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One form of crime that is highly relevant in the context of today's society is the crime of embezzlement in office. This embezzlement can be defined as a dishonest act committed by one or more individuals by hiding goods or property belonging to another person without the owner's knowledge. This action aims to transfer ownership of the goods, which can be categorized as theft, taking possession of goods, or using the goods for unauthorized personal gain. In many cases, embezzlement in office often involves individuals who have access or authority over company assets, making it easier for them to commit misuse. This study applies a normative juridical research method to analyze existing problems in the context of criminal law. This method allows researchers to explore and understand applicable legal norms and how they are applied in real cases. The results of the study show that the Judge's Ratio Decidendi in imposing sanctions on cases of embezzlement in office, as stated in Decision Number 542/Pid.B/2023/PN Cbi and Decision Number 355/Pid.B/2024/PN Cbi, is based on a number of in-depth legal considerations. In this case, the judge first explained the elements contained in Article 374 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) charged by the public prosecutor. The defendant was found guilty of committing embezzlement in office by embezzling company funds for personal gain. Therefore, the defendant was sentenced commensurate with his actions, which violated Article 374 of the Criminal Code. Criminal liability for the perpetrator of the crime of embezzlement in office has been legally and convincingly proven, with all elements of the charge having been fulfilled. This indicates that the perpetrator can be subject to sanctions in accordance with applicable legal provisions, thus providing a deterrent effect and upholding justice in the criminal law system. This research is expected to contribute to the development of understanding regarding embezzlement in office and its legal implications in Indonesia, as well as encourage more effective law enforcement in handling similar cases in the future.

This study critically examines the construction and reproduction of authenticity norms and buffer standards in Indonesian TikTok users’ communication practices. Employing Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework, the research explores how digital expressions—through captions, comments, and hashtags—reflect power relations, algorithmic logic, and social norms that operate subtly yet effectively. An analysis of five popular TikTok contents reveals that so-called “authentic” expression is not spontaneous honesty but rather a curated and performative construct aligned with algorithmic expectations and community aesthetics. The concept of the buffer standard refers to implicit symbolic boundaries that define which expressions are “acceptable” and which risk social or systemic rejection. The study concludes that freedom of expression in digital spaces like TikTok is always a product of negotiation between user agency, algorithmic pressure, cultural norms, and the commodification of identity.  

The transformation of settlement patterns in Ciwandan District, Cilegon City, is a consequence of massive industrial expansion over the past two decades. This change has resulted in the conversion of coastal agricultural land into high-density urban-industrial areas with heterogeneous settlement characteristics. This study aims to describe population dynamics, spatial structure changes, and their impact on the quality of life of the community. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with a literature review method. The findings indicate that the increase in population, particularly the working-age population, is accompanied by the growth of informal housing and pressure on basic infrastructure such as sanitation, clean water, and green open spaces. The imbalance between industrial growth and the provision of public services has created various social and ecological challenges. Therefore, there is a need for the integration of spatial planning policies, adaptive infrastructure development, and partnerships between the government, the community, and the industrial sector to create livable and sustainable residential areas.

The development of the digital economy has led to a significant increase in the number of freelance workers in Indonesia. Despite their growing contribution to the economy, their legal status within the national employment system remains normatively ambiguous. This research aims to analyze the normative ambiguity of the status of freelance workers in Indonesian legislation and its juridical implications for their legal protection. The research method used is normative juridical with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower in conjunction with Law No. 6 of 2023 does not explicitly define or regulate the category of freelance workers. Consequently, their legal relationship is often positioned in a grey area between a "work relationship" of a subordinative nature and a "partnership relationship" of a coordinative nature based on the Indonesian Civil Code. The implications of this ambiguity are significant, encompassing the absence of normative rights such as minimum wage, social security, severance pay, and uncertainty in dispute resolution mechanisms. This study concludes that normative ambiguity creates legal vulnerability for freelancers and recommends regulatory reform to provide legal certainty and adaptive protection for non-standard work models.

