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The rapid development of corporate business activities in Indonesia has contributed positively to economic growth; however, it also has the potential to cause losses to consumers. In practice, corporations often engage in unlawful acts that harm consumers, including violations of consumer rights, the provision of goods and/or services that do not meet required standards, and actions that contravene statutory regulations. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for consumers as well as corporate liability for unlawful acts committed by corporations. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, which are analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that legal protection for consumers has been regulated in various laws and regulations, particularly the Consumer Protection Law; however, its implementation still faces several challenges, such as weak law enforcement, low consumer awareness, and the complexity of proving corporate liability as a legal subject. Furthermore, corporate liability may be imposed through civil, criminal, and administrative sanctions depending on the nature of the violation committed. In conclusion, strengthening regulations and more effective law enforcement are necessary to ensure consumer protection from unlawful acts by corporations. In addition, enhancing the role of supervisory institutions and public legal awareness is essential to create a balance between the interests of business actors and consumers.

Thei swifti advancementi ofi technologyi hasi madei iti simpleri fori individualsi toi accessi informationi viai sociali mediai platforms.i Nonetheless,i thisi cani alsoi leadi toi offenses,i includingi abusivei languagei ori expressionsi ofi animosityi towardsi othersi online.i Suchi actionsi falli underi Articlesi 310i andi 311i ofi thei Criminali Code,i whichi governi insultsi andi defamation,i alongi withi thei Informationi andi Electronici Transactionsi Lawi Numberi 11i Oct 2008.i Thisi lawi wasi revisedi toi includei Articlei 27i Paragraphi (3)i ini thei thei 2024i Informationi andi Electronici Transactionsi Law,i whichi tacklesi thei issuei ofi defamation.i Thei methodologyi appliedi ini thisi studyi isi normativei juridicali research,i emphasizingi ai legali approachi thati incorporatesi libraryi sources,i statutes,i regulations,i andi relevanti legali theoriesi andi concepts.i Thei obstaclesi ini applyingi thei lawi againsti defamationi crimesi oni sociali mediai encompassi legali issues,i technicali barriers,i andi culturali asi welli asi sociali factors.i Toi tacklei thesei obstacles,i i iti other essentiali toi enhancei thei skillsi ofi lawi enforcementi personneli andi boosti publici awarenessi abouti digitali literacy.i Thei processi ofi lawi enforcementi concerningi defamationi crimesi oni sociali mediai adheresi toi thei proceduresi outlinedi ini thei Criminali Procedurei Code,i focusingi oni electronici evidence.i Articlesi 310i andi 311i ofi thei Criminali Code,i togetheri withi Articlei 27i Paragraphi (3)i ofi thei Informationi andi Electronici Transactionsi Lawi asi amendedi ini Lawi Numberi 1i ofi 2024,i providei thei legali foundationi fori addressingi crimesi oni sociali media,i ini linei withi thei proceduresi seti forthi ini thei Criminali Procedurei Code.  

The swift advancement of information technology has greatly influenced society, while also raising the threat of cybercrime. These offenses encompass the theft of social media accounts, unauthorized access to online information, and breaches of personal data security. This research intends to explore various types of cybercrime in Indonesia, the legal measures in place, and the obstacles law enforcement encounters when proving cybercrime incidents. The study adopts a qualitative method by reviewing literature, which includes laws, court rulings, academic articles, and reports from pertinent organizations. The findings reveal that even though laws like the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the Personal Data Protection Law establish a legal framework, there are still issues related to digital evidence, coordination between agencies, and the public's understanding of data security. Consequently, there is a need for a more thorough law enforcement approach, enhanced digital education, and collaborative efforts among the government, law enforcement agencies, and the community to effectively combat and manage cybercrime.

