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Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are closely related non-communicable diseases and major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, particularly in older adults. These conditions are influenced by medical, behavioral, family, and environmental factors, requiring a holistic family medicine approach through home visits. This study aimed to describe the clinical condition, family function, and environmental factors of a 60-year-old female patient with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia using the APGAR and SCREEM approaches. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design in the form of a case report involving Mrs. S (60 years old) in Lebbek Village, Pamekasan Regency. Data were collected through anamnesis, physical examination, total cholesterol measurement using a GCU meter, environmental observation, and assessment of family function and environmental factors. The results showed blood pressure values of 161/96 mmHg and 160/96 mmHg on repeated measurement, with a total cholesterol level of 154 mg/dL. The patient had a high-salt and high-fat diet with low physical activity. APGAR assessment indicated poor family function with a total score of 4, particularly in the partnership and resolve domains, while the growth domain was categorized as accepting. SCREEM analysis identified education as the main barrier. In conclusion, management of this condition requires family-based interventions focusing on improving family cooperation and health education tailored to the patient’s literacy level.

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension can be prevented through the consistent adoption of a healthy lifestyle. Women participating in religious study groups are an important segment of the community, as they play a significant role in shaping family lifestyles. A total of 30 Muslim women from the Perwiritan Muslimat Al-Jamiatul Amaliyah in Kampung Lalang, Sunggal, Deli Serdang, participated in the community service activities consisting of education and training on the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The activities began with socialization of the community service program, followed by preparation by the team, including the development of educational materials and the design of pre- and post-test instruments. Based on the Wilcoxon test, the educational intervention was found to have a significant effect. This was reflected in an increase in participants’ knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus and hypertension after the intervention. Among the 30 participants, 43.3%  were classified as pre-hypertensive, 40% had stage 1 hypertension, 10% experienced a hypertensive crisis, 3.3% had stage 2 hypertension, and only one participant had normal blood pressure. Of the 30 women whose fasting blood glucose levels were measured, 43.3% were classified as pre-diabetic, 23.3% had diabetes mellitus, and 33.3% had normal glucose levels. The participants expressed their hope that future activities would include cholesterol level examinations.

The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease underscores the need for simple, low-cost, and community-applicable screening indicators. This study aimed to evaluate the association between basic anthropometric parameters and blood pressure, metabolic indicators, and renal function among adults in the Badui Luar community. A cross-sectional design was employed involving 41 participants who underwent anthropometric assessment, biochemical measurements, and blood pressure evaluation. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine linear associations between variables. The results demonstrated that neck circumference exhibited significant correlations with dyslipidemia components, including LDL (r = 0.377), TC/HDL ratio (r = 0.516), and HDL (r = –0.433), indicating cervical adiposity as a strong marker of atherogenic risk. Calf circumference showed protective correlations with fasting glucose (r = –0.352) and eGFR (r = 0.322), suggesting the metabolic relevance of peripheral muscle mass in glycemic regulation and renal status. Body mass index showed a weak correlation with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.149), whereas waist and hip circumferences exhibited mild, clinically insignificant correlations with triglycerides and total cholesterol. Overall, these findings highlight that simple anthropometric measures—particularly neck and calf circumference—may serve as early indicators of cardiometabolic and renal risk in community-based screening. Further longitudinal studies with larger and more heterogeneous populations are required to validate these associations and determine the predictive power of anthropometric indicators.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults. Integrated Development Posts for Non-Communicable Diseases (Pos Pembinaan Terpadu Penyakit Tidak Menular / Posbindu PTM) play a crucial role in the early detection of NCD risk factors at the community level. This activity aimed to conduct NCD risk factor screening through the measurement of blood pressure, random blood glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid levels, as well as to provide health consultations for participants of Posbindu Rosella, South Kembangan. The activity was conducted in November 2025 using a descriptive design. A total of 30 Posbindu participants were involved. Health examinations included blood pressure, random blood glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid measurements. Data were analyzed descriptively and classified into normal and abnormal categories based on clinical guidelines. The majority of participants were female (80%), with a mean age of 60.5 ± 9.7 years. The mean systolic blood pressure was within the hypertensive range. Approximately 50% of participants had impaired glucose regulation, 60% experienced hyperuricemia, and 40% had total cholesterol levels classified as borderline or higher.  Health screening activities at Posbindu revealed a high prevalence of NCD risk factors among participants. Posbindu plays an essential role in early detection and community-based prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperglycemia are common health problems among adults and can develop into cardiovascular diseases and diabetes if not detected early. This community service activity was carried out to provide education on risk factors, prevention, and control of cholesterol, uric acid, and blood glucose levels among parents of students at RA Avicenna in Sorong City, as well as to conduct examinations of these three parameters as an early detection effort. The methods used included interactive counseling using presentation media, question-and-answer discussions, and health checks using point-of-care testing (POCT) devices. A total of 23 respondents participated, ranging in age from 22 to 55 years. The results showed that 22 individuals had normal blood glucose levels and 1 individual had high glucose levels. Nine people had normal cholesterol levels, eight were in the borderline category, and six had high cholesterol levels. Five participants had normal uric acid levels, while 18 had elevated uric acid levels, for which additional education and recommendations for further medical examination were provided. In conclusion, educational activities combined with health screening proved effective in increasing community awareness and motivation to prevent NCDs early.

