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This literature review synthesizes a wide range of research findings that examine the role of auxin distribution direction in regulating leaf primordium patterning, known as phyllotaxis, in Arabidopsis thaliana. The reviewed studies consistently indicate that phyllotaxis represents a highly coordinated growth regulation mechanism that is primarily governed by Polar Auxin Transport (PAT), which is mediated by Pin-Formed (PIN) auxin efflux proteins. The polarity and spatial localization of PIN proteins generate dynamic auxin gradients within the shoot apical meristem, and these gradients function as key positional signals that determine the precise sites where new leaf primordia are initiated. Furthermore, auxin distribution is not regulated solely by PAT but is tightly integrated with genetic, cellular, and mechanical cues. Several studies highlight the role of transcription factors such as TMO5 in influencing PIN1 convergence and reinforcing auxin maxima at primordium initiation sites. In addition, the interaction between PIN polarity and the orientation of cortical microtubules suggests that mechanical stress and cytoskeletal organization contribute to the stability and directionality of auxin flow. Comparative analysis of the literature demonstrates that PAT and PIN proteins operate through interconnected mechanisms to control auxin distribution direction, which ultimately shapes the spatial arrangement and regularity of leaf primordium patterns. Overall, this review emphasizes the complexity and integration of hormonal, genetic, and mechanical signals in controlling phyllotaxis in plants.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a bioactive plant containing polysaccharides, anthraquinones, sterols, vitamins, minerals, and glycoproteins, contributing to wound healing through anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant mechanisms, fibroblast stimulation, and accelerated re-epithelialization. This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) of 37 peer-reviewed articles (2018–2025) to evaluate the biochemical potential of Aloe vera and its application as a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical formulations. Results revealed that acemannan increased fibroblast proliferation by up to 200, modulated TGF-1, enhanced type I and III collagen deposition, and accelerated re-epithelialization. Anthraquinones such as aloin and emodin exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Nanoemulsion and nanogel formulations improved transdermal penetration up to threefold compared to conventional gels. These findings highlight Aloe vera’s potential as a wound healing agent and a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical preparations.

Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and chromatin instability are usually associated with male infertility and undermine the sperm DNA integrity. Recently, Vitamin K₂ (menaquinone) became a bioactive compound whose regulation action can be found in both apoptosis and transcriptional signaling. This study examines how Vitamin K₂ can be protective in the regulation of apoptotic pathways and stability in sperm chromatin by an integrative experimental and in silico analysis. Vitamin K₂ levels, DNA fragmentation level of infertile men's serum and semen samples (Aniline Blue), and the expression levels of apoptosis-associated genes (BAX, BCL-2, and CASP-3) in the samples were examined by qRT-PCR. The characterization of Vitamin K₂ binding affinity to apoptotic proteins was done using dynamics simulations. Findings showed that high levels of Vitamin K₂ had a significant positive correlation with reduced levels of DNA fragmentation and good control of apoptotic genes with reduced BAX and CASP-3 and increased expression of BCL-2. In general, the results indicate Vitamin K₂ as a potential regulator of sperm death and chromatin integrity that provides new therapeutic understanding on how male infertile patients can be treated.

Diabetes Mellitus is a complication caused by severe disturbances, particularly in the metabolic composition of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body. The level of patient compliance in taking medication is one of the factors that determine the success of diabetes mellitus therapy. Compliance with treatment plays a crucial role in controlling metabolic conditions, especially in diabetes mellitus patients. The impact of non-compliance with medication in type II diabetes mellitus patients will increase uncontrolled blood sugar levels, which can lead to various complications of organ damage. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between medication compliance and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Harapan Anda Islamic Hospital in Tegal City. This study used a quantitative cross-sectional approach. The sample size was 58 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques used univariate and bivariate analysis (chi-square). Characteristics of 58 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus at Harapan Anda Islamic General Hospital, Tegal City, most of them are aged 46-60 years, with female gender, with most of them having junior high school education, some with working status, with a duration of suffering for >5 years, most with moderate medication adherence and most with normal blood sugar levels. There is a relationship between medication adherence and blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Harapan Anda Islamic General Hospital, Tegal City (0.000). It is hoped that it can provide valuable information for diabetes sufferers about the importance of medication adherence to blood sugar levels so that blood sugar levels can be controlled.

