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The development of modern armed conflicts shows the increasing involvement of civilians in hostilities, which has given rise to the phenomenon of civilian combatants and created ambiguity in the classification of subjects in International Humanitarian Law. This study aims to analyze the legal status of civilians involved in armed conflicts and the limits of legal protection inherent to them. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, through an analysis of international legal instruments and relevant doctrines. The results show that civilian combatants are not explicitly recognized in international humanitarian law, thus creating uncertainty in determining their legal status. Furthermore, protection for civilians is conditional and can be temporarily lost when individuals engage in direct participation in hostilities, with limits determined by the principles of distinction and proportionality. These findings confirm that the limits of legal protection are dynamic and depend on individual actions in conflict. The implications of this study indicate the need for strengthened legal interpretation and more consistent implementation to ensure legal certainty and protection for civilians in modern armed conflicts.

This study aims to analyze the management of ecotourism in Uma Palak Lestari, Subak Sembung Peguyangan, Denpasar City, from the perspective of collaborative governance to realize sustainable tourism. The research applies a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings show that the implementation of collaborative governance, involving local communities, government, traditional institutions, and CSR of Pertamina, significantly supports sustainable tourism. The collaboration encompasses participation, legitimacy, trust, accountability, and shared understanding. The process results in increased community empowerment, conservation of subak culture, and local economic development. However, challenges such as the lack of clear legal framework and limited promotion efforts are noted.

The SIPINTER Online innovation in Tegal Harum Village is a form of digital service development aimed at improving public service efficiency and expanding service coverage. However, in its implementation, SIPINTER Online has not yet provided optimal benefits. This is due to the low number of community members in Tegal Harum Village who utilize the SIPINTER Online innovation. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to the low usage of SIPINTER Online in the village. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The analysis uses Rogers’ theory of innovation attributes, which includes relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. The findings show that the dissemination of information about SIPINTER Online is still lacking, resulting in limited public awareness. Moreover, hesitation in using technology and the community’s preference for conventional services are contributing factors to the low adoption rate. Therefore, SIPINTER Online has not yet delivered maximum benefits due to its limited reach. The recommendations include strengthening compatibility through sociocultural integration, reducing perceived complexity through education, increasing trialability through guided trials and direct outreach, and establishing feedback and continuous improvement mechanisms.

The film Filosofi Kopi is a literary work that raises coffee as a metaphor, symbol, and narrative element of Coffee as part of global and local culture in Indonesia. This work not only offers interesting fictional stories, but also to analyze Tiwus copies from Java, using a qualitative approach with a method of analyzing literary texts that include thematic, stylistic, and intertextual aspects. This research seeks to understand how elements that have philosophical values that describe life, struggle, and social care. The results of the analysis show that the main themes of this are struggle, care and social interaction, which is reflected through a cup of coffee between the characters. Coffee is often presented as a representation of human relations, existence describes the daily dynamics in society, which connects existentialism, harmony, and reflection in life in a literary work. Presenting a diversity of meanings, starting from simple life symbols and human relationships. This research contributes to a deep understanding of how a cup of coffee can be raised into a theme and title that contains rich meaning and significance in the study of a literature

Literary studies are included in several normative fields, namely literary theory, literary history, literary criticism, comparative literature and also literary studies. Literature is seen by people to learn about literature. Literary history seeks to study and compile literary works as part of the intellectual historical process. In one society. Literary history can be seen as part of philosophy, because literary history itself is the same as the history of human thought towards objects of art or literary art that emphasizes on the more practical nature of the elaboration of the concept. Literary theory itself can be equated with aesthetic science with the beauty of science and also theory is certainly a different thing, with such assumptions, written literary theory is the same as writing history and aesthetics, including the field of literary art, theory needs to be studied so that there is no mistake in thinking about these two things. Literary theory itself has various meanings over time with the paradigm that is brought with it, literary theory can be interpreted as several ideas and methods used for the practice of reading literature. Literary theory is also interpreted as a way or step to understand literature. Views in literary theory also undergo changes along with the development of the human mindset itself.

Hukum waris adat ada untuk mejadi suatu budidaya kita sebagai negara dengan berbagai suku dan budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami sebagai pewarisan dalam perkawinan beda kasta dalam hal hak dan kewajibannya menerima objek waris. Berdasarkan metode penelitian normatif yuridis berdasarkan hukum, asas beserta kaidah nya dan peraturan-peraturan hukum waris adat Bali dari ketentuan yang ada. Hasil yang diteliti dalam hal ini adalah perkawinan beda kasta dilarang untuk dilakukan dan perempuan yang melakukan akan kehilangan kasta atau tri wangsa nya dan menjadi satu kasta dengan suami. Kemudian, perempuan yang nyerod tidak dapat menjadi ahli waris jika ia juga termasuk pursua atau putrika akan tetapi pewarisan yang ada pada keluarganya tetap berdasarkan peraturan hukum waris adat Bali. Sehingga dengan melihat hukum adat Bali perkawinan beda kasta akan mendapat konsekuensi besar bagi kaum perempuan dan pewarisannya akan seperti aturan yang berlaku pada Manawa Dharmasastra.