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The rapid growth of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) installations in Indonesia faces efficiency challenges due to the continuously changing position of the sun. Fixed panel systems cannot absorb solar radiation optimally throughout the day. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of various solar tracking system methods developed over the last five years using a simple literature review approach. The research method was conducted by collecting, screening, and synthesizing secondary data from five reputable scientific journals using a synthesis matrix. The review results indicate that single-axis tracking systems increase power efficiency by 15% to 24.5%. Meanwhile, dual-axis systems achieve higher efficiency, ranging from 30% to 35%, by tracking both horizontal and vertical solar movements. In terms of control systems, astronomical algorithms are found to be more reliable in cloudy weather conditions than pure light sensors. However, the internal power consumption of the actuator motors remains a critical factor that can reduce the system's net energy gain. The implication of this study emphasizes the importance of shifting future research focus toward energy-saving algorithm optimization to maximize net power yield in dynamic solar panel implementations.

Penerangan Jalan Raya Umum Tenaga Surya / solar cell (PJUTS) adalah alternatif yang digunakan sebagai sumber energi listrik. Cahaya matahari adalah sumber energi yang sangat penting dimana panel surya menerima cahaya matahari dengan kemudian diubah menjadi energi listrik melalui proses photovoltaic. Lampu penerangan di kampung / di area jalan Tubanan Baru Surabaya masih terdapat ruas jalan yang masih kurang pencahayaan / penerangan terutama saat malam hari, oleh karena itu diperlukan rancangan PJUTS. Metode digunakan dengan cara kuantitatif dari sumber yang diperoleh. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui sudut kemiringan stang ornamen, menentukan jenis tiang, perhitungan daya lampu berbasis LED, intensitas cahaya sebesar 353,3 cd, efisien cahaya K=1,401 dan efikasi cahaya 104,65 lm/watt.

This study aims to design and implement a simple solar panel-based battery charging system equipped with protection and voltage limiting circuits. The study was conducted to address the limitations of a direct solar panel-to-battery connection, which may cause short-circuit risk, reverse current, unstable charging voltage, and excessive battery charging. This research used a design-based experimental approach. The system was developed by preparing a block diagram, dividing it into several functional sub-blocks, and implementing the design into an electronic circuit. The main circuit sections consisted of solar panel protection, voltage limiter, interlocking circuit breaker, power regulator, and voltage divider. The assembled circuit was tested through real-time measurement by observing solar panel output voltage under different time and sky conditions and measuring battery charging time from different initial voltage levels. The results show that the solar panel output voltage varied according to time and weather condition. The lowest measured voltage was 15.0 V under cloudy conditions, while the highest measured voltage was 25.2 V under clear sky conditions around midday. The battery charging test showed that lower initial battery voltage required longer charging time, while voltage closer to the target level required shorter charging time. The evaluation was limited to voltage measurement and charging time; charging current, battery temperature, solar irradiance, and charging efficiency were not measured in detail. The proposed system can be applied for small-scale solar charging, educational practice, and basic renewable energy experiments. The study offers a practical circuit model that integrates protection, interlocking, voltage limiting, and regulation functions using simple and accessible electronic components.

The increasing demand for electrical energy in military education facilities necessitates an efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy solution. This research aims to design a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) system to meet the street lighting needs in the Wangi-Wangi Complex of the Indonesian Naval Academy (AAL). The research method used is quantitative descriptive with an engineering design approach thru the stages of site survey, collection of solar energy potential data in the Surabaya area, calculation of electricity energy needs, calculation of solar panel capacity, calculation of battery capacity, and design of battery connection configuration. The research results show that the energy requirement for street lighting is 1,920 Wh/day, sourced from 8 units of 20 Watt LED lamps with an operating time of 12 hours per day. Based on the average solar radiation potential in Surabaya of 5 kWh/m²/day, the designed system requires 3 units of 200 Wp monocrystalline solar panels with a total area of approximately 4.89 m². For energy storage, 4 units of Yuasa N200 12 V 200 Ah batteries are used, configured in a series-parallel arrangement, capable of providing an effective energy of around 3,600 Wh with an estimated operating time of 22.5 hours. The research results indicate that the proposed solar power plant design is feasible to implement as an environmentally friendly, efficient alternative energy source that supports the green defense concept in the AAL environment.

