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The development of Arabic learning materials requires a strong theoretical foundation so that the materials can help students understand the language effectively. This article aims to explain the role of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics as the theoretical basis in the preparation of Arabic learning materials. The method used in this article is a literature study by reviewing various sources related to the development of language learning materials. The results of the study show that linguistics provides an understanding of the structure of the Arabic language, including sounds, word formation, sentence structure, and meaning. Psycholinguistics helps explain the process of language learning experienced by students so that learning materials can be designed according to their abilities and stages of development. Sociolinguistics explains the relationship between language and society so that learning materials can be adapted to the social and cultural context of language use. By integrating these three perspectives, Arabic learning materials can be developed in a more systematic, understandable, and relevant way to meet the needs of students.

This study examines the renewal of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) Baru as an effort to synchronize with the Criminal Code (KUHP) 2023, as well as analyzing crucial articles that potentially cause legal uncertainty in the criminal justice process in Indonesia. Using a juridical-normative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research analyzes secondary data from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that KUHAP Baru successfully addresses some of the mismatches with KUHP 2023 through regulations on alternative punishments, corporate accountability, and protection for vulnerable groups, but still faces conceptual and technical challenges such as legislative disharmony and minimal public participation. On the other hand, crucial articles such as Articles 5, 16, 74, 90, 93, 105, 112A, 124, 132A, and 137A pose risks of legal uncertainty due to the expansion of law enforcement authority without adequate oversight, which can violate the due process principle and human rights. The study's conclusion emphasizes the need for further revisions to strengthen legal certainty and harmonize the criminal justice system.

The current Indonesian legal system recognizes two paths of judicial review, although this division of authority is constitutionally legal, but in practice it raises serious problems. One of them is the inconsistency of decisions between judicial institutions. For example, there is a Supreme Court decision that cancels Regional Regulations that have previously been studied by the Constitutional Court, causing confusion in the application of the law. This not only weakens the principle of legal certainty, but also raises problems in the effectiveness of the judicial system. This study aims to identify the concept of restructuring the ideal regulatory testing mechanism according to the principle of the state of law and the theory of norm hierarchy and analyze the need for restructuring the regulatory testing mechanism in Indonesia from the perspective of legal certainty, justice, and law enforcement effectiveness. The research method used in this study is normative juridical and uses a legislative approach. The results of the study show.  

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia's economy but often face challenges in marketing their products, especially in the digital era. This study aims to design and evaluate the effectiveness of digital marketing training for MSME activists in Sangatta District, East Kalimantan. The research methodology uses a mixed-methods approach with 50 MSME actors as subjects. The training conducted includes the basics of digital marketing, the use of social media, content creation, search engine optimization (SEO), and data analysis.The results show a significant increase in participants' knowledge and skills in digital marketing. Additionally, the training successfully increased sales and product visibility of MSMEs. Training participants began adopting digital marketing strategies and using data analytics for more effective decision-making. These positive impacts indicate that digital marketing training can be an effective solution to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of MSME businesses. This study recommends the implementation of advanced training and continuous support for MSME actors, as well as collaboration between the government, universities, and the private sector to provide necessary resources. Thus, MSMEs in other regions are expected to benefit from similar programs to face challenges in the digital era.

Scavenger societies are social groups that depend on the activities of collecting, sorting, and recycling used goods. They do this work as the main source of income. This research aims to understand the characteristics and role of scavenger communities in waste and environmental management. The research methods used include surveys, interviews, and field observations. The collected data is analyzed qualitatively by identifying the main themes that arise from the research results. The results show that scavenger communities have an important role in reducing waste and recycling used goods. They collect various types of materials such as paper, plastic, metal, and electronics that can be resold or recycled. Their work contributes to reducing the negative impact on the environment and sustainable waste management. However, scavenger communities also face challenges and obstacles in carrying out their work. They often experience unsafe working conditions and health risks due to exposure to hazardous materials. In addition, they also face limited access to public services and social stigma that can affect their daily lives.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Lingkungan Kerja terhadap Kinerja pegawai pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Sibolga. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai PNS pada Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Sibolga sebanyak 106 orang. Sampel penelitian ini  dengan menggunakan rumus Slovin sebanyak 84 orang. Metode penelitan yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah angket dengan menggunakan skala likert sedangkan untuk uji yang digunakan yaitu Uji Asumsi Klasik dan Uji Analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan (X1) terhadap kinerja (Y) yaitu thitung 4,727 > 1,989 ttabel, hal tersebut bahwa hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan dapat dapat disimpulkan bahwa Gaya Kepemimpinan (X1) secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja (Y). Pengaruh lingkungan kerja (X2) terhadap kinerja (Y) yaitu thitung 4,243 >1,989 ttabel, hal tersebut berarti bahwa hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan dapat dapat disimpulkan bahwa Lingkungan Kerja (X2) secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja (Y). Dengan Persamaan regresi linier berganda yang diperoleh Y = 5,419 + 0,442X1 + 0,452X2. Dari Uji F diperoleh nilai Fhitung (42,801) > Ftabel (3,109) sehingga dapat disimpulkan H0 ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh positif antara gaya kepemimpinan (X1) dan lingkungan kerja (X2) secara simultan terhadap kinerja (Y) pada Pelayanan Pajak Pratama Sibolga.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Komunikasi dan Koordinasi terhadap Efektivitas Kerja pada Dinas Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah. Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh pegawai ASN dan Honorer pada Dinas Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah sebanyak 35 orang. Metode penilitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, Teknik Pengumpulan data adalah angket dengan mengunakan skala likert sedangkan untuk uji yang digunakan yaitu UjiAsumsi Klasik dan Uji Analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adanya pengaruh komunikasi (X1) terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y) dimana -thitung<-ttabel yaitu -2,100 <-2,042, hal tersebut berarti bahwa hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa komunikasi (X1) secara parsial berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y). Pengaruh koordinasi (X2) terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y) dimana -thitung<-ttabel yaitu sebesar -4,210 < -2,042, hal tersebut berarti bahwa hipotesis nol (H0) ditolak dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa koordinasi (X2) secara parsial berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y). Dengan persamaan regresi Y = 70,213 - 0,256 X1 - 0,532 X2. Dari Uji F diperoleh nilai -Fhitung>-Ftabel yaitu sebesar 16,211 > 3,28 sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa H0 ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh positif antara komunikasi (X1) dan koordinasi (X2) secara simultan terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y) pada Dinas Koperasi Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kabupaten Tapanuli Tengah dengan nilai koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,503, secara praktis dapat dikatakan bahwa kontribusi komunikasi (X1) dan koordinasi (X2) terhadap efektivitas kerja (Y) adalah sebesar 50,3% sisanya 49,7% di pengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini.