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Anxiety during pregnancy is one of the most common psychological problems experienced by pregnant women, particularly during the third trimester when they face childbirth preparation as well as various physical and emotional changes. If not properly managed, anxiety may adversely affect both maternal and fetal health. This study aimed to describe the level of anxiety among third-trimester pregnant women at Mlati II Public Health Center in 2026. This research employed a descriptive quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The study involved 40 third-trimester pregnant women selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire and analyzed through univariate analysis in the form of frequency and percentage distributions. The results showed that most respondents were of healthy reproductive age (20–35 years) (92.5%), primigravida (67.5%), had a secondary level of education (70%), and were unemployed (70%). The respondents' anxiety levels were categorized as no anxiety (47.5%), mild anxiety (47.5%), and moderate anxiety (5%), while no cases of severe anxiety or panic were identified. The most dominant anxiety indicators were anxious feelings, tension, respiratory symptoms, and sleep disturbances. These findings indicate that some third-trimester pregnant women still experience anxiety, highlighting the need for early detection, health education, and psychological support through antenatal care services to promote maternal mental well-being during pregnancy.

Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan global dan nasional, dengan AKI di Indonesia mencapai 183 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup pada tahun 2023, walaupun terjadi kecendrungan penurunan angka kematian ibu masih di perlukan upaya dalam percepatan penurunan AKI untuk mencapai target SDGS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengtahui hubungan kepatuhan melakukan Antenatal Care terhadap tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil primigravida trimester III di wilayah kerja Puskesmas pringgarata. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang di lakukan di Puskesmas Pringgarata pada november-Januari 2026, dengan populasi semua ibu hamil primigravida trimester III yang berjumlah 40 ibu hamil yang di pilih menggunakan tehnik total sampling. Pengambilan data di lakukan secara langsung menggunakan kuesioner PRAQ-R2 untuk mengukur tingkat kecemasan dan pengambilan secara langsung di buku KIA hasil pemeriksaan kemudian di analisis secara univariat dan bivariat. Analisis Bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan hubungan yang signifikan antara kepatuhan melakukan Antenatal Care dengan tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas pringgarata (p value =0,001).

Postpartum depression is a postpartum mental health disorder that significantly impacts maternal well-being, infant development, and family functioning. The high prevalence of postpartum depression in Indonesia is due to limited access to health services, low mental health literacy, and social stigma in the community. This indicates a significant gap between the need for maternal mental health services and the availability of existing interventions, making education a crucial component in efforts to prevent postpartum depression early. This study aims to analyze the prevention of postpartum depression in postpartum mothers through telenursing-based education and screening using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in the community. A descriptive case study design was used, involving one respondent, a 25-year-old primigravida mother residing in the Bantul area. The intervention was implemented online via WhatsApp and video calls, including structured health education on postpartum psychological changes, adaptive coping strategies, and the importance of social support. The intervention also included daily remote monitoring of the respondent's condition via the WhatsApp mobile application. The EPDS was administered as a pre-test and post-test to evaluate changes in the respondent's psychological condition. The findings showed a significant decrease in the EPDS score from 16 (moderate depression) to 6 (minimal depression), indicating significant psychological improvement. These results imply that integrating EPDS screening, structured health education, and daily monitoring is an effective and accessible community-based approach to preventing postpartum depression, particularly for mothers with limited mobility and access to health services.

