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Social media has brought significant changes in the way humans interact, construct meaning, and shape social identities. In Indonesia, TikTok is the most widely accessed social media platform, reaching 32% of users. TikTok is not only a medium of entertainment but also a space for the production and reproduction of values, tastes, and social standards. The TikTok algorithm presents personalized content according to user preferences, creating a continuous flow of information that is visually and repetitively consumed. From an anthropological perspective, this article aims to analyze how algorithms influence the formation of digital identity and generate new status symbols in virtual spaces. This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods and literature studies on TikTok usage practices. The results of the study show that indicators of popularity such as the number of views, followers, likes, and interaction rates become new forms of status symbols that represent users’ social influence in the digital world. From an anthropological perspective, TikTok can be understood as a new cultural space where algorithms act as structural agents that influence social practices, identity production, and symbolic hierarchies within digital society. This study emphasizes that algorithms function not only as technical technologies but also as cultural forces that shape how individuals understand themselves and their social positions within the social media ecosystem.

Digital spirituality is a way of living and expressing spiritual life within the context of the digital world, where technology serves as a medium to strengthen one’s relationship with God, oneself, and the community. It is therefore a conscious effort to maintain and nurture faith amid the overwhelming flow of information on social media. The concept of From Scroll to Soul encourages believers not merely to be passive recipients of information but to engage spiritually by using technology as a tool for faith formation. Practices such as using spiritual apps, participating in online communities, selecting constructive content, and conducting digital detoxes are important steps to maintain focus on God. Theologically, digital spirituality affirms that God is present in every aspect of life, including virtual spaces. Technology can become a tool of grace that deepens one’s relationship with God and serves as a space for witnessing faith when used wisely. Thus, digital spirituality is not a rejection of technology but rather its use as a medium for growth, testimony, and bringing Christ’s values into the modern information culture.

This study analyzes the construction of Catholic identity in the digital era from the perspective of social constructivism theory. In contrast to traditional identity formation tied to physical spaces like parishes, the digital age has created a dynamic virtual space where Catholic identity is actively shaped through theological narratives on social media. This qualitative research employs critical discourse analysis (CDA) of digital narratives from various theological sources, including papal posts and content from lay Catholic influencers. The findings indicate that Catholic identity is now constructed through digital interaction and participation, which changes how the faithful perceive church authority, form communities, and express their faith. This process has led to a shift from hierarchical authority to an authority that is also built from the ground up by the participation of the laity. Additionally, Catholic communities are transcending geographical boundaries to become "digital parishes." The implication for Inter-Faith Studies is that understanding this digitally constructed self-identity is crucial before engaging in dialogue with other religions, as the resulting narratives can be either inclusive or exclusive. In conclusion, contemporary Catholic identity is a dynamic and constructed entity, woven from both offline and online experiences.

This study examines the convergence between classical Islamic philosophy and contemporary digital theory, emphasizing how foundational Islamic concepts can respond to social fragmentation in post-digital Muslim societies. As digital technologies increasingly mediate religious learning, identity formation, and communal interaction, Muslim communities face growing challenges, including the weakening of social bonds and the decentralization of religious authority. Online platforms encourage individualized interpretations of faith and pluralistic expressions of religiosity, which, while expanding participation, often contribute to fragmented identities and diminished communal cohesion.Drawing upon core classical concepts such as ummah (community), akhlaq (ethics), and asabiyya (social solidarity), this research argues that Islamic intellectual heritage offers a normative framework capable of addressing these disruptions. These concepts underscore collective responsibility, moral discipline, and the cultivation of shared values as the foundation of a stable and just society. Using a qualitative approach grounded in textual analysis of classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary digital sociology, the study recontextualizes these principles within present-day digital environments.The findings suggest that adapting traditional values to online engagement can strengthen ethical conduct, mutual accountability, and constructive dialogue in virtual spaces. The notion of a “cyber ummah” further illustrates how transnational digital networks may foster solidarity across geographic and ideological boundaries. Ultimately, this study affirms the continuing relevance of classical Islamic philosophy in guiding the development of an inclusive, morally grounded, and socially cohesive digital society.