The fish pond farming sector plays a vital role in supporting the local economy; however, fish pond farmers’ incomes remain highly volatile due to fluctuations in production, operational costs, and water quality. This study aims to analyze the income dynamics of milkfish pond farmers and examine the impact of technology adoption on income growth. The method used is System Dynamics, involving the creation of a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) and a Stock and Flow Diagram, simulated using STELLA software. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and literature review. The results indicate that water quality and fish mortality rates significantly affect production and income. The application of technology helps maintain water quality, thereby stabilizing production. Additionally, the use of alternative energy sources such as solar panels can reduce operational costs. Simulation results indicate that the combination of technology and energy efficiency yields a more optimal increase in profits compared to the initial conditions. This study demonstrates that the application of technology can enhance the income of milkfish pond farmers in a more effective and sustainable manner.

Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is an important parameter in oceanographic studies because it influences climate dynamics, ocean circulation, and marine ecosystems. Continuous monitoring of SST in open sea areas requires a reliable system capable of operating autonomously. This study develops a solar-powered ocean buoy designed to measure sea surface temperature while simultaneously evaluating the performance of a solar panel as the main energy source. The system uses a DS18B20 sensor to measure SST and an INA219 sensor to monitor the voltage, current, and power of the solar panel, while an ESP32 microcontroller functions as the central data processing unit. The results show that sea surface temperature tends to remain relatively stable with small daily variations, whereas the temperature and performance of the solar panel exhibit larger fluctuations due to direct exposure to solar radiation and changing weather conditions. Solar panel performance also shows significant variations in current and power depending on the intensity of sunlight. To analyze the influence of SST variations on solar panel performance, a statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted. The ANOVA results, based on the calculated F-value and the significance value (p-value) at a confidence level of α = 0.05, indicate that SST variations have a significant effect on solar panel performance, demonstrating that the proposed solar-powered buoy system can operate autonomously and has potential for long-term SST monitoring in offshore areas.

Gununganyar Reservoir in Tuban Regency is one of the reservoirs used as a source of livelihood for the local community. However, further development and utilization of Gununganyar Reservoir have yet to be undertaken. The development of a small-scale floating Photovoltaic Solar Power Plant (floating solar panels) at Gununganyar Reservoir, aimed at providing an alternative and renewable energy source for operating raw water pumps and for supporting the Gununganyar Nature Tourism (WAG) initiative, constitutes an innovative and strategic effort to enhance energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in rural areas. This study focuses on the design and performance assessment of a floating solar panel system constructed with processed bamboo as an alternative floating material replacing HDPE, while integrating local wisdom and environmental conservation principles to minimize the reservoir’s carbon footprint. The methodology employs a simple quantitative approach combined with a literature review of relevant studies. Based on the analysis, the design of this small-scale floating solar panel system utilizes a 170 Wp off-grid solar module mounted at a tilt angle of approximately 7,1°, capable of generating a peak power output exceeding 2,962 kWp and supported by a battery capacity of  328,33 Ah. The implementation of these floating solar panels is expected to serve as a model for reservoir development by promoting energy self-sufficiency, stimulating local economic growth, and contributing to the achievement of net zero emissions by 2060.

The lack of street lighting infrastructure on the connecting roads between hamlets in Tepansari Village hinders community mobility and increases security risks at night. This community service program aims to implement Solar Power Street Lighting (PJUTS) technology as a renewable energy solution while building infrastructure independence through community empowerment. The implementation method uses the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach which includes five stages: discovery, design, define, delivery, and destiny. The program involved a collaboration between 7 KPM students, 2 village officials, and 10 local residents. The results of the service show that two PJUTS units have been successfully installed at strategic points and are functioning optimally independently without the burden of village electricity costs. In addition to physical outputs, this activity succeeded in increasing the technical capacity of residents in preventive maintenance of solar panel and battery components through a learning-by-doing process. The immediate impact felt by the community is an increased sense of security and mobility comfort, which supports social-religious and economic activities at night. This program proves that the integration of appropriate technology and participatory empowerment is an effective strategy in realizing sustainable rural infrastructure independence in accordance with SDGs point 7 targets.