Total cholesterol measurement is essential for assessing cardiovascular risk, but consistency between laboratory instruments must be validated for reliable results. Architect C4000 and Alinity C1000 operate on enzymatic principles but differ in system design, reagents, and supporting technology. This study aimed to compare total cholesterol measurements between the two instruments using a non-parametric statistical approach (Mann-Whitney test). A comparative analytical design was conducted with 100 serum samples obtained via purposive sampling and divided for measurement with each device. Statistical analysis evaluated differences, and mean differences were calculated using the Hodges-Lehman method. Results showed mean cholesterol values of 182.98 mg/dL for Architect and 182.37 mg/dL for Alinity, with no significant difference (p=0.9942) and a median difference of 0.0 (95% CI: -9.0 to 9.0). Data distribution was nearly identical for both instruments in terms of mean and spread. Therefore, both methods demonstrate comparable validity in total cholesterol measurement, as they rely on similar principles and technologies, with reagents calibrated to the same standards.

Errors in the pre-analytical phase are a dominant factor causing inaccurate laboratory test results, including blood serum cholesterol analysis. Pre-examination specimen handling is crucial to ensure the quality of measurement results. This study aimed to compare serum cholesterol levels in blood frozen before centrifugation with those immediately centrifuged. The research method was analytical using a cross-sectional design. A total of 35 respondents were involved, consisting of laboratory staff, emergency room staff, pharmacists, and administration at Sinar Kasih GKST Tentena Hospital. Blood samples were obtained via venipuncture after participants had fasted for 10–12 hours. Each sample was then separated into two groups: those immediately centrifuged and those frozen 20–30 minutes before centrifugation. Data collection was carried out by examining serum cholesterol levels using an Erba Mannheim Chem-7 photometer. The results showed that the average cholesterol level in frozen samples was higher (161.4 mg/dL) compared to samples immediately centrifuged (140.45 mg/dL). The Mann-Whitney statistical test yielded a p-value of 0.006 (p<0.05), indicating a significant difference between the two treatments. This confirms that pre-analytical handling of blood specimens significantly impacts the validity of cholesterol test results. Therefore, careful attention to the pre-analytical stage is essential to ensure the accuracy of laboratory results.