In the era of globalization, the rapid development of information technology has brought significant changes in the way people access and convey information. The presence of the Internet and social media has proven that global networks enable interaction and information exchange to occur in real time without geographical boundaries. One phenomenon arising from this development is social media, which has become a virtual space for individuals and companies to communicate directly, personally, and interactively. One of the most popular social media platforms today is Instagram, a platform that is now widely utilized by businesses, including those in the culinary industry, to build a strong brand image amid intense competition. This study focuses on the Instagram account @tastea.ig, which makes use of visual content, interactive features, and the comment section to maintain emotional connections and consumer trust. The purpose of this research is to analyze the interaction strategies of the @tastea.ig account in maintaining a positive brand image in the eyes of its followers. Instagram’s visual-centric nature allows businesses to showcase their products in an aesthetically appealing manner, drawing attention from potential customers. The strategic use of high-quality images, videos, and stories not only highlights the brand’s offerings but also creates a lifestyle around the product. @tastea.ig effectively uses these features to build an engaging presence, showing its products in an appealing and relatable context. In addition to visuals, Instagram’s interactive features such as polls, quizzes, and direct messaging foster a sense of community and direct engagement with followers. By involving followers in decision-making or seeking their opinions, @tastea.ig strengthens its relationship with its audience, making them feel valued and heard.

This research examines legal protection against child sexual exploitation through Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies, which are increasingly developing in the digital era. AR combines virtual elements with the real world, while VR creates a fully immersive environment. Both offer positive opportunities and serious risks, including new crime modes such as the creation of avatars or virtual models of children for sexual purposes, grooming in virtual spaces, and the distribution of immersive child pornography. Anonymity, the difficulty of age verification, the lack of digital literacy, and the forensic challenges of 3D content are significant obstacles to law enforcement. Existing regulations, including Law No. 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection, Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to the ITE Law, and Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning the TPKS, have provided a strong legal basis, but do not specifically regulate AR/VR technology. A normative juridical research method with a statutory and conceptual approach is used to analyze existing norms, regulatory gaps, and their relevance to international standards such as the Budapest Convention and the Lanzarote Convention. The research findings emphasize the urgency of adaptive regulatory updates to technological developments, the implementation of cybersecurity standards, mandatory age verification, and strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officers in digital investigations and AR/VR forensics. Cross-border and cross-sector collaboration is needed to expedite notice and takedown mechanisms and close legal loopholes exploited by perpetrators. These efforts are expected to create a safe digital environment for children and increase the effectiveness of legal protection in the realm of immersive technology.

The case involving Seunghan from RIIZE drew widespread attention on social media, particularly on platform X, and triggered various public responses toward SM Entertainment. This study aims to analyze public perceptions of SM Entertainment's reputation through netizen comments on digital platforms. Employing a qualitative approach and participatory observation method, the research examines 15 viral posts made by netizens related to the case. Findings reveal that public opinion is significantly shaped by the pseudo-environment formed on social media. Criticism of SM’s crisis management, disappointment among the fandom, and allegations of supporting bullying emerged as dominant themes. These results highlight the importance of transparency, speed, and social sensitivity in crisis communication in the digital era. The study recommends that entertainment agencies respond more strategically to public opinion in order to preserve their reputation in virtual spaces.  

This study aims to examine the role of Larvul Ngabal customary law as an alternative to resolving disputes that occur in virtual space in the Kei Islands community. This study uses a socio-legal research method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews with traditional leaders and the community in the Kei Islands. The results of the study indicate that Larvul Ngabal customary law has significant potential in resolving disputes in virtual space, especially because it emphasizes the principles of deliberation, consensus, and restoration of social relations. The Kei Islands community tends to choose customary law because it is considered cheaper, fairer, faster, and able to provide comprehensive recovery compared to state law.

