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Microplastics are extremely small plastic particles that have become a major concern in public health and environmental studies. This literature review aims to discuss the sources of microplastics, their routes of exposure to the human body, their distribution in organs, and their potential health impacts. The method used was a literature review of scientific articles and reports published from 2021 onward, retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official websites of organizations such as the WHO, OECD, and the World Bank. The review findings show that microplastics originate from plastic waste, synthetic clothing, cosmetics, vehicle tires, and food packaging. These particles have been detected in blood, lungs, the placenta, feces, and various human tissues, indicating that human exposure is widespread. However, evidence from human studies is still limited, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot yet be confirmed with certainty. Based on these findings, further research is needed to better understand the long-term health effects of microplastics. In addition, efforts to reduce single-use plastics, improve waste management systems, and increase public education are essential to reduce exposure and prevent future health risks.

Coffee husk is an agro-industrial waste with significant potential to be utilized as a renewable energy source through the fast pyrolysis process. This study aims to analyze and optimize gas production from the fast pyrolysis of coffee husk biomass using a screw reactor through single-particle-based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulations were conducted by varying the operating temperature at 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C to examine pressure distribution, heat transfer, particle temperature, and the formation of pyrolysis products, namely bio-oil, biogas, and biochar. The modeling was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2 with a numerical approach to represent thermal phenomena and biomass decomposition reactions during the pyrolysis process. The simulation results indicate that increasing temperature significantly affects the rate of heat transfer and the temperature distribution of coffee husk particles. At 600°C, heat transfer and temperature distribution are more uniform compared to 500°C, although heating at the particle core is not yet fully optimal. The pressure distribution shows a stable flow of pyrolysis gas from the bottom to the top of the reactor. In terms of products, increasing temperature leads to a reduction in biochar and bio-oil formation due to the occurrence of secondary reactions, while biogas production increases. The highest gas production is achieved at 700°C, indicating the most optimal condition for maximizing gas yield from fast pyrolysis. Therefore, single-particle-based CFD simulation can be used as an effective tool to understand pyrolysis mechanisms and optimize process parameters in a screw reactor.

The waning enthusiasm for preserving the nation's wealth, one of which is regional languages, has become a serious problem that has occurred in recent years. However, only a few Indonesian people are aware of it. Regional languages, especially Serang Javanese, are on the verge of extinction. According to the data obtained, there are three million speakers of Serang Javanese, while the majority of Jaseng (Serang Javanese) speakers are in Cilegon, Serang and a small number in Tangerang, Banten Province. Unfortunately, Banten Javanese language users are starting to be eroded by the progress of the times, people are more in favor of slang communication, South Jakarta language, and the influence of other foreign languages. If the number of speakers decreases from before, it is possible that in the next few years the Jaseng language will experience extinction, which will result in the loss of the local wisdom of the people of Serang district. The good news is that the role of social media, which does not always have a negative impact on society, is actually one of the savior media in preventing the extinction of regional languages. One of them was proven by the owner of an influencer Instagram account from Serang who planned to create content that speaks the Serang Javanese language even though it is part of the code-mixing phenomenon. This research aims to reveal every content with the concept of the code-mixing phenomenon in Mang Aplen's Instagram account in detail, starting from the words, phrases and particles used in the communication. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method which is carried out by analyzing data obtained from speech on Instagram content. The results obtained from this analysis are that there are several single words, phrases, affixes, word repetitions and particles of the Serang Javanese language, dialects and customary activities of the Serang Banten people in the context of entertainment, which are very popular with the community, which reflects the maintenance of the Serang Javanese language. and the local wisdom of the Serang Regency community, this is believed to be able to build community enthusiasm in maintaining the Jaseng language and the local wisdom of the Serang community so that it remains sustainable and strong.