Dyslipidemia is one of the causes of coronary heart disease and stroke. Hypercholesterolemia can cause atherosclerosis. In recent years, there has been an independent risk factor that is an important factor in the presence of blood vessel wall abnormalities, namely homocysteine. Increased homocysteine has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease independently. This study is an observational analytical study using a cross-sectional design with a retrospective approach. The sample used was 33 respondents selected through a total sampling technique The results of the test on the relationship between Lipid Profile and homocysteine using statistical testing methods, namely Spearman's Rho, yielded the following results: there is no significant relationship between Total Cholesterol and homocysteine with a Sig value of 0.791 (>0.05) and a correlation coefficient of 0.048; there is no significant relationship between LDL Cholesterol and homocysteine with a Sig value of 0.272 (>0.05) and a correlation coefficient of -0.197; there is a significant relationship between HDL Cholesterol and homocysteine with a Sig value of 0.004 (<0.05) and a correlation coefficient of -0.487; there is a significant relationship between Triglycerides and Homocysteine with a Sig value of 0.047 (<0.05) and a correlation coefficient of 0.348. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides to homocysteine in patients with Dyslipidemia at Prodia Clinical Laboratory Tangerang. Further research is needed with a larger sample size focusing on the gender and age of the respondents.

Elevated blood cholesterol levels are known to be a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypercholesterolemia can trigger atherosclerosis, which in turn increases the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. One approach to managing cholesterol levels is through the use of natural ingredients with antihyperlipidemic activity. White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc) is an herbal plant long used in traditional medicine and contains bioactive compounds such as curcuminoids and essential oils. These compounds are reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as potential as agents for lowering blood lipid levels. Herbal-based therapies are increasingly considered as safe alternatives to synthetic drugs in managing hyperlipidemia. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a microencapsulated preparation of white turmeric ethanol extract in reducing total cholesterol levels in male rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by a high-fat diet. The study was conducted experimentally using 25 rats divided into six treatment groups. The groups consisted of normal controls, negative controls, positive controls using simvastatin, and three treatment groups given white turmeric extract microcapsules at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%. The microencapsulation technique was applied to improve the stability and bioavailability of the turmeric extract. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after treatment. The results showed that the treatment group with the 0.25% concentration produced the most significant cholesterol reduction, from 110 mg/dL to 59 mg/dL. These findings indicate that even at a relatively low concentration, microencapsulated turmeric extract can significantly reduce cholesterol levels in vivo. Therefore, it can be concluded that white turmeric extract in microcapsule form is effective in lowering total cholesterol levels, especially at the 0.25% dose. This suggests that Curcuma zedoaria microcapsules hold promise as a natural therapeutic option for managing hypercholesterolemia and reducing cardiovascular risk.  

Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) accompanied by decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This condition is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and stroke. One plant with potential as an antidyslipidemic agent is bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum). These leaves are known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and polyphenols that have antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. The potential of natural compounds from medicinal plants to reduce blood cholesterol levels has gained significant attention in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of microencapsulated ethanol extract of bay leaves in reducing total cholesterol levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by a high-cholesterol diet. The experimental study design employed was a laboratory-based true experimental method with a post-test control group design. A total of 25 male rats were used and divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (high cholesterol diet without therapy), positive control (simvastatin), and three groups treated with bay leaf extract microencapsulates at doses of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The treatment was given for 14 days, then total cholesterol levels were measured using an enzymatic method. The results showed that the group with a dose of 0.75% experienced the highest decrease in total cholesterol levels, namely -70 mg/dL, greater than the simvastatin group (-49 mg/dL). Statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed a significant difference compared to the negative control (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the 0.75% dose of microencapsulated Syzygium polyanthum extract demonstrated an effect equal to or greater than simvastatin. Thus, it can be concluded that bay leaf ethanol extract microencapsulates are effective in reducing total cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. This suggests that Syzygium polyanthum microencapsulation has the potential to be developed as an alternative phytotherapy for cholesterol reduction.