The advancement of information technology has rapidly transformed trading patterns in Indonesia, shifting from conventional transactions to online transactions through marketplace platforms. On one hand, this transformation provides convenience and efficiency for both businesses and consumers. On the other hand, it has also given rise to various legal issues, particularly regarding consumer protection. This article aims to examine how legal protection for consumers is implemented in electronic sales agreements on marketplaces, while also identifying the obstacles encountered during its implementation. The study employs a normative juridical approach, using conceptual analysis and legislative review, supplemented by empirical data obtained from interviews. As described, legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions in Indonesia remains suboptimal. Specifically, these challenges include biased law enforcement, low levels of consumer literacy, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. In practice, marketplaces have incorporated consumer protection features such as escrow systems, refund mechanisms, and complaint centers; however, their implementation still suffers from limited transparency and effectiveness. Furthermore, existing regulations are slow to respond to the dynamics of cross-border transactions and ongoing digital innovations. Therefore, comprehensive regulatory reform, stronger enforcement, and enhanced legal and digital literacy among the public are necessary to ensure effective consumer protection.

This study explores the phenomenon of abuse of authority in the investigation stage of corruption cases, focusing on various violations of practices, causative factors, and implications for justice and legal certainty. The study uses a normative juridical approach through the study of laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and empirical literature to build a comprehensive and systematic analysis. The findings indicate that oversight gaps, weak institutional control, and low integrity of the authorities are the main triggers for actions that go beyond authority, which in turn reduces the effectiveness of evidence and lowers public trust in law enforcement institutions. In addition, the lack of transparency and accountability mechanisms further exacerbates the risk of procedural violations during the investigation process. These conditions can potentially undermine the principles of due process of law and fairness in the criminal justice system. To address this problem, it is necessary to improve internal and external control mechanisms, strengthen supervision by independent institutions, and ensure the consistent implementation of disciplinary measures and legal sanctions against violators. By reinforcing these efforts, it is expected that law enforcement agencies can enhance professionalism, maintain integrity, and restore public confidence in handling corruption cases. (Soekanto & Mamudji, 2020; KUHAP; Corruption Law).

The advancement of information technology has rapidly transformed trading patterns in Indonesia, shifting from conventional transactions to online transactions through marketplace platforms. On one hand, this transformation provides convenience and efficiency for both businesses and consumers. On the other hand, it has also given rise to various legal issues, particularly regarding consumer protection. This article aims to examine how legal protection for consumers is implemented in electronic sales agreements on marketplaces, while also identifying the obstacles encountered during its implementation. The study employs a normative juridical approach, using conceptual analysis and legislative review, supplemented by empirical data obtained from interviews. As described, legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions in Indonesia remains suboptimal. Specifically, these challenges include biased law enforcement, low levels of consumer literacy, and ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms. In practice, marketplaces have incorporated consumer protection features such as escrow systems, refund mechanisms, and complaint centers; however, their implementation still suffers from limited transparency and effectiveness. Furthermore, existing regulations are slow to respond to the dynamics of cross-border transactions and ongoing digital innovations. Therefore, comprehensive regulatory reform, stronger enforcement, and enhanced legal and digital literacy among the public are necessary to ensure effective consumer protection.

Typhoid fever is a significant health issue caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria, leading to symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle pain, and serious complications if not treated promptly. A common challenge faced by society is limited access to medical professionals, especially in remote areas, and delays in recognizing symptoms. To address this problem, this study designs and implements a web-based expert system using the Certainty Factor (CF) method, which helps diagnose typhoid fever quickly and accurately. The Certainty Factor method is used to calculate the certainty level of the symptoms experienced by the patient, providing a diagnosis result in the form of early-stage typhoid, mild typhoid, or severe typhoid. The system was developed using PHP programming language and MySQL database, and tested at RSUD Djoelham Binjai City. The research data was obtained from patients at RSUD Djoelham Binjai with a case study on patient number 22. The processing of symptoms through Certainty Factor calculation showed that the patient is most likely to have severe typhoid with a certainty value of 0.9443 or 94.43%. This result proves that the Certainty Factor method can be used to assist in providing an accurate early diagnosis of typhoid fever with a high degree of accuracy.