Bariatric surgery is effective in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, pregnancy occurring within 12–24 months after surgery carries significant risks. This report presents a complex pregnancy case in a patient with a history of sleeve gastrectomy, post-hemithyroidectomy hypothyroidism, and T2DM. A 29-year-old primigravida conceived 2 months after undergoing sleeve gastrectomy, which successfully induced T2DM remission, with HbA1c decreasing from 11% to 5.5%. Although glycemic control and euthyroid status were maintained throughout pregnancy, the patient developed severe preeclampsia at 35–36 weeks of gestation, complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and oligohydramnios. An emergency cesarean section delivered a male infant weighing 2000 grams with Apgar scores of 8 and 9 at the first and fifth minutes, respectively. The neonate required 14 days of NICU care due to respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, and hyperbilirubinemia. Maternal gestational weight gain was suboptimal at only 4 kg, below the recommended range for pregnant women with obesity. This case highlights the importance of adhering to the recommended surgery-to-conception interval following bariatric surgery. Early pregnancy after surgery, combined with multiple metabolic comorbidities, may contribute to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Multidisciplinary management, comprehensive nutritional monitoring, and optimization of comorbidities before conception are essential to improve pregnancy outcomes in this population.

ABSTRACT Background: Pregnancy complications are one of the causes of morbidity and mortality in women. Data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (SDKI) showed that 28% of pregnant women in Indonesia are at risk of experiencing complications during pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a condition characterized by the onset of hypertension followed by organ dysfunction either with or without proteinuria at a gestational age above 20 weeks. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and outcomes of neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia. Method: This type of research is a quantitative descriptive study using secondary data and using a total sampling of 261 medical records. Results: The results of the study were as follows: preeclampsia occurs mostly in young adults 73.95%, Primigravida 60.15%, Islam 50.50%, working mothers 62.45%, secondary education 80.07%, and first marital status 76.62%. The description of neonatal outcomes in mothers giving birth with preeclampsia was obtained with neonatal outcomes in good condition, namely 47.14% born at term gestational age with 43.67% non-LBW conditions, experiencing asphyxia 37.94% and being treated without respiratory support 65.52%. Conclusion: the outcomes of neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia quite often experience asphyxia. Early detection, prevention and treatment of complications, especially in cases of preeclampsia, are necessary so that neonatal outcomes can be maintained without complications and produce a good level of health for both mothers giving birth and newborns.

Continuity of Care (CoC) is a midwifery care model that provides continuous care from pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, and newborn care to family planning services. This approach aims to improve the quality of care, enable early detection of complications, and enhance maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This study aimed to describe the implementation of Continuity of Care midwifery services for Mrs. D, aged 25 years, at PMB Siti Nur Azizah, Wonoayu, Sidoarjo, East Java.This study employed a descriptive method with a case study approach. The subject was Mrs. D, a primigravida woman who received midwifery care from the first trimester of pregnancy through the postpartum period, newborn care, and family planning services. Data were collected through interviews, observation, physical examinations, and medical record review.The results showed that throughout pregnancy, both maternal and fetal conditions remained within physiological limits with routine monitoring and adequate health education. Labor occurred spontaneously and normally with the application of respectful maternity care and interventions based on clinical indications. The postpartum period progressed normally with good uterine involution and adequate breast milk production. The newborn demonstrated optimal physiological adaptation and received essential neonatal care. In the family planning phase, Mrs. D chose a three-month injectable contraceptive, which was appropriate for her breastfeeding condition and pregnancy spacing needs.

Anemia in pregnancy is a major health problem that increases maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, thus requiring prompt and appropriate management. This study aimed to describe nursing care for Mrs. D, a 19-year-old primigravida with anemia in the Nusa Indah Ward of RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. The method used was a case report with data collected through interviews, direct observation, and medical record review during hospitalization from January 13–15, 2025. Assessment results showed a hemoglobin level of 6.5 g/dL with clinical signs of pallor, cold extremities, tachycardia, and complaints of dizziness and weakness. The nursing diagnoses established were ineffective peripheral perfusion and risk for nutritional deficit. Interventions included monitoring vital signs, providing nutritional education, administering iron and folic acid supplements, and collaborating on blood transfusion. Evaluation indicated both subjective and objective improvement, and the nursing problems were resolved. In conclusion, comprehensive and collaborative nursing care contributed to the improvement of the patient’s condition with pregnancy-related anemia.

