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Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, remain major contributors to the global burden of disease and disability. Socioeconomic inequality, including differences in Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, is considered an important factor influencing mental health outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between GNI per capita and the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders globally using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 database. A descriptive ecological study design was conducted using secondary data from 187 countries and regions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation tests, and regional comparative analysis with ANOVA. The results showed substantial disparities in mental health burden and income distribution across regions. Africa had the highest average prevalence of depression, while Asia showed the greatest variability in anxiety disorders. A significant negative correlation was found between depression prevalence and income levels (r = -0.213; p = 0.003), indicating higher depression rates in lower-income countries. However, anxiety showed a weak and insignificant relationship with income (r = -0.079; p = 0.281). These findings emphasize the need to reduce socioeconomic inequalities and strengthen mental health systems through integrated healthcare services and multisectoral policies.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) remains a major public health concern worldwide due to its significant contribution to neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as its long-term adverse health consequences. Pregnancy intention has been identified as a potential determinant of adverse birth outcomes; however, evidence regarding its association with LBW remains inconsistent. This study aimed to examine the association between pregnancy intention and low birth weight in Indonesia using data from the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the 2012 IDHS. The study included 8,922 married women aged 15–49 years who had a singleton live birth within five years preceding the survey. Pregnancy intention was categorized as intended, mistimed, and unwanted. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between pregnancy intention and LBW after controlling for potential confounding variables. The prevalence of LBW was 6.2%. After adjustment for maternal age and antenatal care (ANC) visits, no significant association was found between mistimed pregnancy and LBW (AOR = 1.055; 95% CI: 0.765–1.454). An interaction effect was identified between unwanted pregnancy and pregnancy complications. Women with unwanted pregnancies accompanied by pregnancy complications had a higher risk of delivering LBW infants compared with women whose pregnancies were intended and without complications. Nevertheless, pregnancy intention was not significantly associated with LBW overall after adjustment for confounding factors. Maternal age outside the optimal reproductive age range (<20 years or >35 years) and inadequate ANC utilization were significantly associated with an increased risk of LBW. Pregnancy intention was not independently associated with low birth weight among Indonesian women after controlling for maternal and healthcare-related factors. Maternal age and antenatal care utilization were more consistent determinants of LBW. Strengthening maternal health services, particularly adequate antenatal care and early detection of pregnancy complications, may contribute to reducing the burden of low birth weight in Indonesia.

The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has opened up considerable possibilities for automation systems aimed at enhancing energy efficiency in both home and office settings. This study focuses on the creation and deployment of an IoT-driven Smart Home system utilizing ESP32 for the automatic and manual supervision and regulation of electrical appliances within the Employee Dormitory of the Institute for Lecturer Performance Development (LPKD). The established system employs a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor for detecting human presence and a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor to assess the intensity of light in the room. The data from these sensors is analyzed by the ESP32 microcontroller, which controls lights and fans automatically through relay modules based on the surrounding conditions. Furthermore, the system is linked to the Blynk application and the Telegram Bot API to enable remote operation and immediate notifications. The methodological approach taken in this research is Research and Development (R&D) employing a prototyping method. The assessment outcomes show that the system functions reliably, with success rates for sensor detection and appliance management exceeding 95%. The introduction of this system aims to boost electrical energy efficiency, improve user experience, and facilitate the adoption of IoT-centered smart facility management within the LPKD framework.

This study aimed to improve students' speaking skills in news text learning through the implementation of the Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) learning model. The research employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in two cycles involving Grade VIII students of SMP Negeri Satu Atap Kujiratu. Data were collected through observation, performance assessment, and learning outcome tests. The findings indicated that the application of the TSTS model contributed positively to students’ speaking skills and learning outcomes. In Cycle I, 16 students achieved mastery learning, while 13 students did not, with a class average score of 43.15. In Cycle II, learning outcomes improved, with 18 students achieving mastery learning and 11 students not yet meeting the minimum criteria, resulting in an average score of 73.11. The improvement was supported by increased student participation, confidence in expressing ideas, and collaborative interaction during group discussions. The study concludes that the Two Stay Two Stray learning model is effective in enhancing students’ speaking skills in news text learning and can serve as an alternative cooperative learning strategy in Indonesian language instruction.

Exports as a component of international trade contribute significantly to the development and growth of a country’s economy. In Indonesia, export activities are considered one of the key drivers in increasing national economic performance. This research seeks to evaluate the role of Indonesia’s exports to the United States within the Harmonized System (HS) Code 71 commodity classification, encompassing pearls, gemstones, precious metals, and jewelry products, in influencing Indonesia’s economic growth as reflected by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices.The analysis focuses on three specific commodity groups: Pearls and Precious Stones (HS 71.01–71.05), Precious Metals and Metals Clad with Precious Metals (HS 71.06–71.12), and Jewelry and Related Articles (HS 71.13–71.18). A descriptive quantitative research design was employed, utilizing secondary time-series data collected for the 2015–2024 period. Data sources included the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Trade Map. To assess the relationship between variables, this study adopted multiple linear regression analysis accompanied by classical assumption testing and hypothesis testing using both t-test and F-test procedures. The empirical findings demonstrate that export performance within the HS Code 71 category underwent considerable fluctuations throughout the observation period, reaching its peak in 2024.Furthermore, the statistical results indicate that each commodity sub-category contributes differently and exerts varying effects on Indonesia’s real GDP, both individually and collectively. The outcomes of this research are expected to provide useful references for government institutions in developing trade cooperation strategies and policy decisions, while also supporting business actors in strengthening the international competitiveness of Indonesian products.

Background:Tuberculosis remains a serious public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Pekalongan City, which sees an annual increase in cases. The still high number of TB cases and deaths each year indicates that the program being implemented is not yet fully effective, therefore requiring active community involvement, increased capacity of health workers, and closer cross-sector integration. Aims: This activity aims to provide comprehensive community nursing care through a promotive and preventive approach, with an emphasis on identifying risky behaviors, knowledge deficits, and non-adherence to TB treatment. Method: The methods used included community assessment, establishing a community nursing diagnosis, planning education-based interventions, implementing outreach and simulation activities, and evaluating outcomes. Results: The results of the activity indicated that most people have limited knowledge about TB prevention, and that risky behaviors and non-adherence to therapy persist. Interventions, including group outreach, interactive discussions, and education on the importance of medication adherence, demonstrated increased knowledge and healthier behavior changes. Conclution: The conclusion of this activity emphasized the importance of the active role of community nurses in reducing TB transmission rates through educational approaches, active surveillance, and cross-sector collaboration. Recommendations focused on strengthening ongoing education and the involvement of families and community health workers in early detection and monitoring of TB patient therapy.

This study aims to synthesize empirical and theoretical literature on the Planning–Organizing–Actuating–Controlling (POAC) framework in public sector management, identify asymmetries among its functions, and propose a reconfiguration of POAC that is relevant to digital and collaborative governance. The study employs an integrative literature review by examining classical management literature, peer-reviewed journals, government regulations, and official governance indicators. Data were analyzed thematically based on the four POAC functions and synthesized across themes, using Indonesia during the 2021–2025 period as the empirical context. The findings reveal that planning and organizing functions have developed relatively well, while actuating and especially controlling remain persistent weaknesses. This condition is reflected in improvements in several formal governance indicators, including the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) Index, Indonesia’s ranking in the E-Government Development Index (EGDI), Unqualified Audit Opinions (WTP), and public service compliance ratings. However, during the same period, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) declined. These findings indicate a gap between administrative achievements and substantive outcomes, consistent with the concept of means–ends decoupling in neo-institutional theory. The study contributes by bridging classical management theory with contemporary governance paradigms and proposing a Data-driven, Networked, Adaptive, and Participatory (DNAP) model of POAC. Practically, the results highlight the need to strengthen controlling functions and adaptive leadership to foster more effective, transparent, and outcome-oriented public governance.

The phenomenon of university students simultaneously undertaking academic studies and employment has become increasingly common, creating unique challenges in balancing work responsibilities and academic obligations. This study aims to examine the effects of job demands and time management on academic performance, with academic self-efficacy serving as a mediating variable among undergraduate and postgraduate students who work while pursuing higher education. The research employed a quantitative approach using a causal research design. Data were collected through an online questionnaire administered to 50 working students selected through purposive sampling. The study measured four variables, namely job demands, time management, academic self-efficacy, and academic performance. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, Baron and Kenny’s causal steps approach, and the Sobel test to examine mediation effects. The findings reveal that time management has a positive and significant effect on both academic self-efficacy and academic performance. Academic self-efficacy also demonstrates a positive and significant influence on academic performance and emerges as the strongest predictor in the model. In contrast, job demands do not significantly affect either academic self-efficacy or academic performance. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy does not mediate the relationship between job demands and academic performance. However, academic self-efficacy fully mediates the relationship between time management and academic performance, indicating that effective time management enhances students’ confidence in their academic abilities, which subsequently improves their academic outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening time management skills and academic self-efficacy to support the academic success of working students in higher education institutions.

The quality of Catholic Religious Education learning is an important aspect in shaping students’ faith, character, knowledge, and religious life skills. However, the learning process at SMK Negeri 1 Talibura still faces various challenges, particularly in the areas of spiritual attitudes, social attitudes, Catholic religious knowledge, and religious life skills. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Independent Learning Curriculum (Merdeka Belajar Curriculum) and its contribution to improving the quality of Catholic Religious Education learning at SMK Negeri 1 Talibura. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, Catholic Religious Education teachers, students, and parents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the implementation of the Independent Learning Curriculum has been carried out effectively through learning planning, learning implementation, learning assessment, and the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5). This implementation has had a positive impact on the learning process, outputs, and outcomes. Students demonstrated improvements in spiritual attitudes, social attitudes, Catholic religious knowledge, and religious life skills, as well as positive behavioral changes in their daily lives. The findings imply that the Independent Learning Curriculum can serve as an effective strategy for improving the quality of Catholic Religious Education learning in a holistic manner.

This study aims to describe the process of implementing the Sympathy Mailbox media in writing expressions of concern by knowing the improvement in student learning outcomes and their responses. This study uses experimental research with a quantitative descriptive approach and a pretest-posttest control group design. The subjects involved were 64 seventh-grade students of SMP Negeri 47 Surabaya. Data collection included observation, tests, and questionnaires with data analyzed in the form of percentages, means, and t-tests. The results obtained showed that the learning process ran very well starting from the preparation stage in the form of providing two sympathy boxes, the implementation stage and the evaluation stage through the final test and response questionnaire. This can be proven by the percentage of student activity of 93.75% and educators 90%. The average student learning score increased in the pre-test from 75.12 to 84.37 with a gain value of 9.31. The t-test produced a t-count value of 9.23 which was higher than the t-table, this proved that there was a significant influence of the sympathy mailbox media on the ability to write expressions of concern. The students' response to the learning was very positive, so it can be concluded that the process of implementing the sympathy box media in learning was successful.

The purpose of this study was to determine the learning outcomes of second-semester students in solid hair trimming skills after receiving learning through compression methods using video-based media or compression methods without media, also to analyze how influential video media in compression methods are on student learning outcomes on trimming material. The following study is a type of quasi-experimental research. With the results showing that the average post-test score of experimental class students, who were given learning using the exposure method with the help of video media on solid hair trimming material, was 83.93. On the other hand, the control class, which was given demonstration learning without video media. The average post-test score was 79.30. The results of the Hypothesis test showed a calculated value greater than the t table (4.158 > 2.00) and a significance value of 0.0000 smaller than 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that explanations with the help of video media have an influence on learning outcomes in solid hair trimming in second-semester students. In addition, this method has an effect of increasing by 5.84% on learning outcomes compared to the demonstration method without media.Keywords: Demonstration Method, Video, Solid Hair Cutting

Anemia during pregnancy remains a common health problem and may lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and fetus. Hemoglobin and erythrocyte indices examination are important to identify anemia and describe erythrocyte morphology in pregnant women. This study aimed to describe hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte indices among anemic pregnant women at Sentosa Maternity Hospital. This research used a descriptive design with secondary data obtained from hematological examination results of pregnant women who underwent laboratory testing at Sentosa Maternity Hospital from January to December 2023. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented in frequency distribution tables. The results showed that out of 58 pregnant women undergoing hematological examination, 28 women (48%) were anemic with a mean hemoglobin level of 10.2 g/dL, while 30 women (52%) had normal hemoglobin levels with a mean of 12.8 g/dL. Based on erythrocyte indices, most anemic pregnant women had microcytic hypochromic anemia, accounting for 19 women (67%) with mean MCV of 72.3 fL, MCH of 29.8 pg, and MCHC of 33.9 g/dL, whereas 9 women (33%) had normocytic normochromic anemia with mean MCV of 83.4 fL, MCH of 29.6 pg, and MCHC of 33.4 g/dL. It can be concluded that nearly half of the examined pregnant women experienced anemia, with microcytic hypochromic anemia being the most dominant type.

Manual teaching journal management at SMA Negeri 1 Kayen frequently leads to documentation inefficiencies, risks of data loss, and challenges in the teaching supervision process. This research tends to design and develop a web-based teacher teaching journal information system employing the CodeIgniter 3 framework with a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture. The system was improved employing the Waterfall methodology, comprising requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. The system integrates four user roles—administrator, teacher, student, and supervisor—to support the digitalization of recording processes, real-time teacher attendance verification by students, and centralized activity monitoring. Black Box Testing outcomes present that all system functions, involving authentication, data management, and reporting, operate 100% in accordance with user requirements. The implementation of this system effectively reduces administrative time compared to manual methods while enhancing the accountability and transparency of teaching journal management within the school. With centralized data integration, this system helps as an effective solution for supporting data-driven managerial decision-making in education.

Background: The rising global burden of hypertension presents a massive public health challenge, with its mitigation heavily tied to modifiable dietary factors. Among these, the escalating intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has emerged as a significant dietary risk. Objectives: This study aims to synthesize recent epidemiological evidence regarding the association between various types of sweetened beverages and the risk of hypertension. Methods: A narrative-analytical review was conducted by retrieving observational studies and meta-analyses published between 2023 and 2026 from the Scopus database using explicit keyword combinations targeting SSBs, prospective cohorts, and blood pressure outcomes. Findings: Synthesized data reveals that high consumption of traditional SSBs significantly increases hypertension risk by 13% (RR: 1.13) and elevates systolic blood pressure in children, primarily driven by excess liquid calories. Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) show a 14% risk increase in observational data, potentially confounded by reverse causation, whereas acute pure fructose ingestion triggers rapid transient blood pressure elevation. Energy drinks induce rapid 24-hour blood pressure spikes due to high caffeine content. Conversely, 100% pure fruit juice exerts a protective effect (RR: 0.74) via endothelial-improving polyphenols, while honey demonstrates a neutral effect. Implications: Public health policies must implement aggressive regulatory interventions, such as taxation on SSBs and energy drinks, alongside targeted dietary counseling that differentiates between harmful liquid sugars and protective natural fruit juices.

Teacher performance evaluation is a crucial factor in improving educational quality, but many schools still conduct it manually and subjectively, resulting in less transparent, time‑consuming, and error‑prone outcomes. This study aims to design and develop a web‑based decision support system using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method for selecting the best teacher at MTs Mambaul Ulum. The system was developed using the Waterfall model with the Laravel 12 framework and MySQL database, incorporating two evaluator roles: the principal (assessing 5 criteria: teaching hours, responsibility, mastery of material, personality, and attendance) and the vice principal (assessing 4 criteria excluding personality). Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document review. System testing employed Black Box Testing and accuracy validation by comparing system outputs with manual Excel calculations. The results show that the SAW method effectively ranks teachers objectively, with Kusyanti achieving the highest score of 0.9450. The system attained 100% accuracy, as no difference was found between manual and system calculations. Moreover, the system reduced evaluation time from days to seconds and provides well‑documented results, thus supporting more transparent and accountable decision‑making. Therefore, this system proves to be reliable, objective, and efficient in assisting school administrators in evaluating teacher performance in a structured and fair manner.

This study aims to implement the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) learning model to improve collaboration skills and learning outcomes among phase E students in class X-3 at SMA Katolik 2 Kabanjahe in Catholic Religious Education. This research employed Classroom Action Research conducted in two cycles, consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through observation sheets, learning outcome tests, and documentation, then analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis supported by process and learning achievement indicators. The findings showed that the implementation of the CIRC learning model improved across learning stages, including orientation from 87% to 95%, organization from 90% to 97%, concept introduction from 87% to 92%, publication from 93% to 98%, and reflection and reinforcement from 87% to 98%. Students’ collaboration skills also increased in each indicator, namely working productively from 75% to 88%, actively participating in problem solving from 82% to 88%, maintaining a balance between listening and speaking from 76% to 86%, appreciating group members’ contributions from 73% to 87%, and demonstrating responsibility as group members from 77% to 93%. Learning outcomes also improved, as shown by the increase in the proficient category from 27% to 77%, while the basic and developing categories decreased to 0% in cycle II. These results indicate that CIRC effectively enhances students’ active participation, collaboration, responsibility, and learning achievement. Therefore, CIRC is recommended as an alternative collaborative learning model for Catholic Religious Education, particularly in strengthening cooperative interaction and meaningful understanding of religious learning materials in classroom practice.

This study aims to describe the implementation of the group discussion model as a strategy to strengthen students' collaboration in Indonesian procedural text learning in Grade IV of SDN 8 Selat Penuguan. The study focuses on the implementation of group discussion, the forms of students' collaboration, the teacher's role in guiding collaboration, and the supporting and inhibiting factors in the learning process. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The primary data were obtained from the teacher and Grade IV students, while supporting data were collected from learning documents. Data were gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was strengthened through source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that group discussion was implemented through planning, small-group formation, procedural-text-based tasks, discussion, presentation, feedback, and reflection. The model strengthened students' collaboration through task sharing, mutual assistance, expressing opinions, listening to peers, and taking responsibility for group outcomes. The teacher acted as a learning designer, facilitator, guide, communication mediator, and evaluator of collaborative processes. Supporting factors included teacher readiness, the suitability of procedural text material, the use of worksheets, and a conducive classroom climate, while inhibiting factors included uneven student participation, limited time, differences in language competence, and the dominance of particular students in group work. The study concludes that the group discussion model is relevant for procedural text learning because it integrates material comprehension with the development of elementary students' social skills.

Background: Cesarean section (CS) is a mode of delivery frequently used in women with high-risk pregnancies. Over the past two decades, the rate of CS has increased significantly worldwide. Although CS can be a life-saving intervention when performed based on appropriate medical indications, it may also result in adverse outcomes for both mothers and infants and increase the clinical and economic burden on healthcare systems. Limiting CS rates can be achieved through the control of modifiable risk factors. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the factors contributing to the occurrence of cesarean section. Method: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design and was conducted at Singasana Regional General Hospital, Tabanan Regency, from February to May 2025. The study sample consisted of 259 women who underwent cesarean delivery during the period 2020–2024. Data were collected through a review of medical records using a checklist instrument. Univariate analysis was performed to describe maternal characteristics and indications for cesarean section. Result: Most cesarean deliveries occurred in women aged 20–35 years (77.99%) and in multiparous women (48.65%). The most dominant maternal factor was a previous cesarean section (37.6%), while the most common fetal factor was fetal distress (42.7%). Conclusion: Maternal age of 20–35 years, multiparity, a history of previous cesarean section, and fetal distress were the dominant factors associated with cesarean delivery. These findings highlight the importance of early antenatal risk screening and optimal labor management to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections and improve maternal and neonatal safety.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of blended learning on the motivation and learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at UPTD SD Negeri Oli′O. This study employs a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The research subjects were fifth-grade students, comprising an experimental class using LMS-based blended learning and a control class using conventional learning. Data were collected through learning motivation questionnaires and learning outcome tests administered before and after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Levene’s homogeneity test, F-test ANOVA, and paired samples t-test. The results indicate that the implementation of the blended learning model has a positive effect on students’ motivation and learning outcomes. Students who participated in blended learning demonstrated better learning motivation compared to those in the conventional learning group. Additionally, student learning outcomes improved because learning materials could be flexibly accessed again via online platforms, thereby providing students with broader opportunities to understand the material independently.

In the post-pandemic period, the learning process at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level continues to face significant challenges, particularly the emergence of disparities in student learning outcomes in general subjects. Many students have not yet fully returned to an active and focused learning pattern, resulting in uneven learning outcomes. Under these circumstances, self-directed learning has become an increasingly prominent aspect, as it relates to students’ ability to manage their own learning process without relying too heavily on teacher guidance. This study aims to examine how learning autonomy influences MTs students’ learning outcomes by reviewing existing studies. The research employs a literature review method using a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on scientific sources from the past five years. The data were analyzed through content analysis to identify patterns of relationships emerging from previous studies. The results of the study indicate that learning autonomy tends to have a positive correlation with improved learning outcomes, although the magnitude of the effect is not always consistent across every study. Students who are better able to manage their own learning steps generally appear more active, more focused in their studies, and more aware of the processes they are undergoing. Nevertheless, the development of learning autonomy does not occur in isolation, as it remains influenced by the school’s learning environment and the way teachers manage instruction. Thus, it is clear that fostering independent learning is a key factor in efforts to improve student learning outcomes in the post-pandemic era.