This study aims to analyze the feasibility of implementing Solar-Powered Street Lighting (PJUTS) as an alternative lighting solution in Campus C of UNINDRA PGRI. The background of this research is driven by the high operational electricity costs of the existing conventional street lighting system and the need to transition toward clean energy. The analysis methods include a technical comparison of off-grid systems, an economic evaluation based on cost savings, and an assessment of environmental impacts. The technical analysis indicates that PJUTS is highly feasible due to its ability to operate independently without reliance on the national electricity grid, thereby ensuring lighting continuity during power outages. From an economic perspective, although the initial investment (CAPEX) is higher than that of conventional street lighting, the project is considered feasible as it eliminates monthly electricity bills permanently, resulting in long-term budget efficiency and financial benefits. The Payback Period analysis shows that the initial investment can be recovered through cumulative operational cost savings. Environmentally, the implementation of PJUTS significantly contributes to carbon emission reduction and supports the Green Campus vision through the utilization of renewable energy. Overall, the transformation of the existing street lighting system into PJUTS represents a strategic and feasible initiative that fulfills effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability criteria.

Model ini diaplikasikan pada Perumahan Green pakis Regency  (PT. Altofindo Sentosa) melalui proses simulasi, berkonsep “Green Area berwawasan lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Hal ini sesuai dengan Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 yaitu melindungi lingkungan hidup dan mendukung implementasi target SDGs yang terkait dengan lingkungan, memberikan ruang lebih pada kawasan hijau, menggunakan energi berwawasan yang tidak memicu terjadinya lonjakan carbon, penggunaan material ramah lingkungan. Konsep perencanaan site plan mempertimbangkan kawasan rumah sehat yaitu memberi porsi yang cukup terhadap  ventilasi, pencahayaan, kepadatan hunian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini dengan program “Excel RAB-Pro” mendapatkan model site plan perumahan yang optimal, dari instrumen biaya  perumahan. Metode Penelitian adalah model simulasi site plan dengan merencanakan 3 alternatif untuk rumah type 40, 45, 70 (1 lantai), 68 dan78 (2 lantai) dan Ruko type 90 (2 lantai). Ketiga alternatif site plan tersebut kita ajukan ke perijinan untuk diproses, dievaluasi yang hasilnya ditetapkan satu untuk disetujui dan disyahkan untuk diaplikasikan ke proyek. Instrumen dari biaya meliputi  : biaya tidak langsung, biaya langsung, profit dan biaya penambahan SDGs meliputi eco drainage berupa sumur resapan, penggunaan material sirap dari kayu merbau untuk atap bangunan masjid, penggunaan energi ramah lingkungan untuk penerangan jalan solar panel dan solar water heater yaitu pemanfaatan energi matahari guna memanaskan air untuk kamar mandi.

The advancement of automotive technology has accelerated the adoption of renewable‑energy‑based electric vehicles, including the integration of solar panels on electric scooters. Indonesia’s tropical climate provides abundant solar energy potential; however, the limited surface area of scooters often restricts panel placement to the footrest section. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using a 10 mm clear acrylic cover on the performance of a 50 Wp monocrystalline solar panel in an electric scooter battery‑charging system. An experimental method was employed by comparing the panel’s performance under two conditions: without a cover and with the acrylic cover installed. Key parameters observed included voltage, current, and charging power, recorded using a data logger. Tests were conducted for 30 minutes under varying solar radiation intensities. The results indicate that the acrylic cover reduces the panel’s output power, from 55 W to 45 W at a solar radiation intensity of approximately 1100 W/m². These findings suggest that the use of an acrylic cover must be carefully considered to maintain optimal charging system performance.

The advancement of automotive technology has accelerated the adoption of renewable‑energy‑based electric vehicles, including the integration of solar panels on electric scooters. Indonesia’s tropical climate provides abundant solar energy potential; however, the limited surface area of scooters often restricts panel placement to the footrest section. This study aims to evaluate the impact of using a 10 mm clear acrylic cover on the performance of a 50 Wp monocrystalline solar panel in an electric scooter battery‑charging system. An experimental method was employed by comparing the panel’s performance under two conditions: without a cover and with the acrylic cover installed. Key parameters observed included voltage, current, and charging power, recorded using a data logger. Tests were conducted for 30 minutes under varying solar radiation intensities. The results indicate that the acrylic cover reduces the panel’s output power, from 55 W to 45 W at a solar radiation intensity of approximately 1100 W/m². These findings suggest that the use of an acrylic cover must be carefully considered to maintain optimal charging system performance.

