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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become a critical requirement in cybersecurity due to the high-stakes nature of security decision-making and the limitations of black-box learning models. This study investigates the construction of an explainable cybersecurity knowledge representation by leveraging standardized terminology from the NIST cybersecurity glossary. The primary problem addressed is the lack of transparent and semantically grounded reasoning mechanisms in existing AI-driven cybersecurity systems, which limits trust, accountability, and analyst adoption. To address this challenge, we propose a NIST-based semantic knowledge graph that embeds explainability directly into its ontology structure and reasoning process. The proposed framework systematically extracts definitional entities and relations from NIST glossary entries to construct a domain ontology and a multi-relational knowledge graph. A rule-based semantic relation extraction method is employed to ensure faithful, interpretable, and reproducible reasoning paths. The resulting knowledge graph contains over 3,000 cybersecurity concepts and approximately 27,000 semantic relations, covering hierarchical, associative, dependency, and mitigation semantics. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach achieves a high level of explainability, with 92.4% of reasoning outcomes being fully traceable and only 1.4% classified as non-traceable. Most explainable reasoning paths are limited to two or three hops, indicating an effective balance between inferential depth and human interpretability. Structural analysis further confirms the presence of meaningful hub concepts that support multi-hop semantic inference. These results confirm that ontology-driven, standard-based knowledge graphs provide a robust foundation for explainable cybersecurity intelligence. The study concludes that explainability-by-design, grounded in authoritative standards, offers a viable and trustworthy alternative to opaque AI models for cybersecurity applications.

The study of meaning in language, whether found in words, phrases, or sentences, is known as semantics. Language often has diverse or metaphorical meanings in literary works such as songs, which can confuse listeners. This becomes a problem when listeners understand song lyrics differently from what the artist intended. The song “Kembali Pulang” by Suara Kayu and Feby Putri, which is currently popular, is an example of lyrics rich in symbolism and meaning, making it interesting to study semantically. Abdul Chaer's semantic theory, which focuses on determining lexical and grammatical meaning, forms the basis of this approach. Lexical meaning, which includes synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, hyponyms, polysemy, redundancy, and ambiguity, is the dictionary meaning or actual meaning. However, meanings that have undergone composition, reduplication, and affixation are known as grammatical meanings. To correctly and thoroughly understand the message conveyed by the song “Kembali Pulang” by Suara Kayu and Feby Putri, this study aims to clarify the lexical and grammatical meanings contained in the song lyrics. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in this study, which included analysis of the song lyrics along with recording, listening, and reading strategies.

This study examines the words structure of two selected songs, “Kekal” and “Di Akhir Perang”, from Nadin Amizah’s album Untuk Dunia, Cinta, dan Kotornya, with a focus on identifying and interpreting the functions of open class words and closed class words within the lyrical composition. The background of this research lies in the growing interest in understanding how contemporary Indonesian songwriters construct meaning through linguistic choices that contribute to the emotional depth of their works. The objective of this study is to analyze how open class words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute to semantic imagery, while closed class words such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and aspects establish grammatical cohesion and narrative continuity. Using qualitative descriptive methods, the lyrics were segmented, categorized, and interpreted based on linguistic theory to reveal the semantic and grammatical roles of each word class. The findings show that open class words dominate the emotional and metaphorical landscape of the songs, functioning as carriers of imagery, personal vulnerability, and symbolic representation of healing, love, and existential reflection. Meanwhile, closed class words serve as structural anchors that link ideas, mark relationships between clauses, and maintain narrative fluidity, particularly in expressing inner conflict and the resolution of emotional war depicted in the lyrics. The study concludes that Nadin Amizah’s lyricism is not only aesthetically expressive but also linguistically strategic, revealing a deliberate interplay between lexical creativity and grammatical precision. These findings imply that linguistic analysis can enrich the appreciation of contemporary Indonesian music and open new perspectives for future studies in stylistics, discourse analysis, and cultural semantics.