Degenerative diseases are a global health problem with increasing prevalence, including in Indonesia. This disease can cause serious complications in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and brain. Therefore, preventive efforts are needed through education and nutritional innovation. This community service program aims to provide education on molecular examinations for degenerative diseases and introduce the Watermelon Lemonade innovation as preventive nutrition. The activity was carried out in Dukuh Branglor, Mancasan Village, with the pre-test method, educational presentation, Q&A, product demonstration, and post-test. The results of the activity showed an increase in public knowledge about hypertension and its examination, as well as high enthusiasm for the Watermelon Lemonade innovation. Based on the results of the activity, it can be seen that molecular examinations can be used to diagnose hypertension through analysis of genetic biomarkers, proteins, and metabolites, and the Watermelon Lemonade innovation has the potential to help lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The success of this program was shown by an increase in the average pre-test score of 58.46 to 86.67 in the post-test. The Wilcoxon test showed (p < 0.001), indicating a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test results and proving an increase in participant understanding. The questionnaire results showed a high level of satisfaction from participants with the delivery of materials, product manufacturing demonstrations, and practical benefits that can be applied in everyday life. The Watermelon Lemonade innovation is not only useful as an alternative to preventing hypertension, but also has the potential to be further developed as a health product based on natural ingredients.

Stages in hair styling, such as hair coloring, straightening, the use of styling tools and chemicals in hair styling products often over time can cause damage to the scalp and hair. The level of this damage varies, ranging from dry hair to breakage, as well as irritation of the scalp. This study aims to review and determine the right scalp and hair care cosmetics with the level of damage caused to the styling process. The method used is a literature study by reviewing various scientific sources and recommendations for treatment products. The results of the study prove that treatments based on moisturizers, proteins, and natural ingredients are effective in tackling mild to severe hair damage. Meanwhile, for irritated scalps, products with anti-inflammatory and sulfate-free ingredients are recommended. In conclusion, the selection of cosmetics should be adjusted to the degree of hair damage and the condition of the scalp for optimal results.

Goat urine is liquid waste from goat feces. Goat urine is able to provide macro and micro nutrients and contains growth regulators (ZPT) that plants need. Goat urine contains 1.5% nitrogen, 0.13% phosphorus, and 1.8% potassium. Goat urine contains natural hormones of IAA, gibberellin, and cytokinin higher than other livestock urine. Goat urine processing can be done by fermentation. Fermentation is a process of chemical changes in an organic substrate through enzyme activity produced by microorganisms. The results of fermentation of organic materials such as sugar, alcohol, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and other organic compounds are easily absorbed directly by plant roots. The use of effective microorganisms in the manufacture of goat urine fermented liquid organic fertilizer aims to accelerate the fermentation process. Effective microorganisms or also known as probiotics are mixed cultures of various types of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes yeasts, fermentation fungi that can improve soil microbes. The use of solid waste of goat manure is commonly done by farmers, but the use of liquid waste (urine) of fermented goats has not been widely known. Therefore, it is important to optimize the use of fermented goat urine as liquid organic fertilizer.

Red rice is one of the most popular staple foods in Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, it is an alternative staple food to white rice, known for its high nutritional value. In addition to containing carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fiber, and minerals, red rice is also rich in anthocyanins, which function as antioxidants. This study aims to analyze the added value and its distribution created from processing red rice into Moreha Wuna red rice powder in the home industry of KWT Bungi Jaya, located in Bungi Village, Kontunaga Subdistrict, Muna Regency. The research was conducted in November 2022. The study area was chosen based on the consideration that KWT Bungi Jaya is the only home industry producing Moreha Wuna red rice powder in Muna Regency. The respondent in this research was the owner of the home industry. The analysis employed the Hayami method for added value analysis. The results showed that the added value obtained from processing red rice into Moreha Wuna red rice powder in the KWT Bungi Jaya home industry was Rp63,212 per kilogram of raw material. Consequently, the monthly added value from this home industry was Rp758,544. The distribution of added value from the red rice processing included the owner's profit of Rp46,562 (73.66%) and labor compensation of Rp16,650 (26.33%).

Nugget is processed mashed meat. Several types of fish such as tuna, tilapia, and snapper have the potential to increase sales value and can be used as raw material for nuggets, because apart from having quite high proteins, they also have thick flesh. Carrot flour has high levels of fiber and also high levels of beta-carotene. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of fish nuggets which were high in fiber and beta-carotene with variations in the addition of carrot flour, tapioca flour and to find out the highest level of preference for fish nuggets. research using a completely randomized design (CRD) 2 factors with a comparison of carrot flour and tapioca flour and variations of fish species. The best chemical test results were the comparison of carrot flour: tapioca flour (40%:20%) with tuna fish with beta-carotene content of 6.69 μg/g, crude fiber content of 36.54%. The highest preference sensory test result is the comparison of carrot flour with tapioca flour (40%: 20%) with the type of tilapia meat with a color test result of 3.14 (likes), taste test 3.18 (likes), aroma test 3.20 (likes), texture test 3.29 (likes), and overall preference test 3.82 (likes). ). Fish nuggets made from tapioca flour and carrot flour can be a food that has high levels of crude fiber and beta-carotene.