Illegal logging is a form of environmental crime that has a serious impact on forest destruction, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystem balance. This study aims to analyze law enforcement efforts against illegal logging practices in the Kwala Serapuh Village Forest area. The method used in this study is an empirical juridical approach with data collection through interviews, field observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that despite the existence of regulations governing forest protection, law enforcement still faces various obstacles such as weak supervision, limited resources of law enforcement officials, and the involvement of individuals in these illegal practices. Efforts made include taking action against perpetrators, increasing patrols, and empowering communities around the forest. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still needs to be improved through inter-institutional synergy, strengthening the capacity of the apparatus, and increasing community participation. This study concludes that law enforcement against illegal logging in the Kwala Serapuh Village Forest is still not optimal and requires a more comprehensive approach.

PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Binjai faces challenges in handling electricity usage violations that increase every year. Lack of utilization of data violations that can be utilized to produce useful information in supporting strategic decision making by PLN, especially in the implementation of Electricity Usage Control (P2TL) activities. This study aims to identify customer violation patterns based on rayon, power, and type of violation with data mining methods using the K-Means Clustering algorithm. The results of the study show that the 3rd cluster represents the most violation-prone area, namely in the West Binjai Rayon, with a power of 450 VA and the most frequent type of P2 violation. The results of the study show that the K-Means algorithm with the Elbow method is able to systematically group data violations based on certain characteristics. The results of this study can provide recommendations to PLN UP3 Binjai to improve the effectiveness of monitoring and enforcement strategies through a more targeted approach.  

This study discusses the implementation of the effectiveness of legal oversight of regional personnel management in the era of regional autonomy. Regional autonomy grants broad authority to regional governments to regulate and manage public interests, including in the management of state civil servants (ASN). However, this authority often gives rise to problems, such as nepotism, politically motivated job transfers, and weak accountability in personnel management. Legal oversight is an important instrument to ensure that all personnel policies and practices are implemented in accordance with the principles of legality, professionalism, and accountability. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach, as well as qualitative analysis of regulations and personnel oversight practices. The results of the study indicate that the effectiveness of legal oversight is greatly influenced by the consistency of regulatory implementation, the strength of supervisory institutions such as the State Civil Service Commission (KASN) and the State Civil Service Agency (BKN), and the legal culture of regional apparatus. Strict enforcement of sanctions against violations also plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the merit system. The conclusion of this study confirms that effective legal oversight can prevent abuse of authority, strengthen the professionalism of civil servants (ASN), and support the achievement of regional autonomy goals, namely improving the quality of public services and public welfare. Therefore, strengthening regulations, supervisory institutions, and internalizing the values ​​of good governance are necessary to realize transparent, accountable, and integrity-based regional personnel management.

Beauty clinics are currently a primary need for women and men. This is proven by the increasing number of beauty clinics that are expanding in Binjai City. This makes consumers have to be more selective in choosing a beauty clinic so they don't have to waste a lot of time and money. Beauty Clinics are included in service businesses that aim to provide satisfaction for customers or consumers. With the emergence of various types of Beauty Clinics, competition between one Beauty Clinic and another has become increasingly fierce, thus encouraging each Beauty Clinic to try to improve the quality of its products and services.

Crime is a problem experienced by humans from time to time, crime often occurs because of several factors, one of which is due to the lack of security of the address so that many criminal acts occur. Hamparan Perak Police is trying to increase its commitment to safeguard and protect the community through efforts that are organized consistently and continuously. The rise of criminal acts that occur, such as motorcycle theft, persecution, and the rise of robbery in the middle of the road makes residents feel unsafe and always feel threatened at certain addresses. Therefore, to determine the vulnerable pattern of crimes committed, it is necessary to determine the group to determine the vulnerable area or not using the clustering method, which aims to be able to assist the police in conducting socialization and actions for public security by combining objects in a group with each other and different from objects in other groups. From the tests carried out using the clustering method with the K-Means algorithm, it can be seen that the group of criminal data that has the highest group and most often appears when processed is the criminal act of theft, the pattern of criminal acts in quiet areas, has been monitored and planned in klambir village.

Thyroid gland disease is a disorder that affects the thyroid gland, which plays a vital role in regulating the body's metabolism. Common symptoms associated with thyroid disease include tremors, concentration difficulties, changes in the menstrual cycle, and neck enlargement. At RSUD Dr. RM. Djoelham, Binjai, many patients struggle to understand and diagnose this disease early due to a lack of information and specific symptoms. To address this issue, an information technology-based system is needed to help the public recognize thyroid disease symptoms and provide an early diagnosis. One effective approach for designing such a system is using Case Based Reasoning (CBR), a method based on experience that solves problems by finding similar cases from existing data. This system can process symptoms entered by users, such as dry skin, anxiety, neck enlargement, and others. Based on previous cases, the system will calculate the percentage probability of the disease, thereby providing a more accurate early diagnosis. For example, if the selected symptoms are dry skin, neck enlargement, and shortness of breath, the system can give a 42% probability of a thyroid gland disorder.

The development of information technology that is currently developing serves to facilitate, accelerate, benefit and provide other alternatives for people who have businesses and have a big influence in the future. One of the things that is very influential is the sale of MSMEs. MSMEs are productive businesses owned by individuals or business entities that have met the criteria as micro businesses that have an important role in the economy because they provide employment, encourage local economic growth, and create innovation. MSMEs still face challenges such as limited access to financing, digital readiness, and marketing access that hinder the development of MSMEs. Therefore, it is necessary to take action to predict MSME sales in Binjai City using the backpropagation method so that later it can create new innovations and encourage community economic growth. Based on the process carried out using the backpropagation method, it can be seen that the value obtained has reached more than the predetermined target with a target value (t) of 0.26, learningrate 0.2, maximum epoch 10000 target error 0.01.

In Indonesia, people with disabilities are often overlooked and underestimated because they do not have perfect physical abilities to do certain jobs or activities. The majority of them come from underprivileged families and are often underdeveloped. The unstructured process of distributing assistance can result in the assistance provided is not in accordance with the needs, so it is not optimal in improving the welfare of persons with disabilities. In addition, without a clear grouping, it is difficult for the government to design a more specific and targeted assistance program. Therefore, to overcome this problem, the agency needs to have an additional system to be able to assist in overcoming the problem of disability assistance recipients, namely by using the clustering method to group beneficiary data based on age, type of disability, and type of assistance. Thus, this clustering is expected to provide information and a clearer picture of the needs of each disability group, so that the assistance program provided can be distributed more optimally according to what people with disabilities need. After calculating using the existing cluster formula4, iteration 2 is the same as in iteration 1 and there is no data that moves groups anymore so the calculation can be stopped. So that a cluster graph can be made grouping data on beneficiaries of assistance for disabilities in Binjai City using the K-Means algorithm clustering method.

This research discusses several educational problems at MAS PAB I Sampali and analyzes policies that can be implemented to improve the quality of education. The main focus of research includes curriculum, educational infrastructure, parental involvement, and policy implementation challenges. First, inappropriate curricula are a concern, requiring thorough evaluation and adjustments to include 21st century skills. Second, limited educational infrastructure requires evaluation and improvement to ensure the availability of facilities that are conducive to effective learning. Third, low parental involvement can be overcome through special programs such as regular meetings and parent training. Fourth, policy implementation challenges, such as resistance to change, require identification of barriers and effective implementation strategies. This solution can be the basis for improving the quality of education at MAS PAB I Sampali and making it more responsive to today's demands. This transformation is not only to meet current educational needs but also to face future challenges with confidence and readiness.