This literature study examines the construction of cultural identity through socio-economic practices in plantation ecosystems among the Acehnese, Malay, and Chinese communities in Indonesia. Using a systematic literature review of 42 selected sources (1990-2023), the research reveals that plantations function as sites of identity negotiation—dynamic arenas of cultural adaptation and resistance. In Aceh, the integration of Islamic values (zakat [alms] from plantations, meunasah education) and local wisdom (peusijuek rituals) mediates post-conflict reconciliation and identity transformation from "combatants" to "farmers" (Muchlis et al., 2023; Aulia et al., 2024). For the Malay community, the customary-territorial concept of bela kampung (communal defense) underpins resistance to authority fragmentation through gotong royong (mutual cooperation) and communal land allocation (Yunanda et al., 2024; Nasution et al., 2024). Meanwhile, the Chinese community develops invisibility strategies (e.g., land acquisition via family foundations, citizenship aliases) to convert legal marginalization into clan-based social capital (Irawan, 2016; Thung, 2018). Key findings highlight divergent identity sources: religiosity (Aceh), customary-territoriality (Malay), and clan social capital (Chinese). The study recommends integrating local wisdom into inclusive plantation policies and employing ethnographic approaches to examine identity intersectionality complexity.

The use of materials in health research requires a binding instrument to regulate the distribution of benefits. Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) is an essential material transfer agreement, allowing the management of the transfer through negotiation until a mutually beneficial agreement is reached. In addition, MTA functions as a contract that protects the rights of the parties involved and ensures compliance with regulations, based on the theory of legal protection and authority. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The collection of legal materials is carried out through the identification of positive legal rules, as well as examining primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. The data is then analyzed from the identification of legal facts to drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that MTA regulations in Indonesia are comprehensively regulated by various levels, including Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (Article 340 paragraph 3), Law Number 11 of 2019 (Article 76 letter h and Article 77 paragraph 1), Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024 (Articles 972, 1025–1031), and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 85 of 2020 (Articles 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 15, and 16 paragraph 1). These national legal frameworks complement each other to ensure procedural certainty, biosafety, benefit sharing, protection of intellectual property rights, and sanctions for violators in the transfer of health materials. Although its implementation faces preventive and repressive challenges, MTA has proven essential in bridging national and commercial interests, increasing the capacity of science and technology, and protecting the sovereignty of Indonesia's genetic resources.

The acceleration of globalization and advances in information technology have brought about significant changes in the economic field. In this context, collaboration between individuals is a key element in forming business groups that aim to achieve economic benefits. These business groups can take the form of informal businesses that do not yet have legality, as well as legal entities known as corporations. When individuals join a corporation, this also strengthens the corporation's position as a legal subject in economic activities. A legal subject (subject tumjuris) is an entity that can have and exercise rights and obligations. This situation can trigger abuse of power by corporations against the public interest, which is then known as corporate crime. Such crimes are usually committed for the sake of the company's business interests and fall into the category of white collar. crime. One form of corporate crime that is rampant is the violation of the economic rights of creators and copyright owners

The scope of pretrial authority is regulated under Article 77 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), with an extension of authority introduced through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 21/PUU-XII/2014. The evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings is governed by Article 2 paragraphs (2) and (4) of the Supreme Court Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2016 concerning the Prohibition of Judicial Review of Pretrial Decisions. However, in practice, petitions for pretrial often address matters beyond this prescribed authority. Moreover, there remains a disparity in judicial reasoning across different judges, particularly with respect to the evaluation of evidence in the determination of a suspect.The legal issues examined in this study are: (1) whether the expansion of the pretrial authority’s scope has led to multiple interpretations among law enforcement officers, and (2) how the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings aligns with the principle of legal certainty. This thesis employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings of this thesis reveal that the expansion of pretrial authority has indeed created multiple interpretations among law enforcement officials, owing to inconsistencies in pretrial decisions that result from judicial discretion. Furthermore, the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings ought to be limited to the formal aspects of investigative or prosecutorial actions. Nevertheless, certain pretrial rulings have considered the substance and quality of evidence, and even assessed the conduct of the suspect. Such practices undermine legal certainty for justice seekers. Therefore, the Supreme Court should issue more concrete regulations concerning the scope of pretrial and the evidentiary standards applicable in pretrial proceedings.