The combination of hormone treatment and genetic liabilities in transgender women leads to a complicated situation for breast cancer growth particularly linked to BRCA1 mutations. Gender-affirming treatment relies heavily on estrogen and causes intense cell growth and differentiation in breast tissue driven by estrogen receptor mechanisms. Mutations in BRCA1 lead to weak DNA repair processes which enhance an individual's vulnerability to cancerous changes. Rodestrogens enhance the functioning of proliferative pathways like PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways in cells with dysfunctional BRCA1. This collaborative action elevates the threats posed by benign growths such as fibroadenomas leading to invasive breast cancer. By affecting the expression of vital regulatory proteins linked to cell proliferation estrogen further compromises the genomic integrity in cells harboring BRCA1 mutations. The hormone environment influenced by exogenous estrogen therapy can shape the tumor microenvironment for better cancer progression and metastasis. Comprehending the relationship between estrogen signaling and pathways related to BRCA1 is important for identifying the enhanced risk of cancer in transgender women using hormone therapy. This detailed study aligns recent discoveries regarding genetic vulnerability and hormonal impacts with cell mechanisms to reveal a detailed insight into breast cancer progression in these individuals. The study emphasizes the necessity for custom-designed cancer screening methods and targeted treatments to help mitigate risks and support transgender care. Understanding these pathways greatly enriches our knowledge of hormone-induced carcinogenesis among those who carry certain genetic markers while also guiding the creation of personalized care for transgender women at enhanced risk of breast cancer.

Indonesia is renowned for its rich tropical flora diversity, and Kalimantan Island stands out for its exceptional fruit variety. Three fruits, ramania, kapul, and ihau fruits, have drawn particular interest due to their potential health benefits and possible uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, these fruits are rarely explored comprehensively. So, this study offers a better understanding of the diverse fruits found in Kalimantan through a comparative analysis of literature data. This literature review aims to provide valuable insights into the nutritional and bioactive properties of these fruits and highlights their potential health benefits. The results from various previous studies exhibited that the exotic and indigenous fruits from Kalimantan, including ramania, kapul, and ihau fruits, are packed with essential nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that act as anti-aging, anti-bacterial, anticancer, antioxidants, and other bioactivities. Moreover, Kalimantan's exotic and indigenous fruits also have great potential as ingredients for functional food or pharmaceutical production. However, further research is necessary to fully explore their potential and innovative applications in various industries.

Do Spices is an SME that produces dry marinade spices for proteins. However, the purchase intention for Do Spices has declined based on sales data from January to February 2024. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors influencing consumer purchase intentions so that Do Spices sales can increase again. Utilitarian and hedonic values are factors that can influence purchase intention. Hence, this study aims to test the significance of utilitarian and hedonic values on purchase intention, specifically among Do Spices consumers who bought between January and February 2024 through the Shopee app. This study uses a descriptive quantitative research design, with questionnaires distributed online, and data analysis conducted using SmartPLS  version 3 and SPSS version 27. The results of the study indicate that utilitarian and hedonic values positive significantly influence the purchase intention of Do Spices.    

Snack bars are bar-shaped products that contain carbohydrates and proteins from flour, nuts, dried fruits, and other ingredients that are processed into whole pieces and combined into one ready for consumption. Snack bar innovation with the proportion of grated coconut and tuna pindang. The purpose of this research is to meet the nutritional needs of the community by fulfilling daily protein and can be an entrepreneurial product so that it is necessary to know the organoleptic quality, nutritional content and selling price of the product. The methodology in the research is an experimental approach with quantitative analysis to fulfill the sensory quality and nutritional content of snack bars. The best proportion of snack bars with different proportions of grated coconut and pindang ikan tongkol from the sensory test was obtained from the 50:50 ratio with characteristics of rectangular shape; yellowish brown color with white spots from rengginang; grated coconut and pindang ikan tongkol aroma; crunchy texture; and taste of grated coconut and pindang ikan tongkol. Laboratory analysis of the nutritional content of the best snack bar per 100 grams contained 17.15% protein, 11.55% water content, 1.05% ash, 3.14% fat, 284.10kcal/100g energy, 64.72% carbohydrate, and 2.42% crude fiber. The selling price of snack bars with the proportion of grated coconut and tuna pindang with a percs weight of 15 grams is known to be IDR 3,000.  

