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This study aims to explore the institutional governance and collaboration mechanisms at Indonesia's entry points, emphasising both formal arrangements, such as Memoranda of Understanding, and informal communication channels that facilitate daily operations among Immigration, Customs, Port Authorities, Law Enforcement, and Health Agencies. The research employed qualitative methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, grounded in Policy Network theory, to analyse the dynamics of institutional collaboration at entry points. The findings highlight that border oversight effectiveness hinges on inter-agency synergy quality, trust, and the ability to overcome technical and procedural barriers, whilst significant challenges include technological disparity, particularly incompatible data platforms hampering real-time information sharing, and silo mentalities driven by security concerns that impede operational harmonisation, resulting in delays and inefficiencies. Trust mechanisms such as informal communication groups, regular meetings, and leadership support significantly improve coordination and operational performance. The study concludes that sustainable and adaptive governance models characterised by mutual trust, effective communication, and technological integration are essential for enhancing border security and facilitating legal movement. The research underscores the importance of integrating technological systems to ensure interoperability, developing clear cross-agency SOPs, and fostering a collaborative culture that prioritises shared goals over organisational ego. Strengthening institutional collaboration at border crossings will bolster Indonesia's national security, economic growth, and international reputation, and contribute to resilient, efficient border management systems capable of addressing contemporary threats.

This study aims to analyze the concept of modern governance in public service delivery using a descriptive qualitative approach through an extensive literature review. Modern governance is understood as a governance model that emphasizes collaboration, transparency, adaptability, and the involvement of multiple actors within policy networks. The data were collected from books, journal articles, international institutional documents, and previous research relevant to governance and public administration. The findings indicate that modern governance significantly contributes to improving public service effectiveness, particularly through digital innovation, data integration, and collaborative mechanisms between government institutions and citizens. Several case studies—such as public service innovations in Surabaya, Surakarta, and various village administrations—demonstrate that this model can accelerate service processes and enhance public satisfaction. However, the implementation of modern governance still faces challenges, including limited resources, rigid bureaucratic culture, low public participation, and the inconsistent application of good governance principles. This study concludes that modern governance holds substantial potential to strengthen the quality of public services in Indonesia, yet requires strong governmental commitment, technological readiness, and active community involvement to be effectively implemented.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an important role in public policy networks as representatives of community interests, government partners, and advocacy actors. This study aims to analyze the role of NGOs in public policy networks in Garut Regency, as well as the challenges faced in increasing their contribution to policy formulation and implementation. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of actors involved in the policy network. The results show that NGO involvement is still symbolic, power relations between actors are not yet equal, NGO institutional capacity is limited, and coordination within the policy network is less than optimal. The lack of regulatory support also weakens the position of NGOs in the public policy process. This study concludes that strengthening the role of NGOs through institutionalizing their involvement, developing regulations, increasing capacity, and establishing equal partnership patterns are important steps to improve the effectiveness of public policy networks in Garut Regency.

Public policy innovation is an important necessity for local governments in responding to the complexity of public issues. One relevant approach to encourage policy innovation is policy networks, which emphasize collaboration between government and non-government actors. This study aims to analyze the role of policy networks as a public policy innovation strategy in Bandung Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of actors involved in the public policy innovation process. The results show that public policy innovation in Bandung Regency is not yet fully supported by an inclusive and sustainable policy network. The dominance of the local government, weak coordination between actors, limited capacity of non-governmental actors, and regulatory and bureaucratic barriers are the main obstacles. This study emphasizes that strengthening collaborative, participatory, and institutionalized policy networks is an important prerequisite for promoting adaptive and sustainable public policy innovation at the local level.