A standard agreement is a form of standard contract that is drawn up unilaterally by business actors, without providing flexibility for consumers to negotiate the content of the clauses contained therein. This characteristic creates an imbalance in the legal position between business actors and consumers, which in practice is often used to include exculpation clauses or unilateral clauses that are substantively detrimental to consumers. In the context of Indonesian law, this form of contract has become a common practice in various sectors, ranging from financial services to electronic transactions, so the urgency of legal protection for consumers has become increasingly significant. This research aims to analyze and evaluate the form of legal protection for consumers in standard agreements, based on the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and related legal instruments, including implementing regulations and relevant jurisprudence. The research approach used is normative juridistic, with data collection methods through literature studies, normative analysis of laws and regulations, and an examination of several concrete case studies that illustrate imbalances in the legal relationship between consumers and business actors. The results of the study revealed that although normative legal protection has been regulated quite firmly, especially in the provisions regarding the prohibition of the inclusion of clauses that are detrimental or misleading to consumers, various structural and cultural obstacles are still found in its implementation. These obstacles include weak supervision mechanisms for business actors, limited consumer access to legal understanding, and suboptimal role of consumer dispute resolution institutions. Thus, it is necessary to strengthen regulations through more operational legal instruments, increase the capacity of supervisory institutions, and mainstream consumer legal literacy as a long-term strategy in realizing a fair, effective, and sustainable consumer protection system.

Service quality is the level of excellence or specialty of a service that can meet the needs and expectations of the community. Public service is an activity carried out by the government and other institutions to meet the needs of community services in accordance with laws and regulations. This service can be in the form of public goods, public services, and/or administrative services. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of service in issuing Business Identification Numbers for micro businesses at the Pekanbaru City Investment and One-Stop Integrated Service Office and its supporting and inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use interviews. Data analysis in this study was carried out using qualitative descriptive. The results of the study explain that the quality of service is already in the good category which is assessed from the transparency in the services provided where there is openness in the service process, services that are in accordance with the rules and there is ease in the service process. The principle of accountability in improving service quality to ensure that each service can be accounted for and provide services in accordance with the conditions that have been set. Community participation in improving services has been carried out well by providing services according to rights and balance. Supporting factors in improving service quality include the ability of employees to serve, the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure, and the development of a better service system as part of improving services. While inhibiting factors include increased supervision and complicated bureaucracy in efforts to improve services.

Reading ability is a fundamental skill that plays a crucial role in education, as it significantly contributes to students’ academic achievement and intellectual development. This study aims to analyze the reading skills of seventh-grade students at SMP IT Robbani Indralaya, focusing on both mechanical and comprehension aspects. The research employed a descriptive quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to 19 student respondents. The questionnaire instrument was designed based on two main aspects: mechanical skills (letter recognition, linguistic elements, and slow reading speed) and comprehension skills (understanding text meaning, evaluating content, and flexible reading speed). The analysis results showed that the majority of students were in the “Good” category (63.16%), while the rest were in the “Fair” category (36.84%). There were no students in the “Very Good” or “Poor” categories. Internal factors such as motivation and reading interest, as well as external factors such as family support and school facilities, were found to influence students' reading skills. This study recommends the implementation of continuous and collaborative literacy development efforts involving students, teachers, schools, and families to improve reading skills comprehensively.    

Muhammad Syahrur is a contemporary Islamic figure who presents innovative products in interpreting legal verses. One of them is the concept of milkul yamin which allows sexual activities outside of marriage. The focus of the discussion of this paper is to find out how the concept of milkul yamin Muhammad Syahrur, the methodology of Syahrur's legal istinbath, the background of Syahrur's life so that he has a very liberal orientation of thought and how when this milkul yamin concept is applied to Indonesian society. This research is categorized as a literature review (Library Research). Namely research by collecting data on the concept of milkul yamin Muhammad Syahrur to then describe and analyze it simultaneously. The results of this study indicate that Muhammad Syahrur never attended an Islamic school during his life, and when he was studying for his undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral degrees, the concentration he took was civil engineering, especially in soil mechanics. On that basis, the methodology of legal istinbath used by Syahrur is the theory of limits (hadd al a'la and hadd al adna), thus giving rise to the concept of milkul yamin which allows sexual intercourse without marriage. While when applied to the lives of Indonesian society, it has many weaknesses both from the legal side and from the socio-cultural side of Indonesian society.