This study aims to explore the role of nutrition in disease prevention and identify the factors influencing the nutritional status of the population in Indonesia. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research analyzes scientific literature and secondary data from official sources such as the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Indonesian Ministry of Health. The analysis results indicate that macro and micronutrients, such as complex carbohydrates, plant-based proteins, healthy fats, and vitamins and minerals, play a significant role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. The Mediterranean diet and plant-based eating patterns have proven effective in improving health and preventing disease. However, Indonesia faces complex nutritional challenges, including a high prevalence of stunting in children and rising obesity rates in adults. Stunting is primarily caused by limited access to nutritious food and lack of nutritional knowledge, while obesity is associated with high-calorie diets and low physical activity. This study suggests increasing nutrition education, access to nutritious food, and promoting healthy lifestyles as essential steps to address nutritional problems in Indonesia and improve the overall quality of life.  

Eclairs are cakes that are much favored by the general public, became as éclair a hollow texture and are soft on the inside. Mocaf is flour has been modified by fermentation, and has characteristics similar to wheat flour. This reseacrh used a variety of peanuts flour such as cowpeas, red bens and mung beans as protein and fiber source. The variety of nuts added aims to encrease the nutritional content of eclairs. This research was purposed to determine the chemical and sensory characteristics of eclairs which are high in protein and fiber and to determine consumer preferences from the comparison of mocaf and wheat flour with various types of peanut flour. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, the first factor was the ratio of mocaf flour and wheat flour 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, the second factor was the variety of species of beans, cowpeas, red beans, mung beans. The results showed that the protein content was the highest, in the mocaf and wheat flour of 7:3 with a protein content of 8.50%. the eclairs formulation with the highest fiber content was found in a 9:1 ratio of mocaf flour and wheat flour with variety types of mung beans flour with a fiber content of 9.94%. The formulation of the ratio of mocaf flour : wheat flour 7:3 with variety species is the most preferred formula overall with an overall preference level of 3.67. Eclairs with the addition of peanut flour has the potential to increase product protein.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize carbohydrates, fats and proteins, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels). Diabetes Mellitus can be associated with serious complications such as kidney damage, eye problems, cardiovascular disease, nerve damage and skin and foot problems, so DM sufferers need to take precautions to avoid complications. There are several ways to prevent diabetic ulcers, several things that families and patients can do independently, checking the condition of the feet every day for Diabetes Mellitus sufferers needs to be done once a day to detect abnormalities such as redness, blisters, cracked skin, swelling and pain. Objective: To determine the relationship between foot care and the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers in diabetes mellitus sufferers in the Sukabumi Health Center Working Area. Method: The method used in this research is the Descriptive Analytical method with a cross-sectional approach. The samples used were 69 patients suffering from diabetes who were at risk of diabetic foot ulcers in the Sukabumi Community Health Center Working Area. Results: Based on the results of statistical tests with chi-square, the resulting P value was 0.000 < 0.05, which can be concluded that there is a relationship between foot care behavior and the incidence of diabetic ulcers in diabetes mellitus sufferers in the Sukabumi Community Health Center Working Area. Conclusion: it can be concluded that there is a relationship between foot care behavior and the incidence of diabetic ulcers in diabetes mellitus sufferers in the Sukabumi Health Center Work Area. Suggestion: DM sufferers are expected to be disciplined in caring for their feet even though diabetic foot ulcers have not yet occurred and families with diabetes are able to get involved and help if the patient has a serious ulcer, without having to visit health personnel.    

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the body's inability to metabolize carbohydrates, fats and proteins, leading to hyperglycemia. DM can be associated with serious complications such as kidney damage, eye problems, cardiovascular disease, nerve damage and skin and foot problems, so DM sufferers need to take precautions to avoid complications. Foot exercise is a type of foot exercise performed by diabetics which can increase peripheral perfusion and thus prevent worsening of diabetic neuropathy. Foot exercise can also reduce the risk and progression of peripheral neuropathy because it can improve blood flow to the periphery, increase muscle strength and improve motor function. Objective: to determine the effect of foot exercise on motor neuropathy in type 2 DM patients. Method: The design in this study used a quasi-experimental approach using a one group pretest posttest design. The sample for this research was 18 respondents. Data analysis used the paired sample t-test. Results: based on the results of statistical tests using the Paired Samples t Test, the resulting P value is 0.000 < 0.05, where it can be concluded that there is an influence of foot exercise on Motor Neuropathy in type 2 DM patients. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is an influence of foot exercise on Motor Neuropathy in type 2 DM patients in the working area of Benteng Sukabumi City Health Center.