Background: Pregnancy is the implantation of the fertilized egg and sperm in the endometrium, and can cause discomfort, one of which is nausea and vomiting, especially in the first trimester. This symptom is common and can cause decreased appetite, paleness, weakness and decreased body fluids. The prevalence of nausea and vomiting in Indonesia is 50-90% of pregnant women. This condition occurs in 60-80% of primigravida pregnant women, and 40-60% of multigravida pregnant women. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of ginger administration on reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnant women in the first trimester. Method: The method used is a pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample consisted of 22 respondents who experienced nausea and vomiting at the Simo Community Health Center, Boyolali. The sampling technique used a non-probability method with a consecutive sampling technique. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Assessment of nausea and vomiting using the Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE-24) before and after administration of ginger for 4 days. Results: The majority of respondents before the intervention experienced moderate nausea and vomiting (54.5%), while after the intervention, the majority experienced mild nausea and vomiting (59.1%), and those who did not experience nausea and vomiting (31.8%). The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that nausea and vomiting before and after ginger administration resulted in a p value of 0.000 (<0.05). Conclusion: Ginger administration has a significant and effective effect on reducing the level of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women in the first trimester.

Anxiety often arises during pregnancy due to both physical and psychological changes that can negatively impact the health of both the mother and the fetus. These changes may include hormonal fluctuations, fear of labor, and concerns about the baby’s wellbeing. In Indonesia, approximately 28.7% of 373,000 pregnant women in their third trimester experience anxiety as they approach labor. If left untreated, anxiety during pregnancy can lead to complications such as prolonged labor, low birth weight, and postpartum depression. Therefore, early and appropriate intervention is crucial. This study aims to describe the application of Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety in pregnant women at Puskesmas Purbaratu, Tasikmalaya. Anxiety is a condition in which an individual feels uneasy, worried, or uncomfortable. Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy is a relaxation technique that integrates spiritual practices with mental focus through meditation, allowing the soul and mind to be calm, centered, and connected with God. It includes dhikr (remembrance of Allah), controlled breathing, and contemplation of positive thoughts. The method used in this study is a case study involving two primigravida pregnant clients experiencing moderate anxiety. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and measurements using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The results indicate that Islamic mindfulness meditation therapy significantly reduced anxiety levels from moderate to mild after five consecutive days of implementation. This was achieved through a combination of breathing exercises, spiritual reflection, and relaxation. This study concludes that Islamic mindfulness meditation can be an effective, affordable, and spiritually enriching alternative therapy to reduce anxiety in pregnant women, especially during the vulnerable third trimester. It is recommended that health workers consider incorporating this method into antenatal care programs.

The 2023 Indonesian Health Survey stated that the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding in Sumatera Utara Province was quite low, namely 43.9%. The low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is closely related to the lack of knowledge of postpartum mothers, which is a predisposing factor that encourages mothers to only give breast milk for 6 months to their babies. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding in the Tuntungan Health Center work area, Pancur Batu Subdistrict. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in the study were postpartum mothers in the Tuntungan Health Center work area who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, namely 50 people. The data collected were primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to postpartum mothers. Bivariate analysis was carried out using the chi-square test to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Based on the study conducted, it is known that there is a relationship between age (p-value = 0.015), education (p-value = 0.026), and parity (p-value = 0.008) with postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. There is no relationship between occupation (p-value = 0.224) and postpartum mothers' knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding. It is recommended that health workers in the Tuntungan Health Center work area, Pancur Batu Subdistrict, to improve the knowledge of postpartum mothers, especially for young mothers (<20 years) and primigravida mothers. It is also recommended that postpartum mothers improve their knowledge through various media, especially social media.