This study aims to design and test a Dual Axis Solar Tracker to improve the energy absorption efficiency of solar panels on ships. The system is designed with a two-axis movement mechanism (horizontal and vertical) using a linear actuator motor controlled by Arduino Nano and ESP32. Testing was conducted on a 20 WP solar panel in Surabaya for 30 days, divided into three methods: 10 days using an LDR sensor, 10 days using an RTC, and 10 days in static conditions without a sensor. Voltage, current, and power data were measured every 30 minutes at 07.00–17.00 WIB. The test results show that the RTC method provides the highest and most stable output power, according to the sun's movement patterns in tropical areas, while the LDR method responds quickly to changes in light intensity but is less stable in changing weather. Static installation produces the lowest power. This system is able to maintain the panel orientation perpendicular to the sun's rays, thus increasing energy efficiency compared to static systems. These findings prove that dual-axis solar tracker technology, especially with an RTC sensor, is effective in dynamic maritime environments and can be a practical solution for optimizing renewable energy on ships. The most effective results using RTC sensors demonstrated the most stable and high power output, especially since the sun in tropical areas like Surabaya moves fairly consistently following a cyclical pattern. The success of this system not only increases the energy output of solar panels but also provides a practical solution for renewable energy applications in tropical climates.

This community service program was carried out to enhance the technological literacy of residents in Telang Sari Village through the introduction of an automated street lighting system based on sensor technology. The system presented to the community utilizes an Arduino microcontroller integrated with an LDR sensor to detect light intensity and an ultrasonic sensor to identify the presence of nearby objects. With this configuration, the street lights operate automatically: they turn on when the environment becomes dark and an object is detected, and turn off when the surroundings are bright or no activity is detected in the sensing area. The program activities included device installation, technical explanation, and a live demonstration to ensure that residents comprehended its functions and benefits. Additionally, the use of solar panels was introduced as an alternative power source to support sustainable operation without relying on grid electricity. The results of the program showed a positive response from the community, as the system was considered effective in improving nighttime safety, reducing energy consumption, and requiring minimal maintenance. Overall, this activity successfully increased public understanding of automation technology and renewable energy applications suitable for rural community development.

This community service program was carried out to enhance the technological literacy of residents in Telang Sari Village through the introduction of an automated street lighting system based on sensor technology. The system presented to the community utilizes an Arduino microcontroller integrated with an LDR sensor to detect light intensity and an ultrasonic sensor to identify the presence of nearby objects. With this configuration, the street lights operate automatically: they turn on when the environment becomes dark and an object is detected, and turn off when the surroundings are bright or no activity is detected in the sensing area. The program activities included device installation, technical explanation, and a live demonstration to ensure that residents comprehended its functions and benefits. Additionally, the use of solar panels was introduced as an alternative power source to support sustainable operation without relying on grid electricity. The results of the program showed a positive response from the community, as the system was considered effective in improving nighttime safety, reducing energy consumption, and requiring minimal maintenance. Overall, this activity successfully increased public understanding of automation technology and renewable energy applications suitable for rural community development.

The development of renewable energy, particularly Solar Power Plants (PV), requires a reliable, real-time, and easily accessible electrical energy monitoring system to ensure optimal system performance. This study aims to design and implement an Internet of Things (IoT)-based electrical energy monitoring system for PV using the NodeMCU ESP32 microcontroller, the PZEM-004T sensor for measuring electrical parameters, and the Node-RED platform as the data visualization interface. The developed system is designed to monitor voltage, current, power, energy, frequency, and power loss in real time, and then display the data in the form of numerical values, graphs, and indicators on a dashboard accessible through a local network. The research method includes hardware design, software development (sensor reading, data processing, and communication), integration with Node-RED, and system testing on a small-scale PV installation. The test results show that the system is capable of monitoring electrical parameters in a stable and responsive manner. Variations in sunlight intensity were found to affect the current and power produced by the solar panels, whereas the inverter output voltage tended to remain within normal operating ranges. The Node-RED dashboard display was considered informative and helpful for users in monitoring and analyzing PV performance. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the IoT-based electrical energy monitoring system designed in this study functions well and is feasible for application in residential or educational-scale PV installations. The system still has the potential for further development through cloud service integration, the addition of environmental sensors, and enhancements to data analysis features and user interface design.