The management of regional finances aims to realize good governance that includes efficiency and transparency in meeting public needs. Efficiency and transparency in the decentralization of financial management policy by the Financial and Asset Management Agency (BKAD) of Kupang City are key factors in ensuring proper regional financial management. This study uses an empirical research method. After data collection, the researcher categorized the data based on the sources and analyzed them. The results of this study indicate that Efficiency has not been fully achieved due to mismatches in budget allocation. Meanwhile, transparency remains suboptimal because the existing system often experiences disruptions, limiting open access to information. The most dominant inhibiting factor affecting implementation effectiveness is human resources (HR). In addition, dependency on central government funding hampers flexibility and independence in regional financial management. The study suggests that BKAD should conduct technical competency training and development for staff, the Kupang City Government should increase local revenue (PAD), and the public should actively participate in budget public consultations.

This study aims to find out the process of applying customary law sanctions of Wunis Peheng in resolving the criminal act of persecution committed by police and TNI personnel against a resident in Golo Poleng village, Ndoso District, West Manggarai Regency. In addition, it also aims to find out whether the customary sanction of Wunis Peheng in resolving the crime of persecution can provide a sense of justice for residents. This research is categorized as empirical juridical research. The empirical juridical approach aims to analyze problems using legal materials related to problems that occur in the field. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The data that is processed and analyzed based on the formulation of the problem that has been determined is then presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study show that there are several stages in the process of applying customary sanctions of wunis peheng in the settlement of criminal acts of persecution, namely reporting cases of persecution to Tu'a Golo, summoning the parties involved in the persecution case, examination and verdicts of customary institutions, handing over Wunis Peheng from the perpetrator, Saying Traditional Prayers, Slaughtering ela (pigs). And several dimensions of justice in the provision of customary law sanctions, namely the rights of victims are fulfilled, restorative justice, and active participation of the community.  

Motivation is the drive in life to achieve one of the motivations in one's life, namely work motivation. This study aims to analyze how much motivation traders have and analyze the influence of motivation on the performance of several traders in Surakarta City. The data collection method used in this study was with field interviews sourced from 7 traders in Surakarta City as a sample. The results of respondents' research were defined based on gender, age, length of business, turnover per day and motivation in trading. There is a picture of the motivation of traders in the high category. Based on the results of interviews, it can be seen that the 7 speakers consisted of 4 men and 3 women. On average, 7 interviewees have been trading for more than a year. Some traders settle in place, some go around. Various work motivations include meeting daily food needs, family needs, the desire to succeed, personal goals that want to be implemented immediately. So with some of these motivations, traders are enthusiastic about working their days.

White collar crime is increasingly prevalent in various corporate sectors and causes significant financial losses and damage to public trust. This type of crime includes embezzlement of funds, manipulation of financial statements, bribery, insider trading in the capital market, and theft of customer personal data. Although it occurs a lot, the prevention of white collar crime is still not optimal and the perpetrators are rarely prosecuted properly. This paper aims to analyze the various determinants that influence the occurrence of white collar crime in order to formulate policy recommendations and prevention strategies in the future. A systematic approach is used by applying the fraud triangle theory which focuses on the three main elements that cause fraud, namely pressure, opportunity and rationalization. The results of the study show that pressure to meet high performance targets and large bonuses often encourage individuals to commit fraud. Meanwhile, weak supervision and lack of transparency create opportunities for fraud. Perpetrators also often justify their actions, for example by assuming that they will not be caught or the value of the loss is small. The complexity of modern corporate operations also increases opportunities for white-collar crime. Effective prevention efforts must be comprehensive by involving various parties and strengthening a number of aspects as controls. The role of internal and external supervisors (auditors) of companies needs to be continuously improved, supported by modem fraud detection technology tools. Whistleblowing mechanisms need to be strengthened in every company and kept confidential to encourage early reporting of fraud indications.