Pregnant women with poor nutritional status or Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) are at risk of health complications for both the mother and fetus, such as low birth weight (LBW). This study aimed to determine the relationship between pregnant women with CED and the incidence of LBW at RSUD Sultan Muhammad Jamaludin I. The study used a descriptive correlational design with a retrospective approach using secondary data from medical records. The population consisted of 330 respondents, selected by total sampling technique. Univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square test) were performed. Most respondents were under 35 years old (66.4%), primigravida (62.0%), in their third trimester (100%), and had tertiary education (54.2%). Most did not have LBW infants (91.8%), and most were not diagnosed with CED (24.1%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant correlation (p=0.001) with an Odds Ratio of 11.566, indicating that CED significantly influences the likelihood of LBW.

Premature rupture of membranes is the breaking of the membranes before there are signs of labour. The incidence of premature rupture of membranes occurs in 10-12% of all pregnancies. In a term pregnancy, the incidence is 6-19%, while in preterm pregnancy it is 2-5%. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of education using booklet media on the knowledge of primigravida mothers regarding premature rupture of membranes in the working area of the Mubune Health Centre, West Likupang District. The research was conducted using the One Group Pre-test - Post-test Design research method. The sample of respondents was 24 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Data collection using questionnaires and observations. Furthermore, the data that has been collected was processed by running the SPSS version 26 program to be analysed with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test statistical test. The results showed that most of the primigravida mothers before being given education had poor knowledge. After being given education through booklet media, most respondents had good knowledge. The results of the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test test obtained the value of Asymp. Sig (2-tailed) is smaller than the alpha value (α) 0.05.

Labor preparation aims to prepare for the needs during pregnancy and labor. The close relationship between maternal knowledge and attiudes towards childbirth is very important to improve the preparation of primigravida mothers to undergo the birth process smoothly and safely. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of primigravida mothers with labor preparation in the manganitu Health Center working area. The study was conducted using purposive sampling method. Data collection was done by means of a questionnaire. Furthermore, the collected data were processed using the SPSS computer program to be analyzed with uni statistics and chi square test. The result of the study there is a relationship between knowledge and labor preparation p value=<.001 where the p value is smaller yhan the value of a=0.05 and there is a relationship between attitude and labor preparation p value=<.001 where the p value is smaller than the value af a=0.05. The conclusion of this study is that there is relationship between knowledge and attitude of primigravida mothers with labor preparation in the Manganitu Health Center working area

One of the causes of the high Maternal Mortality Rate (AKI) is long childbirth. If the delivery process lasts a long time, it can cause the mother to be exhausted because she runs out of energy. This results in inadequate uterine contractions (his) so that it can cause failure in the progress of labor. In addition to the inadequacy of uterine contractions (his), psychological conditions are also one of the factors that affect the length of labor progress. The psychological condition in question is the mother's perception of anxiety and pain during the childbirth process. One of the non-pharmacological therapies is self-healing , which is one of the methods used to manage emotions in order to avoid things that cause stress. This study aims to analyze the Effectiveness of Self-Healing to Reduce the Intensity of Pain in Maternal Mothers at PMB Winda Nainggolan, Hutabayu District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province in 2024. This research method uses a quantitative research approach with a quasi-experimental design research method in one group (one group prestest posttest). The research will be conducted in May 2024-July 2024. The sample size was 16 people with nonprobability sampling techniques. The data analysis used was using the Pairet t Test with an error value of α 0.05. The results of the study based on the output test statistics obtained a significance value of 0.000 which is smaller than the significance level of 5% (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05). The conclusion of the study is that Ha is accepted, which means that there is an effect of self-healing on the reduction of Period I labor pain in Primigravida mothers at PMB Winda Nainggolan, Hutabayu District, Simalungun Regency, North Sumatra Province in 2024. It is hoped that health workers can improve the quality of service, self-healing can be an intervention as one of the non-pharmacological therapies for maternal mothers.