Dyslipidemia is a health problem characterized by impaired fat metabolism in the body, characterized by changes in blood lipid levels, either increasing or decreasing. This condition is generally seen through increased levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This imbalance in the lipid profile, if persisted over the long term, has the potential to accelerate the formation of atherosclerotic plaque on artery walls, which can lead to cardiovascular disease. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of papaya leaf (Carica papaya L.) ethanol extract microcapsules in reducing cholesterol levels in white rats induced by a high-fat diet. The high-fat diet is formulated from a mixture of beef fat, eggs, and lard to increase cholesterol levels in a controlled manner. After the induction phase, the rats were divided into six treatment groups: a negative control group, a positive control group (simvastatin 0.36 mg), and three treatment groups with doses of papaya leaf ethanol extract microcapsules of 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%. The treatment was given orally for 14 consecutive days. Total cholesterol levels were measured before and after treatment to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. The results showed that administration of papaya leaf extract microcapsules significantly reduced cholesterol levels. The 0.50% dose provided the most optimal effect, with a reduction reaching 77 mg/dL, greater than the simvastatin group. However, increasing the dose to 0.75% did not show a significant additional reduction effect, indicating an optimal dose-response point. Therefore, the 0.50% concentration can be considered the most effective dose and has the potential to be developed as an alternative natural cholesterol-lowering therapy. These findings also strengthen the potential use of papaya leaves as a bioactive source to support efforts to prevent and control dyslipidemia.  

Hypertension is a chronic clinical condition characterized by persistently elevated blood pressure above normal physiological limits and is a major global health concern due to its strong association with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. One important contributing factor to hypertension is hypercholesterolemia, or an abnormal increase in total cholesterol levels in the blood. Elevated cholesterol concentrations may accelerate arterial stiffness and increase vascular resistance, thereby worsening blood pressure regulation. This study aimed to describe the relationship between blood pressure status and total cholesterol levels among productive-age individuals diagnosed with hypertension. The study was conducted in July 2023 using a descriptive design. A total of 30 hypertensive respondents within the productive age range were selected through accidental sampling. Data collection involved direct measurement of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and assessment of total cholesterol levels through standard clinical procedures. The results showed that the majority of respondents were categorized as having Stage 1 hypertension. With regard to cholesterol profiles, 16 respondents (53%) exhibited normal cholesterol levels, 9 respondents (30%) had borderline high cholesterol levels, and 5 respondents (17%) were classified as having high cholesterol levels. These findings suggest that most hypertensive individuals in the productive age category present with cholesterol levels ranging from normal to borderline high, although a smaller proportion already experience clinically high cholesterol concentrations. The study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of both blood pressure and lipid profiles in productive-age individuals to prevent progression to more severe cardiovascular complications. Lifestyle modification remains a cornerstone in hypertension management, particularly increasing physical activity, adopting a balanced diet low in saturated fats, and maintaining good sleep hygiene. Such preventive strategies can help reduce the dual burden of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, ultimately lowering the risk of long-term cardiovascular disease.

Dyslipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by an increase or decrease in blood plasma fat levels. This condition includes high levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides, as well as decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In general, dyslipidemia is divided into two types: primary, which is influenced by genetic factors, and secondary, which is caused by other diseases or an unhealthy lifestyle. Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, making its prevention and treatment very important. In this study, male white mice were used and induced with a high-fat diet to trigger dyslipidemia. The test animals were then divided into six groups: a negative control, a positive control (given simvastatin at a dose of 0.36 mL/day), and three treatment groups with microcapsules of Chinese betel leaf herb ethanol extract (EEHSC) at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. The treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after treatment using a digital cholesterol tester and laboratory analysis to ensure more accurate results. The results showed a decrease in cholesterol levels with varying percentages in each group. The negative control decreased by 24.8%, the positive control by 36.1%, the 0.25% EEHSC by 24.1%, the 0.5% EEHSC by 34.7%, and the 0.75% EEHSC by 45.5%. This indicates that the 0.5% EEHSC treatment produced cholesterol reductions almost comparable to simvastatin. Interestingly, the highest effect was observed in the 0.75% group, indicating a dose-dependent response. In contrast, the 0.25% concentration only produced a less than optimal effect. Thus, microcapsules of ethanol extract of the Chinese betel leaf herb have potential as an alternative agent for lowering cholesterol levels, particularly in dyslipidemia. These findings suggest that natural-based therapies could complement conventional treatments in managing lipid disorders.