Microplastic exposure in healthcare workers is a growing concern, yet it remains underexplored, especially in the context of their multifaceted exposure pathways. This study aims to quantify the exposure of healthcare workers to microplastics through three primary pathways: occupational, environmental, and dietary. By adopting a One-Health approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health sectors, this research assesses microplastic levels across hospital settings, comparing clinical and non-clinical staff. The study found that healthcare workers, particularly those working in clinical departments like laboratories and physiotherapy, had a 35% higher exposure rate to microplastics compared to non-clinical staff. Occupational exposure was linked to direct contact with medical disposables and contaminated surfaces, while environmental exposure primarily occurred through airborne particles and dust. Dietary exposure, especially from seafood and plastic-packaged foods, contributed significantly to the overall exposure. The findings highlight the importance of considering multiple pathways when assessing microplastic risks and suggest that microplastics are an emerging health hazard for healthcare workers. Potential health risks include respiratory issues, gastrointestinal disturbances, endocrine disruption, and chronic conditions such as neurotoxicity and cancer. This study underscores the need for policy changes, including the reduction of single-use plastics in healthcare environments, improvements in ventilation, and the development of dietary guidelines to limit microplastic intake. Future research should focus on the long-term health impacts of chronic microplastic exposure in healthcare workers and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed to mitigate these risks.

In the midst of rapid industrial progress and global economic growth, the use of plastic has increased dramatically, causing serious environmental problems due to the accumulation of plastic waste. One of the most worrying aspects of this problem is the presence of microplastics, namely plastic particles less than five millimeters in size. The more accumulation of plastic waste found in the waters will cause damage to the surrounding water and sea environment, plastic waste that is not collected will be exposed to sunlight and exposure to air, the longer it will decompose into small particles called microplastics. In this research, the author researched using the library research method, namely by collecting and studying existing literature from various sources such as: journals, articles, books and others related to this research. Microplastics have spread widely in the environment, from oceans to land, and have had a serious impact on organisms and ecosystems throughout the world. The process by which microplastics are formed, their distribution in the environment, their impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and their potential impact on human health are the main focus research and public attention. To overcome the microplastic problem, a holistic approach is needed that involves collaboration across sectors and scientific disciplines. Handling and mitigation efforts must cover various aspects, starting from regulating the use of single-use plastics, more effective management of plastic waste, developing technology for detecting and eliminating microplastics, to educating the public about the dangers of microplastics and the importance of environmentally friendly behavior. Concrete steps such as banning the use of single-use plastics, promoting recycling, innovation in product design, and cross-border cooperation in managing plastic waste are key in efforts to reduce the negative impact of microplastics. Only by taking these steps together can we create a cleaner, healthier and more sustainable environment for future generations.

This research was conducted as an effort to obtain a reading material related to thermodynamics so that it can be more easily understood by students or other readers. In conducting research, a researcher needs to follow the rules and regulations that apply so that the results obtained can be said to be valid. This research was conducted using the literature review method, namely by looking for sources that lead to a literature review of the basic concepts of thermodynamics which in this search are very important and much needed. The results of this study are that there are implications or connectedness between the concept of a single particle system and thermodynamics. Single particle systems trapped in a potential well can be explained or understood from a thermodynamic perspective.

Barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 (BHF) is a great importance as permanent magnets, particularly formagnetic recording as well as in microwave devices. Barium hexaferrite also could be used as one of the basic constituent compound of multiferroic material. Multiferroic is a class of materials that yieldsimultaneous effects of ferroelectric,ferromagnetism and ferroelasticity in the same material. So BHF must be as nanoparticle and single phase to increase magnetoelectric coupling effect showing improvement multiferroic properties in material. Barium hexaferrite powders were prepared by sol gel auto combustion method. Hence the mole ratios of Ba2+/Fe3+ were varied at 1:12; 1:11.5 and 1:11 and sintering at 850oC for 10 hours for each mole ratios. To confirm the formation of single phase, it was used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Phillips, PW 1835 type in the 20o-100o diffraction angle using CuKα radiation. XRD results showed that sample with mole ratios of Ba2+/Fe3+ = 1:11,5 was best sample due to having single phase, 100% BHF phase be evidenced by HighScore Plus Refinement. Using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) from Beckman Coulter type showed that sample with mole ratios of Ba2+/Fe3+ = 1:11,5 was powder in nano size, 66 nm (<100 nm). This research confirms that sol-gel method using mole ratio of Ba2+/Fe3+ = 1:11,5 and sinter temperature at 850oC for 10 hours could be used for synthesize single phase BHF in nanoparticle.