Criminal Code introduces significant reforms including the adoption of the dualistic theory separating criminal acts from criminal liability, the recognition of living law, the expansion of criminal subjects to include corporations, the formulation of sentencing guidelines based on restorative principles, and the integration of Pancasila values as the moral foundation of the criminal law system. The case of corruption prosecution involving the Chromebook laptop procurement at the Ministry of Education illustrates the ongoing challenges of criminal law enforcement during this transitional period. This research concludes that the transition from the old to the new Criminal Code constitutes a comprehensive legal reform that transforms not only normative substance but also the fundamental paradigm of criminal law enforcement in Indonesia

The development of technology in the era of globalization has brought significant changes in society, particularly through the emergence of the internet and social media such as WhatsApp, X (Twitter), Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and TikTok, which facilitate rapid information dissemination. This development has also given rise to a new profession, namely content creators, who produce and share content in the form of images, videos, or text for branding, professional purposes, or self-expression, often resorting to sensationalism to attract audience attention. On the other hand, the ease of access to social media has also triggered the spread of negative content, including pornography, as evidenced by Komdigi/Kominfo data showing millions of blocked negative content, with X being one of the dominant platforms. In Islamic perspective, anything that leads to adultery is prohibited as stated in QS. Al-Isra verse 32. A prominent case is Dea OnlyFans (Gusti Ayu Dewanti) who was arrested for distributing pornographic content through OnlyFans and Google Drive, charged under the Pornography Law and ITE Law, and found guilty in the Supreme Court Decision Number 2086 K/Pid.Sus/2023. This study discusses 1) How are the differences in judges' considerations at the District Court, High Court, and Cassation? 2) Can the Supreme Court judges' considerations provide a deterrent effect? This research uses a descriptive method with normative legal research based on literature study, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials.