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Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases encountered in primary healthcare and may lead to serious complications if left uncontrolled. This case report aims to describe the management of a 48-year-old female patient with grade II hypertension through a family medicine approach at Nisam Primary Health Center, North Aceh Regency. The patient presented with intermittent headaches for one week, which worsened after physical activity and were accompanied by numbness in both legs. She had a five-year history of hypertension with poor adherence to antihypertensive medication. Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 165/70 mmHg, leading to a diagnosis of grade II hypertension. Comprehensive management was conducted using patient-centered and family-centered approaches, including education regarding hypertension, lifestyle modification, DASH diet implementation, physical activity, medication adherence, and family support through home visits and family folders. The interventions were expected to improve blood pressure control, prevent complications, and enhance the patient’s quality of life. A family medicine approach plays an important role in comprehensive hypertension management at the primary healthcare level.

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) remains a major public health concern, particularly in primary care settings. Lifestyle factors such as dietary patterns and physical activity are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to respiratory health. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between dietary patterns, physical activity, and ARI among primary care patients in East Halmahera, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary health care facility in East Halmahera, Indonesia, from January to February 2026, involving 106 respondents selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical records. Variables included sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, physical activity, and ARI status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of ARI among respondents was 77.4%. Bivariate analysis showed that dietary patterns (p = 0.006) and physical activity (p = 0.015) were significantly associated with ARI. In contrast, age, gender, marital status, education level, employment status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were not significantly associated with ARI (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Dietary patterns and physical activity were significantly associated with ARI among primary care patients in East Halmahera. These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle-related factors in addressing respiratory infections at the primary care level.  

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease often referred to as a silent killer because it generally does not present noticeable symptoms. Several risk factors contribute to the development of hypertension, including high body mass index (BMI) and low levels of physical activity. However, data regarding the association between BMI, physical activity, and hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index and physical activity with hypertension among adults at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, from November 19 to December 6, 2025. The study population consisted of all adult patients with hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, totaling 2,797 individuals. A sample of 93 respondents was selected using an accidental sampling technique. Data were collected using observation sheets through measurements of height and weight to calculate BMI, as well as the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis showed that 27 respondents (29.0%) were classified as severely obese, 42 respondents (45.2%) had a low level of physical activity, and 28 respondents (30.1%) were categorized as having stage 2 hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between body mass index and physical activity with blood pressure among patients with hypertension (p = 0.000). It is expected that healthcare providers at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center will continue to provide education regarding the importance of controlling body mass index and engaging in regular physical activity, as these factors contribute to increased blood pressure among patients with hypertension.

Regular physical activity is known to play an important role in maintaining overall health, including improving immune system function and mental health. Lack of physical activity remains a public health issue, making it important to understand the impact of physical activity on the immune system and mental health. This study aimed to review the effect of regular physical activity on the immune system and mental health using a literature review method. The literature sources were obtained from publications within the last five years using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The articles were then screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine relevant articles for analysis. The selection results indicate that regular physical activity can increase the mobilization and activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and also modify the adaptive immune system through changes in T cells and B cells. In addition, physical activity also improves mental health through neurobiological mechanisms such as increased endorphin, dopamine, and serotonin levels, which can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve sleep quality and psychological well-being. Therefore, regular physical activity has a positive effect on the immune system and mental health and can be used as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain overall health.

Cardiovascular dysfunction is a disorder of the blood vessels, such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. In 2016, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death worldwide, based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO). Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death, along with stroke, as shown by the Sample Registration System survey in 2014.This case involves a 64-year-old male, Mr. N, who presented to the emergency department of RSUD dr. Fauziah Bireuen with complaints of chest pain that developed gradually and worsened over the past month. The pain was located across the entire chest and radiated to the back and neck. The pain was described as severe, like being crushed by a heavy load, worsened during strenuous activities such as cutting grass and chopping wood, and relieved when the patient bent forward. The pain could occur at any time, with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of 10 (severe pain). The patient also reported easy fatigue during heavy physical activity over the past month. Laboratory examination revealed elevated leukocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), segmented neutrophils, troponin I, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The patient was diagnosed with extensive anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) post successful fibrinolytic therapy.

The increase in the number of elderly residents demands the provision of residential facilities that not only meet physical needs, but also support the psychological and social well-being of their users. This study aims to formulate the concept of behavioral architecture-based nursing home design by focusing on the relationship between elderly activity patterns, privacy levels, and spatial relationships of space in the local context of Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative-descriptive approach in the framework of architectural design, with data collection through observation of elderly activities, site analysis, and documentation studies. Activity data was analyzed to identify space needs and usage patterns, then synthesized with site characteristics to formulate the concepts of zoning, circulation, and behavior-based spatial relationships. The results of the study show that the activities of the elderly form a layered behavioral structure, including residential and health activities as primary needs as well as social, productive, and educational activities as support for psychosocial welfare. Hierarchically arranged space zoning based on privacy levels has been proven to improve the readability of the space, sense of security, and comfort of the elderly. The integration of green open spaces as part of the activity system also strengthens support for light physical activity and social interaction. This study confirms that the application of behavioral architecture allows the translation of data on elderly behavior and site conditions into a contextual, humanist, and quality-of-life-oriented design concept. These findings provide practical implications for designers and policymakers in the development of sustainable elderly housing.

Family health is a fundamental component of public health development, as the family represents the smallest social unit shaping individual health behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the family health conditions of the community in Pulau Jambu Village, Kampar District, based on demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed with a total sample of 153 respondents selected using random sampling, ensuring equal probability for each population member to be included.The results indicated that most respondents were in the productive age group of 19–60 years (68.8%), with farming as the dominant occupation (47.1%). The majority relied on borehole wells as their water source (61.4%); however, 47.1% had septic tank distances ≤10 meters, posing potential risks of water contamination. Regular physical activity was reported by 60.8% of respondents, yet the prevalence of smoking was very high (78.4%). Most respondents had a junior high school education (45.1%), influencing health literacy levels, although 58.2% demonstrated good knowledge of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS). Health service utilization was relatively high (86.3%), though some residents still practiced traditional treatment.In conclusion, family health conditions are influenced by a combination of behavioral, environmental sanitation, and socioeconomic factors. Strengthening family-based health interventions through PHBS education, smoking control, and environmental sanitation improvement is essential to enhance sustainable community health status.

Hyperglycemia is a condition of elevated blood sugar levels that can potentially lead to various health complications if not controlled early. This condition is often influenced by unhealthy eating habits, lack of physical activity, and low awareness among adolescents regarding regular blood sugar checks. Adolescents are an age group that is vulnerable to lifestyle changes, putting them at risk of developing metabolic disorders later in life. This community service activity aims to increase adolescent knowledge and awareness regarding the dangers of hyperglycemia and the importance of preventive measures from school age. The activity was carried out at SMK Nurul Ulum Lebaksiu, involving 59 students as participants. The methods used included health education through audio-visual media, interactive lectures, discussions, and Random Blood Sugar (GDS) tests for early detection. The results of the activity showed an increase in student knowledge based on a comparison of pre-test and post-test scores, as well as the implementation of GDS tests on all participants. This activity is expected to foster healthy lifestyle behaviors and increase adolescent awareness of the prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Lifestyle changes, such as smoking habits, low physical activity, and suboptimal sleep patterns, have the potential to affect various health indicators. However, empirical evidence showing a direct link between lifestyle factors and objective health indicators still shows varying results. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lifestyle factors and health indicators in adult respondents, in an effort to provide an empirical picture of behavioral factors related to health conditions. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional observational analytic design. Data were obtained from 94 respondents who had complete lifestyle data and health examination results. Lifestyle factors analyzed included smoking habits, exercise frequency, and sleep duration, while health indicators included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, uric acid, and pulse rate. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and the Spearman correlation test according to the characteristics of the data distribution. The results showed that smoking habits were significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), exercise frequency was significantly associated with BMI and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), and sleep duration was significantly associated with uric acid levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship between lifestyle factors and other health indicators did not show statistical significance. These findings indicate that the influence of lifestyle on health is specific to certain indicators and is not evenly distributed across all health parameters. This study concludes that identifying lifestyle factors relevant to certain health indicators is important as a basis for formulating more targeted health promotion strategies.

The increasing sedentary lifestyle in the digital era has the potential to cause various health problems due to lack of physical activity. One approach that can be taken to encourage physical activity is through the use of digital games with body movement-based control mechanisms. This study aims to develop a body gesture-based game character control system using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. CNN is used to extract spatial features from each video frame, while LSTM serves to model the temporal relationship between frames so that movement patterns can be recognized sequentially. The research method used refers to the Machine Learning Lifecycle stages, starting from data collection, preprocessing, model development, to implementation in the endless runner game genre. Testing results show that the CNN–LSTM model is capable of classifying body gestures and generating outputs that can be used as commands to control game characters. The implementation of this system enables more natural and interactive game interactions without conventional input devices, and has the potential to encourage players to lead a more active lifestyle.

Background: Hand grip strength is an essential indicator of physical capacity and nutritional status that can identify obesity risk. Adipose tissue accumulation in central obesity contributes to decreased hand grip strength quality through impaired muscle force transmission. Previous studies showed inconsistent results regarding the relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength, especially in populations with high physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength in male construction workers with high physical activity in Medan City. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study with cross-sectional design involved 100 male construction workers aged 30-39 years selected using purposive sampling technique. Waist circumference was measured using measuring tape, while hand grip strength was measured using handgrip dynamometer. Data analysis used Chi-Square test with significance level α=0.05. Results: The majority of respondents had normal waist circumference (64%) with mode 70 cm and normal grip strength category (53%) with mode 41.7 kg. Chi-Square test showed significant relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength (p=0.039). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength in construction workers. High physical activity does not completely prevent central obesity, therefore nutritional management and health education programs are needed for optimization of body composition and muscle functional capacity.

Introduction: Maximal oxygen volume (VO2max) is the capability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to muscle mitochondria, which is directly proportional to the level of stamina and is obtained from physical activity. Central obesity, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of visceral fat, can cause decreased stamina, so individuals with central obesity tend to have lower VO2max values. VO2max values can be determined by body composition, such as waist circumference, which is an indicator of central obesity. Methods: This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 54 male respondents with high physical activity jobs who worked as building construction workers in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Waist circumference measurements were carried out using a measuring tape, while VO2max was assessed using a 6-minute walk test. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: A total of 47 respondents (87%) had a normal waist circumference, 31 respondents (57.4%) had a fair VO2max, and 16 respondents (29.6%) had an average VO2max. The analysis showed a significant relationship between waist circumference and VO2max, with a P value of 0.000 (P<0.05) and R = -0.658. Conclusion: There is a strong and significant negative correlation between waist circumference and VO2max. This indicates that a larger waist circumference results in a lower VO2max, and a smaller waist circumference results in a higher VO2max.

Exercise is a planned physical activity that not only contributes to physical fitness but also plays a significant role in maintaining and improving mental health. This study aims to explore the relationship between physical exercise and mental well-being among adolescents and university students with diverse backgrounds of physical activity. The research employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews with five informants, consisting of university students who engage in recreational exercise, recreational runners, middle- and long-distance runners, and a sprinter. Data collection was conducted in several public sports spaces in the city of Bandung, focusing on participants’ subjective experiences related to their psychological conditions before and after engaging in exercise. The findings indicate that all participants perceive exercise as an effective means of emotional regulation. Physical activity is consistently associated with improved mood, reduced stress, enhanced sleep quality, stable energy levels, and increased academic concentration and focus. In addition, exercise contributes to the development of self-confidence, self-efficacy, and self-control through structured routines. The social aspects of exercise, such as support from peers, communities, and coaches, were shown to strengthen the sustainability of physical activity while also providing essential emotional support for mental health. However, among competitive athletes, performance-related pressure was identified as a factor that may negatively affect psychological well-being, although this effect can be moderated by adequate social support. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize that exercise functions as an adaptive coping mechanism operating through biological, psychological, and social pathways, and highlight the importance of consistency and balance in physical activity to achieve optimal mental health benefits.  

Background: Hyperuricemia represents a medical condition marked by elevated concentrations of uric acid within the bloodstream, potentially triggering gout alongside various metabolic disorders. Central obesity has been identified as a contributing factor to rising uric acid concentrations, measurable through waist circumference assessment. Methods: An analytic observational design utilizing a cross-sectional approach was employed in this investigation, encompassing 100 male participants characterized by sedentary lifestyles who were employed as office workers in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Waist circumference measurements were obtained using a flexible measuring tape, while uric acid concentrations were determined through Point of Care Test (POCT) devices. Statistical evaluation was conducted via the Chi-Square test, applying a significance threshold of 0.05. Results: Among all participants, 64 individuals (64%) exhibited waist circumference measurements indicative of central obesity, whereas 56 individuals (56%) demonstrated hyperuricemic conditions. Statistical evaluation revealed a significant association between waist circumference measurements and uric acid concentrations, evidenced by a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A meaningful correlation exists between waist circumference and uric acid concentrations among males engaged in sedentary occupations.

Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are closely related non-communicable diseases and major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, particularly in older adults. These conditions are influenced by medical, behavioral, family, and environmental factors, requiring a holistic family medicine approach through home visits. This study aimed to describe the clinical condition, family function, and environmental factors of a 60-year-old female patient with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia using the APGAR and SCREEM approaches. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design in the form of a case report involving Mrs. S (60 years old) in Lebbek Village, Pamekasan Regency. Data were collected through anamnesis, physical examination, total cholesterol measurement using a GCU meter, environmental observation, and assessment of family function and environmental factors. The results showed blood pressure values of 161/96 mmHg and 160/96 mmHg on repeated measurement, with a total cholesterol level of 154 mg/dL. The patient had a high-salt and high-fat diet with low physical activity. APGAR assessment indicated poor family function with a total score of 4, particularly in the partnership and resolve domains, while the growth domain was categorized as accepting. SCREEM analysis identified education as the main barrier. In conclusion, management of this condition requires family-based interventions focusing on improving family cooperation and health education tailored to the patient’s literacy level.

The growing use of smartphones among adolescents carries a high risk of addiction, which can negatively impact physical, mental, and social well-being. To address this issue, a community service program was implemented to conduct early detection of gadget addiction among high school students and provide educational health media to raise knowledge and awareness about excessive smartphone use. The program involved 240 students of SMA Negeri 1 Tuntang and was conducted in three stages: screening, development of educational materials, and health counseling. Screening used the short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale and revealed that 90% of students were classified as addicted. Prior to counseling, 81.25% of students had low levels of knowledge regarding healthy gadget use, which significantly improved after the intervention, with 83.4% achieving high knowledge levels. Health counseling proved crucial in enhancing students’ understanding and promoting responsible smartphone habits. The program highlights the importance of collaborative efforts by schools, parents, and students to limit smartphone use, encourage physical activity, and foster face-to-face social interactions to support adolescent well-being.

This study aimed to analyze differences in body composition among adult women across three regions with distinct sociocultural and environmental characteristics: Baduy Luar (rural–traditional), Salatiga (semi-urban), and Kota Bambu (urban). Using a cross-sectional design, the study involved 268 participants and assessed total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and skeletal muscle mass using the OMRON HBF-370 analyzer. Significant differences were observed across most body composition parameters (p < 0.001). Women living in the urban area exhibited the highest levels of total fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat, reflecting the influence of urbanization and sedentary lifestyle on adiposity. Conversely, women in the rural–traditional community demonstrated the highest skeletal muscle mass across all body regions, consistent with their physically demanding daily activities and traditional dietary patterns. These findings highlight the substantial role of environmental context in shaping metabolic health and cardiometabolic risk. Targeted public-health interventions—such as structured physical-activity promotion and nutrition education in urban populations, and preservation of active lifestyles in rural communities—are recommended. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify causal pathways and further characterize metabolic determinants.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints globally and is the main cause of decreased work productivity. One of the risk factors that has been widely studied in the literature is prolonged sitting duration. Prolonged sitting activities cause increased static pressure on the lumbar spine, fatigue of the supporting muscles, as well as a decrease in local blood flow that can trigger chronic pain. This study is a literature review with a meta-analytical approach that aims to analyze the relationship between long-term sitting and the incidence of LBP. The review process was carried out following PRISMA guidelines through searches on PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for publication in 2020–2025. Of the 20 previous studies analyzed, most showed a positive association between sitting time and an increased risk of LBP, both in adults, adolescents, and children. Sitting for more than 6 hours per day increases the risk of LBP by 33%, especially in individuals with low physical activity. In addition, longer sitting durations with poor posture and minimal active rest were found in the group of office workers and professional drivers who had a high prevalence of LBP. Physical activity has been shown to play a protective role against the risk of LBP, while ergonomic interventions such as lumbar support can reduce pain complaints. Although most studies were observational, the consistency of results supports the importance of prevention through reduced sitting time, increased physical activity, and ergonomic work environment settings. These findings provide a scientific basis for multidimensional interventions to effectively reduce the incidence of LBP.  

Adolescent girls represent a population that commonly experiences primary dysmenorrhea. Inadequate dietary habits may contribute to inflammatory responses, while low levels of physical activity can reduce the body’s natural pain regulation, both of which may intensify menstrual pain. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary habits and physical activity with the severity of primary dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls. A quantitative correlational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Participants were selected using proportional random sampling, involving 71 eleventh-grade students at SMAN 6 Malang. Dietary intake was assessed using a FFQ, physical activity levels were measured through the PAL indicator, and dysmenorrhea severity was evaluated using the WaLIDD score. The results showed that nearly half of the respondents had adequate dietary habits (49.3%) and moderate physical activity levels (47.9%), while most participants experienced moderate primary dysmenorrhea (53.5%). Statistical analysis using Somers’ d and Gamma tests yielded p-values of 0.039 and <0.001, indicating significant associations between dietary habits, physical activity, and dysmenorrhea severity. Correlation analysis demonstrated a moderate inverse relationship between dietary habits and dysmenorrhea severity (r = −0.301) and a strong association between physical activity and dysmenorrhea severity (r = 0.690).

Research on the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels of inmates, particularly in women's prisons, is still very limited. This study aims to provide empirical data that can be used as a basis for developing better physical training programs in women's prisons, while also supporting improvements in the quality of life of inmates and their readiness to return to society. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional study approach. Activities carried out included data collection and measurement of the independent and dependent variables. This study analyzed variables related to the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels among inmates at the Class II Pondok Bambu Women's Prison, East Jakarta. The results of the study showed (1) variations in the distribution of physical activity levels were relatively balanced between the low (34.6%), medium (33.3%), and high (32.1%) categories. (2) Morbidity rates in the sample indicated a significant burden of disease, the proportion of prisoners with low levels of morbidity was 39.7%, medium 24.4%, and high 35.9%. (3) Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between physical activity levels and levels of morbidity in prisoners, the bivariate test (Chi-Square) produced p < 0.001, so the hypothesis that there is a relationship between physical activity and morbidity is accepted. (4) In an Islamic perspective, physical activity is believed to strengthen the body, prevent disease, and maintain physical and spiritual balance.