Currently tourism in Indonesia is growing very rapidly. The role of stakeholders is very necessary in planning a tourist destination because it can help to develop tourism potential in a village. This research focuses on discussing community based tourism development collaboration at Pacu jalur events in Kuantan Singingi Regency and what factors inhibit collaboration in community-based tourism development at Pacu jalur events in Kuantan Singingi Regency. The aim of this research is to find out how collaborative community based tourism development is at the pacu jalur event in Kuantan Singingi Regency and what are the inhibiting factors for collaboration in community based tourism development at the pacu Jalur event in Kuantan Singingi Regency using the pentahelix model of 5 stakeholders. This study used qualitative research is descriptive methods. This research found that the roles of each stakeholder are: academics focus on tourism planning based on existing theories, the government focuses on policy makers in developing tourism potential, business actors as nails in creating added value and maintaining economic growth in the surrounding area, and the role of the role of the community is to help manage tourism potential and the role of the media is to promote and help inform the wider community about the spur route. The research results found that collaborative governance has run quite optimally. The inhibiting factors in community-based tourism development collaboration were also revealed, namely, a) Lack of pentahelix coordinators in the development of Pacu jalur tourism, b) Lack of support for road infrastructure access in the development of Pacu jalur tourism, c) Low creativity and innovation at Pacu jalur tourism locations. Through this research, it can be used as an evaluation so that it can increase the efforts of the Department of Tourism and Culture in developing tourist attractions leading to national events. 

Berdasarkan observasi penilaian kemampuan menulis teks negosiasi di SMAN 10 Medan masih tergolong pada kategori yang kurang, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan menulis teks negosiasi dengan pembelajaran strategi pembelajaran direct writing activity di SMA Negeri 10 Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian one group pre test – post test design. Penelitian ini sesuai langkah pembelajaran direct writing activity yang membuat nilai siswa meningkat setelah menggunakan  strategi pembelajaran direct writing activity. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan bahwa terdapat 80% siswa memenuhi nilai diatas KKM.  

This study examines the genealogical transformation of the Neosufi order in Indonesia, focusing on the shift from a private-ritual institution to an active and open social movement in the public space. Through a qualitative approach based on literature study and hermeneutic analysis, this paper highlights how the Qadiriyah Naqsyabandiyah Order (TQN) Suryalaya represents a new form of Sufism that combines spiritual depth with collective social action. This transformation is seen in various fields, ranging from drug rehabilitation, Islamic boarding school education, to spirituality-based economic empowerment. The order is no longer just a space for contemplation, but also plays a role in the process of social reconciliation, moral advocacy, and expansion into the public space through digital media. However, this dynamic also raises genealogical problems in the form of spiritual symbolization by the state, co-optation of power, and ambiguity in the interpretation of modernity. Indonesian Neosufism is a contextual response to spiritual and social crises, as well as a field of negotiation between the legacy of tradition, the demands of modernity, and the structure of state power. This study is a development of the author's dissertation and academic book manuscript that is being prepared for publication, thus presenting theoretical and practical contributions to the study of Sufism and social development.  

metropolis, and village improvement to gain stability and fairness in development. Allocation of Vilthe large price range is the right of the village as district/metropolis governments have the proper to reap trendy Allocation funds (DAU) and unique Allocation price range (DAK). The expected effects of the Village Fund Allocation are the advent beta the village budget to finance village government packages, both village operations, and village community empowerment to improve village authorities services, improvement, governance, and network empowerment. Goal to determine the effectiveness of the Village Fund Allocation policy in Marga Sungsang Village, Banyuasin II District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra visible from the context, input, manner, and product and evaluation of the extent of Village Fund Allocation in the control category technique: this is quantitative research with a cross-sectional method drawing near. Result: typical, this size has a big move-sectional scale, particularly: the overall context is 79.05 the general input is 76.10, the overall process is eighty one.45 and the overall product is seventy six.88. limitations: based on the researcher's direct theel in the research process, there are numerous barriers, along with the range of respondents is simplest 33 people, direction, twhichiswhichetheless not enough to describe the state of aff, airs and the item of studies which specializes in the effectiveness of the add program in terms of context, input, method, and product and level of control of Village Allocation within the class of Sungsang Marga Village, Bnayausin II District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. Contribution: For Sungsang Marga Village, Banyuasin II place, South Sumatra Banyuasin, to take advantage of extra village subsidies and increase similarly development of network development and empowerment. F, or the aTher this research to boom knowledge and expand peproperlyon andregardingal inregardinghe problem of coping with the allocation of village budget to solidarity improvement and empowerment. For the Alma mater, the outcomes of this lexpecteddexpectedato dd new references from the analysis of add management in improving network improvement and empowerment.