The increasing global energy demand drives the search for efficient and sustainable renewable energy solutions. Solar panels have become one of the most widely used technologies; however, their efficiency remains limited when installed in a static position. This research aims to analyze the performance of a single-axis auto tracking system on a 10WP solar panel integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring, specifically in powering a portable powerbank. The research method employed was a quantitative experimental design with three testing scenarios: powerbank charging using an auto-tracking solar panel, a static solar panel, and conventional household electricity as a comparison. Charging data were collected via an IoT system integrated with the Blynk application in real-time. The results indicate that the auto-tracking system increased charging efficiency by around 10%, compared to only 6% with a static panel in one hour. This performance is nearly equal to household electricity charging, which reached approximately 10–11%. The study concludes that the single-axis IoT-based auto-tracking system significantly enhances the performance of small-scale solar panels and holds strong potential for portable energy solutions in remote areas.

The problems in rice fields are complex and varied, depending on geographic location, rice variety, and growing season. Pests often cause serious economic losses. The Solar Sonic Repeller is an innovative portable pest control device designed to address pest problems by utilizing renewable energy, specifically solar energy. This product aims to offer an environmentally friendly and efficient solution. It works by emitting ultrasonic sound waves with a frequency of 30,000–40,000 Hz. The device's advantages lie in its portability and energy independence, thanks to the use of a charging module powered by an integrated photovoltaic (PV) panel with automatic battery charging during the day. The first test measured the output frequency using an oscilloscope to verify that the oscillator circuit produced waves at the specified frequency. The second test measured the device's effectiveness by examining the pest response to the device at various distances. This test was effective within a maximum radius of approximately 14 m from the center point, covering a rice field area of ​​250 m2.

Power transformer theft, a pervasive issue disrupting critical infrastructure, necessitates the development of cost-effective and energy-autonomous security solutions. This paper presents the design and implementation of a detection-focused anti-theft framework that integrates a Raspberry Pi Zero W, camera module, and passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors powered by a solar system for continuous monitoring. The system is designed for remote, off-grid deployment, utilizing a headless Raspberry Pi powered by a 5V solar panel and power bank to ensure energy autonomy. Upon motion detection, captured images are processed on the edge device using OpenCV’s Haar Cascade classifier, optimized for upper-body detection to minimize false positives and verify human presence. Captured images are processed locally on the edge device using OpenCV’s Haar Cascade classifier to confirm human presence before an alert is sent to the mobile application, emphasizing real-time operation and low latency. Once an intrusion is confirmed, the images are saved locally and uploaded via the Secure File Transfer Protocol to a custom-developed Android application. The app provides a dedicated remote monitoring interface, enabling secure file transfer and system access, while providing users with immediate notifications and image management capabilities. The system emphasizes low power consumption, real-time operation, and low deployment cost. Tests over 200 triggered events under varied environmental conditions achieved 90% detection accuracy with an average latency of 4.5 s. Solar autonomy was maintained for approximately 24 h under normal operation. It is concluded that the integration of solar power, edge computing of images, and mobile monitoring provides a feasible, scalable, and financially viable framework for securing transformers, especially in resource-constrained environments.

The Indonesian Naval Academy (AAL) as a military educational institution requires a large electricity supply to support its operational activities, including in the Sapudi Building of the Engineering Department. This study aims to design a solar energy system to supply the electricity needs for lighting in the building. The method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Data collection was conducted through direct observation of building conditions, electrical equipment, and solar radiation intensity data in Surabaya. The research results show that the total electricity requirement for lighting in the Sapudi Building is 4.686 kW with a total of 143 lights (96 neon lights and 47 light bulbs). Based on calculations with an average solar radiation of 5.00 kWh/m²/day, the designed system requires 41 units of Solar PV Lesso HPM 550W panel type with 21.3% efficiency and 9 units of Panasonic LC-P12100NA batteries with a capacity of 100Ah arranged in 3 series and 3 parallel configurations. This study proves that the utilization of solar energy can be an efficient and sustainable alternative solution to reduce dependence on conventional electricity in the AAL environment, while supporting the implementation of renewable energy in Indonesian military institutions.