Emesis gravidarum is a condition that is commonly experienced by pregnant women in the first trimester. This condition is characterized by complaints of nausea and vomiting which can cause discomfort, and even have the potential to cause serious complications if not handled properly. Based on data from the Sabatai Baru Health Center, Morotai Island, there were 5 cases of emesis gravidarum out of a total of 49 registered first-trimester pregnant women. Various factors, such as maternal age, parity, employment status, level of knowledge, family support, and environmental conditions, are known to play a role in the occurrence of emesis gravidarum. This study aims to examine the relationship between these factors and the incidence of emesis gravidarum in pregnant women in the first trimester at Harapan Bunda Hospital, Central Lampung. This study uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 40 respondents who were selected using the total sampling technique. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires of respondent characteristics and PUQE-24 instruments, then analyzed using Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression. The results showed that as many as 23 respondents (57.5%) experienced mild to moderate emesis gravidarum, 17 respondents (42.5%) were in the high-risk age group, 22 respondents (55%) were primigravida, and 18 respondents (45%) had low levels of family support. Bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal age (p = 0.035), parity (p = 0.042), and family support (p = 0.001) and the incidence of emesis gravidarum. Furthermore, the results of the multivariate analysis revealed that family support was the most dominant factor influencing the occurrence of emesis gravidarum (p = 0.001; OR = 3.5). It is hoped that pregnant women will receive adequate education regarding the prevention and handling of emesis gravidarum.

Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia during pregnancy. The low consumption of Fe tablets is related to compliance with consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the compliance of pregnant women taking iron tablets in the second trimester in Bukittinggi City. This was a qualitative study using a case study method. A purposive sampling technique was used, with the main informant being pregnant women in the second trimester in Baratan Village. Data were collected using interview techniques, observation, and documentation analysis and then validated using data triangulation, observer triangulation, theory triangulation, and method triangulation. The results of this study were analyzed based on data grouping. Testing data assumptions, alternative data explanations, and the results of the study were written. The compliance of pregnant women in taking Fe tablets shows the compliance of pregnant women in the second trimester in taking Fe tablets and how pregnant women know the benefits and impacts of not taking Fe tablets. Researchers know how long pregnant women take Fe tablets, and family support is a reinforcement for pregnant women if they forget when taking Fe tablets. Pregnant women who routinely have ANC will also receive Fe tablets from the midwife who checks for compliance with taking Fe is better when Fe tablets are also available. The opinion of researchers of primigravida pregnant women in the second trimester shows that the first, second, and third subjects are pregnant women in the second trimester who have experience taking Fe tablets. They reported the same complaints, namely nausea and vomiting after taking Fe tablets; even so, they remained obedient and routinely took Fe tablets every day, with and without being reminded by their families, they still routinely took Fe tablets. Some mothers understand the impact of not taking Fe tablets, namely, anemia and bleeding. During the interviews, all mothers said that they routinely checked their pregnancy every month with a midwife accompanied by their husbands.

Antenatal care is the midwifery care midwives provide to pregnant women before the baby's birth to ensure positive outcomes for both the mother and the baby. This care involves establishing a trusting relationship with the mother, detecting complications that could threaten life, preparing for the baby's birth, and providing health education for the mother. This descriptive study investigated pregnant mothers’ cognition of antenatal care at Midwifery Clinician Siti Nurjannah Ngemplak Demak by overviewing the object. This study's population consists of primigravida pregnant women in their third trimester taken with saturated sampling or total sampling, resulting in a sample of 40 primigravida pregnant women in their third trimester. The instruments used in this study include a questionnaire on pregnant mothers' cognition about antenatal care and the Maternal and Child Health (KIA) book for pregnant mothers. The researchers analyzed the data using univariate methods that include: the characteristics of pregnant women, knowledge of pregnant women about antenatal care, and the frequency of antenatal care visits. The research findings reveal that 20 respondents, or 50%, possess the majority of high school education characteristics. In terms of employment, 26 respondents, or 65%, are employed. Most respondents were aged 20–35 years. In terms of education level, they had an average level of cognition, with a frequency of 18 respondents (45%). When it comes to the frequency of visits by pregnant women, most respondents complied, with 26 respondents (65%) reporting a visit frequency. The research findings suggest that motivating pregnant women about the importance of knowledge and antenatal care visits is a recommended strategy.