Excessive fat consumption can lead to increased cholesterol levels in the body, which in turn can trigger various serious health problems, including heart disease, blood vessel blockage, and even stroke. Blood cholesterol consists of two main types: LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as bad cholesterol, and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol, which plays a role in transporting cholesterol from the blood vessels to the liver for excretion. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels can cause plaque buildup on blood vessel walls, which narrows blood flow and increases the risk of various cardiovascular diseases. One method considered effective for lowering LDL cholesterol levels in the blood is by consuming phytosterols, compounds found naturally in various types of plants. Phytosterols have a structure similar to cholesterol and can compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestine. This results in a decrease in the amount of cholesterol entering the body, thereby reducing total cholesterol levels and especially LDL cholesterol in the blood. Research shows that giving food or supplements containing about 3 grams of phytosterols per day to human subjects can reduce LDL cholesterol levels by up to 15%. Furthermore, phytosterols directly isolated from plants, such as green beans, have also been shown to significantly lower LDL cholesterol levels. Studies in mice fed phytosterols isolated from green beans showed a reduction in blood LDL cholesterol levels of more than 30%. This demonstrates the potential of phytosterols as a natural ingredient that can be used to support cholesterol management in the body. Although phytosterols have significant potential in lowering cholesterol levels, it is important to remember that consuming supplements or foods containing phytosterols should be done under the supervision and recommendation of a medical professional, especially for individuals with certain medical conditions or who are taking medications.  

Black sticky rice tapai is a traditional Indonesian fermented food that has long been consumed by the public for its distinctive taste and high cultural value. However, with the increasing demand for functional foods and natural-based products that can support health, attention for black sticky rice tapai has shifted from being simply a traditional food to an object of scientific study in the nutraceutical field. Black sticky rice, the basic ingredient for tapai, contains important bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, B-complex vitamins, and soluble fiber, which have been shown to play a role in lowering cholesterol levels, inhibiting LDL cholesterol oxidation, and increasing HDL cholesterol levels in the blood. The fermentation process further enhances the biological activity of these compounds, making black sticky rice tapai have a higher therapeutic value than ordinary black sticky rice. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of black sticky rice tapai as a natural, tradition-based solution for lowering cholesterol levels, while also supporting the development of local foods into modern health products that are safe, effective, and affordable. The study was conducted using a descriptive literature review method of various scientific articles, textbooks, and relevant research results that discuss the nutritional content of black sticky rice, the benefits of fermentation, and the effect of active components on lipid metabolism. The study results show that regular consumption of black glutinous rice tapai has the potential to lower total and LDL cholesterol levels and increase HDL through a combination of antioxidant effects, cholesterol binding by fiber, and increased fat excretion. In addition, the potential of black glutinous rice tapai as a nutraceutical is also relevant in supporting the preservation of local-based culture and food independence.

Successful development encompasses various aspects of community life and cannot be separated from progress in the health sector. Health is one of the key indicators in determining the quality of life of a population. Therefore, attention to health—especially for vulnerable groups such as the elderly—is of great importance. Regular health check-ups serve as a preventive measure to help the community detect illnesses early and encourage individuals to take an active role in maintaining their own health. Several types of examinations are commonly provided free of charge during community service activities, including blood pressure checks, random blood glucose tests, uric acid level tests, and cholesterol level screenings. These health checks are especially beneficial for the elderly, as they help monitor overall health conditions and enable early management of diseases to prevent further complications. In this activity, a total of 40 elderly individuals voluntarily participated in the health screening. The methods used included health education sessions and direct examinations of blood pressure, uric acid levels, and random blood glucose levels. The counseling was delivered using simple and clear language, and it included a question-and-answer session to help participants better understand the information provided. The results of the examinations showed that some of the elderly participants had high blood pressure and elevated blood glucose levels, which led to recommendations for follow-up visits to nearby healthcare facilities. Through this health screening initiative, the overall health quality of the elderly participants improved, and their awareness of the importance of early detection increased. This activity is expected to motivate the broader community to pay more attention to their health and to undergo regular health check-ups. By taking a proactive role in managing their well-being, individuals can reduce the risk of serious complications in the future and contribute to the creation of a healthier society overall.