The COVID-19 pandemic marked a significant turning point in the global church's approachto mission and ministry, particularly through the adoption of digital spaces. The rapid shift to digitalplatforms was not merely a practical adaptation but reflected a deeper transformation in how thechurch understands presence, community, and engagement in the world. This article aims to examinehow evangelism and discipleship practices have evolved in digital forms in the post-pandemic context,and to explore the theological and ethical implications of "digital presence" within contemporarymissiology. Using a practical theology approach, this study employs literature analysis, theologicalreflection, and case studies from digital church practices as its primary methods. The main findingsreveal that evangelism has shifted towards creative digital content targeting digital-native generations,while discipleship is increasingly practiced through online communities and digital spirituality. At thesame time, the study identifies key issues such as the validity of digital sacraments, the risk of faithcommodification, and the challenge of fostering authentic relationships in virtual spaces. This articlesynthesizes the idea that digital mission represents a new form of incarnational ministry in the digitalage, calling for a hybrid ecclesiology that integrates both physical and digital presence. In conclusion,digital mission is not simply a crisis response to the pandemic but a long-term theological and strategictransformation in how the church participates as the Body of Christ in a digitally connected world.

The advancement of information and communication technology has significantly altered the ways adolescents interact and establish social relationships, particularly through social media. This study aims to examine the impact of human relations on adolescents' interactions and behaviors on social media platforms, taking into account psychological, sociological, and cultural dimensions. Employing a qualitative approach with a literature review method, this research explores interaction patterns among adolescents on platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. The findings reveal that social media creates virtual spaces that enhance social networks but also pose risks such as reduced quality of face-to-face interactions, social anxiety, and mental health issues. This study emphasizes how the intense use of social media reshapes traditional communication patterns and influences adolescents' behavior and self-concept. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations are proposed for parents, educators, and policymakers to guide healthy social media use, balance its benefits and drawbacks, and foster the development of more meaningful social relationships among adolescents.

The advancement of information and communication technology has significantly altered the ways adolescents interact and establish social relationships, particularly through social media. This study aims to examine the impact of human relations on adolescents' interactions and behaviors on social media platforms, taking into account psychological, sociological, and cultural dimensions. Employing a qualitative approach with a literature review method, this research explores interaction patterns among adolescents on platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. The findings reveal that social media creates virtual spaces that enhance social networks but also pose risks such as reduced quality of face-to-face interactions, social anxiety, and mental health issues. This study emphasizes how the intense use of social media reshapes traditional communication patterns and influences adolescents' behavior and self-concept. Based on these findings, strategic recommendations are proposed for parents, educators, and policymakers to guide healthy social media use, balance its benefits and drawbacks, and foster the development of more meaningful social relationships among adolescents.

With this research, a researcher can study and analyze cases that occur on social media, representation of religious values and moderation of various efforts to prevent problems on social media. This research uses library research analysis methods and digital observation to deepen an analysis of cases that occur on social media related to religion and religious moderation. The large contribution of religious moderation is not far from problems on social media with issues off discrimination, SARA, minorities and the majority of cultural, religious, ethnic and racial diversity in virtual spaces on social media. Instilling and strengthening religious moderation and core religious values to prevent problems on social media through religious education, a frame of tolerance, harmonization and radical action.

The development of technology today makes humans coexist with technology. Many human activities can be carried out through the internet network. One of them is the presence of the metaverse which is a technology that contains virtual interactions, digital objects, and decentralized humans from various platforms. Metaverse is used by many people as a medium for buying and selling transactions. Metaverse users generally sell their products in the form of NFTs. Various well-known brands have started promoting their products through the metaverse. The emergence of well-known brands in the metaverse is an opportunity for irresponsible parties to infringe brand rights. As was the case in Ryder Ripps v. Yuga Labs. Pollution, imitation, obscuration, and so forth of well-known trademarks are carried out by irresponsible parties. One of them is the doctrine of Trademark Dilution. Trademark dilution is the unauthorized use by other parties that can weaken the quality or characteristics of a trademark. This makes the question of how the protection of trademarks in the virtual space of the metaverse and what legal action can be taken when there is a violation of trademark rights. Not many countries have regulated the protection of digital trademarks specifically against trademark dilution, as well as Indonesia. This research will be conducted using a non-native juridical approach method with legal sources in the form of laws and regulations, international agreements, theories, and legal rules. The focus of this research is how metaverse with the platform in it can protect the trademark with the terms and conditions agreement of account users in the platform. The result of this research is that brands can be protected against infringement of rights to the brand as well as brand dilution by referring to the terms and conditions of account users listed in the platform. In addition, the legal action that can be taken is to file a lawsuit as determined by the platform and the removal of related content.