Readiness for exclusive breastfeeding was important in supporting the development of newborns. Mrs. Priigravida does not know what influences the relationship in the readiness of exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of this study is to find out the factors that affect the readiness to give exclusive breastfeeding to primigravida. This study uses a quantitative research method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample used was primigravida pregnant women in the Bangetayu Health Center working area of Semarang City. The number of respondents in this study was 50 people, with the technique used being total sampling. The data obtained were processed statistically using the spearmen rank correlation test. The results showed that the majority of respondents at the age of not at risk were 90%, the last education of high school/vocational school was 56%, mothers who were not working were 60%, knowledge of primigravida was high as 100%, family support was good as 98%, nutritional status of primigravida was high as 96%, and spiritual support of primigravida was high by 100%. The results of the statistical test obtained that the factor that most affects the readiness of exclusive breastfeeding in primigravida is spiritual support with a beta score of 0.582. There was a relationship between knowledge, family support, nutriall status, and spiritual support to readiness of exclusive breastfeeding in primigravida. The most powerful factor of influence is spiritual support.

Hypertension in pregnancy is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, with a global prevalence of 5–10% (Khedagi & Bello, 2021). This study aims to analyze the effect of reproductive status—maternal age, gravidity, and parity—on the incidence of hypertension in pregnancy at Prof. Dr. Chairuddin P. Lubis Educational Hospital, Medan. A case-control design was employed with 96 respondents, consisting of 48 cases and 48 controls. Bivariate analysis revealed that pregnant women aged ≥35 years have a 2.839-fold higher risk of developing hypertension compared to those aged <35 years (OR=2.839; 95% CI: 1.123–7.177; p=0.027). First pregnancy (primigravida) increases the risk by 2.742 times compared to multigravida (OR=2.742; 95% CI: 1.047–7.178; p=0.040), while nulliparous women have a 2.714-fold higher risk compared to those who have given birth (OR=2.714; 95% CI: 1.101–6.693; p=0.030). Multivariate analysis identified maternal age ≥35 years and nulliparity as the most significant predictors (p=0.005). These findings align with studies by Wiranto & Putriningtyas (2021), Hinkosa et al. (2020), and Luo et al. (2020), which confirmed that advanced maternal age and nulliparity increase the risk of pregnancy complications. The novelty of this research lies in integrating all three reproductive status factors as simultaneous predictors of hypertension risk, providing a new perspective compared to previous studies focused on single variables. Based on these findings, early detection and targeted health education for high-risk mothers are strongly recommended.

Childbirth, whether through vaginal delivery or Cesarean section (CS), is a significant event often accompanied by psychological challenges such as anxiety, particularly among women undergoing CS. This quantitative study aimed to explore the correlation between spousal support and anxiety levels in 40 first-time CS candidates. Using purposive sampling, this research employed the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and the Spousal Support Questionnaire as measurement tools. The majority of respondents were aged 26-35 years (80%), in their third trimester of pregnancy (100%), primigravida (80%), and presented with indications for CS (65%). All respondents reported receiving supportive spousal support during their pregnancy. The study revealed that 70% of mothers experienced mild anxiety, with only 5% reporting moderate anxiety. Statistical analysis using the Spearman rank test demonstrated a significant relationship between spousal support and anxiety levels among first-time CS candidates (p = 0.034, p < 0.05). This suggests that higher levels of spousal support correlate with lower anxiety levels in expectant mothers undergoing CS. The findings underscore the importance of spousal support during pregnancy and childbirth, highlighting the need for partners to accompany and provide emotional support to mitigate anxiety. Future research should explore additional factors influencing anxiety and consider interventions to enhance support mechanisms for expectant mothers undergoing CS.