Introduction:  Proteins are an important part of the human immune system. They play a role in a variety of functions related to immunity, including as structural components for immune cells, such as antibodies (which are a type of protein) and white blood cells. Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of Moringa leaf extract for 10 days to albumin and primiparous puerperal women with ruptured perineum degree II in the district Soppeng. Metodes: Design research is a quasi-scale experiment using two groups, intervention and control groups. The sample set, that primiparous puerperal women with ruptured perineum stage II of 50 respondents. The sampling technique is done purposively. Results: showed unpaired t test analysis on levels of albumin found the mean pre-intervention 3:09 / 0:30, post intervention 3.75 / 0:55. With the test results are not berpsangan t p value = 0.000 which means no significant effects of extract of catfish in primiparous puerperal women with ruptured perineum degree II.  . With unpaired T test results found the value of p = 0.000, which means there is a significant effect of the extract catfish on primiparous puerperal women with ruptured perineum degree II In other words, the extract cork fish provide a positive and significant effect on levels of albumin  

Water, one of the most important elements of the body and one of the macro substances, has the similar role as carbohydrates, fats and proteins for us humans. Humans cannot survive in few days without drinking. Toxins in human body can be cleansed by consuming water regularly. Infused water alternately becomes the another option to encourage people to drink much water. Furthermore, infused water can help out many people who do not have time or do not like eating fruits. However, many people do not drink water because of their personal reason although infused water might become the second opinion after pure water, and can increase an appetite because of the fruit color. Based on the reason above, the research purposes were appointed to examine the effect of the added date palm and soaking time towards the levels of anti-oxidant in apple-cinnamon infused water. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial with 2 factors. In the first factor, the research media was added with dates (0, 10, and 20 grams), and the second factor, the media was measured from its soaking time (4, 8, and 12 hours). The research was initiated by creating of apple-cinnamon infused water with the aadditional various dates. Then, conducting various analyses like chemical analysis, total sugar content analysis, vitamin C, DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activity, total phenol, total solids, and pH. The optimum result was emerged when the additional 10 gram of dates and 4 hours of immersion time were combined. The characteristics of infused water are total sugar 24.37%, vitamin C 11.39 mg / 100 ml, 34.82% RSA DPPH, FRAP value 5.15%, total phenol 18.51 mg gallic acid / 100 ml, total solids 4.75oBrix, and the degree of acidity (pH) 5.65.

Nugget ikan merupakan salah satu produk olahan ikan, yang terbuat dari daging ikan giling denganpenambahan bumbu-bumbu dan dicetak, kemudian yang dilumuri dengan pelapis (coating dan breading)yang dilanjutkan dengan penggorengan. Nugget biasanya digunakan sebagai lauk, sebagai sumber proteinsehari-hari, khususnya bagi anak-anak. Pemanfaatan ikan patin dan ampas tahu sebagai substitusi dalampembuatan produk pangan akan meningkatkan kandungan protein, serta lebih meningkatkan kandungangizinya. Buah bit adalah salah satu bahan pangan yang bermanfaat sebagai pewarna alami. Pigmen yang adadalam buat bit merah adalah betalain. Betalain merupakan golongan antioksidan, yang jarang digunakandalam produk pangan dibanding dengan antosianin dan betakaroten sehingga perlu dimanfaatkan secaramaksimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dua faktor yaiturasio ikan patin : ampas tahu (50 : 50), (60 : 40), (70 : 30) dan kadar buah bit (10, 20, dan 30%). Penelitian inibertujuan untuk menentukan formula nugget ikan patin : ampas tahu dengan penambahan buah bit yangmemenuhi standar SNI dan disukai konsumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi perlakuanikan patin : ampas tahu dan buah bit yang terbaik adalah pada rasio ikan patin : ampas tahu (60 : 40) dengankadar buah bit 10%. Hasil nugget ikan patin yang terbaik mengandung kadar air 59,348%; kadar lemak1,250%; kadar protein 9,211%; warna merah muda (2,533); rasa amis sedikit terasa (2,600); aroma ampas tahusedikit terasa (2,467); dan disukai panelis (2,467).Kata kunci: Nugget, ikan patin, ampas tahu, buah bit, substitusi.