This study aims to analyze the idiomatic expressions found in the song lyrics of “Birds of a Feather” by Billie Eilish. Idioms are an essential part of figurative language that enriches the meaning of lyrics and contributes to the emotional and cultural depth of a song. Using a qualitative descriptive method, this research identifies and classifies the idioms based on Makkai’s (1972) typology and interprets their contextual meanings through Leech’s (1981) theory of semantics. The analysis reveals various types of idioms, including phrasal verb idioms and tournure idioms, that reflect themes of emotional connection and loyalty. The findings demonstrate how idioms enhance lyrical expression and offer deeper insight into the artist’s intended message. This study contributes to the understanding of idiomatic usage in contemporary music and provides a linguistic perspective on lyrical interpretation.

This study delves into the ambiguity of meaning in the lyrics of “Membasuh” using a semantic approach through a contextual method. Finding the lyrics' hidden meanings and how listeners' context shapes their interpretations are the main goals of this study. By applying contextual semantic analysis, this study explores the words and phrases in the lyrics to uncover how these meanings are formed and interpreted in various contexts. The findings indicate that the ambiguity in the lyrics of “Membasuh” not only enriches the listening experience but also allows listeners to discover meanings that are personal and contextually relevant. This research provides significant contributions to understanding the complexity of meaning in song lyrics and offers new insights into the study of contextual semantics.  

This study delves into the ambiguity of meaning in the lyrics of “Membasuh” using a semantic approach through a contextual method. Finding the lyrics' hidden meanings and how listeners' context shapes their interpretations are the main goals of this study. By applying contextual semantic analysis, this study explores the words and phrases in the lyrics to uncover how these meanings are formed and interpreted in various contexts. The findings indicate that the ambiguity in the lyrics of “Membasuh” not only enriches the listening experience but also allows listeners to discover meanings that are personal and contextually relevant. This research provides significant contributions to understanding the complexity of meaning in song lyrics and offers new insights into the study of contextual semantics.  

The aim of this research is to find out: (1) How interaction patterns between teachers and deaf students are studied at the Keleyan Bangkalan State Special School; and (2) What factors hinder interaction between teachers and deaf students in learning at the Keleyan Bangkalan State Special School. This qualitative descriptive research interviewed one teacher. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis and drawing conclusions are data collection techniques. (1) The interaction patterns of teachers and deaf students in learning are shown by the research results: a) the use of verbal patterns, which is carried out by combining verbal and non-verbal communication, so that deaf students can get used to using verbal patterns; b) the use of nonverbal patterns in learning interactions between teachers and students by teaching the alphabet word by word, so that students can understand the material provided. (2) Factors that hinder teacher interaction are a) psychological factors of deaf students because they have low intelligence, which makes it difficult for them to understand the material, and b) semantic factors because deaf students have to repeat lesson material. In addition, teachers try to interpret one word at a time during learning interactions because deaf students have difficulty in semantics.

This research was conducted to determine various language errors contained in the mini research reports of students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques by means of observation, documentation and literature study. The source of data in this research is a mini research report from students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program Class of 2022, 3rd semester in the 2023 Academic Year at Medan State University. Based on the analysis activities that have been carried out, various language errors were found in the areas of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.

This research was conducted to determine various language errors contained in the mini research reports of students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques by means of observation, documentation and literature study. The source of data in this research is a mini research report from students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program Class of 2022, 3rd semester in the 2023 Academic Year at Medan State University. Based on the analysis activities that have been carried out, various language errors were found in the areas of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.

Indonesian as the language of unity and national identity must be upheld, namely by learning and using good and correct Indonesian. However, we often encounter language errors in newspapers, especially news on social media. The purpose of this study is (1) to describe language errors in terms of spelling, morphology and semantics contained in detik.com news; (2) to provide corrections for language errors in terms of spelling, morphology and semantics contained in detik.com news. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data collection technique used in this study is the observation and note taking technique. The use of the listening technique is carried out by listening to the data on the use language and the note taking technique is carried out with what forms of language errors are made and analyzing according to the form of the error. The results of the analysis of the analysis of language errors in detik.com news October 2022 edition can be concluded that there is a form of error in the news title 10 Sacks of CD Allegedly Pilgrims Scattered in Nagara Padang Ciwidey Here there is ambiguity in the choice of words for the news title, error standard word, spelling errors, punctuation errors, affix errors and capitalization errors.