Diabetic foot ulcers represent one of the most serious long-term complications associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, often contributing to increased rates of morbidity and mortality, while significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Among the various underlying causes, peripheral neuropathy and vascular disorders (vasculopathy) are frequently linked to dyslipidemia. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, along with the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A descriptive retrospective approach was used by analyzing medical record data collected from Dr. H. Chasan Boesoirie General Hospital in Ternate. The findings indicated that the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes were aged 45 years or older (80%) and were predominantly female (60%). In terms of lipid profiles, most patients exhibited normal total cholesterol levels (82.2%) and normal triglyceride levels (51.1%). Despite these normal lipid values, a significant portion of the patients (53.3%) were identified as being at risk of developing diabetic foot ulcers. These results suggest that while dyslipidemia is commonly implicated in the development of diabetic foot complications, normal lipid levels do not necessarily eliminate the risk. The study concludes that the typical profile of type 2 DM patients includes those aged ≥ 45 years, females, and individuals with normal cholesterol and triglyceride levels who are still susceptible to diabetic foot ulcers. This highlights the multifactorial nature of diabetic foot ulcer development and underscores the importance of comprehensive risk assessments beyond lipid profile evaluation alone in diabetic patient care.

Imbalance of body lipid levels, especially total cholesterol and HDL, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disorders. A simple lipid profile examination can be used to detect potential atherogenic dyslipidemia that has not shown clinical symptoms. Total cholesterol and HDL levels were examined in 104 participants using the Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) technique. Education was provided individually using leaflets, which contained information on the effects of saturated fat and trans fat consumption, and the importance of unsaturated fat and fiber intake on lipid profiles. Most participants had total cholesterol levels within normal limits. However, more than half of the population showed low to very low HDL levels, indicating hidden metabolic risks. Dietary education was provided in a targeted manner according to the results of each participant's examination. Total cholesterol and HDL examinations were used to assess the risk of lipid disorders early on. Nutrition education based on examination results is useful in raising awareness of the importance of regulating diet to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications.

Dyslipidemia is one of the most common metabolic disorders among the productive-age population and plays a major role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease and stroke. This condition often remains asymptomatic in its early stages, making regular monitoring of cholesterol and HDL levels a critical step in the early detection of atherosclerosis risk. Community-based screening programs revealed that 42.25% of participants had elevated total cholesterol levels, while 26.76% had very low HDL levels and 43.66% had low HDL levels. These findings highlight the urgency of early detection of dyslipidemia to prevent long-term complications that may impair individual quality of life. Through timely interventions involving nutritional education, dietary modifications, and increased physical activity, blood lipid levels can be effectively managed to prevent the progression of cardiometabolic disease and support long-term heart health.

Nutritional problems such as obesity warrant serious attention, due to their potential to contribute to various other health complications. One modifiable factor associated with obesity that can be targeted through intervention is dietary pattern, including adoption of vegetarian diet. Several previous studies have suggested that vegetarian diets may be effective in promoting weight loss. This study aims to examine the potential role of vegetarian diets in the management of obesity. The method employed in a literature review of relevant studies published within the last ten years. The findings indicate that vegetarian diets are effective in reducing body weight, insulin resistance, blood glucose levels, trimethylamin N-oxide (TMAO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol levels. Additionally, they are associated with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and improvements in lipid profiles, as well as kidney and liver function. Nevertheless, the implementation of vegetarian diets among individuals with obesity should be carefully supervised and planned by qualified professionals to minimize the risk of nutritional deficiencies.